Titres of specific antibodies to poliovirus type 3 and tetanus toxoid in saliva and serum of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections

A study of antibody levels (in saliva and blood) against common vaccine antigens was performed in a population of 32 children suffering from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). None of the patients had primary or secondary immunodeficiency syndromes or other known predisposing factors for respiratory diseases. Titres of the isotype-specific antibodies immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) against two vaccine antigens – poliovirus type 3 (P3) and tetanus toxoid (TT), a viral antigen and a bacterial antigen, respectively – were measured in unstimulated saliva and serum, both in patients and in 24 healthy children (controls), by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, levels of total IgA and avidity of IgA antibodies to both P3 and TT in saliva were evaluated. No difference was found between patients and controls as to levels of total IgA, or specific IgA and IgM antibodies against both P3 and TT in saliva. Furthermore, the avidity of salivary IgA antibodies against the two antigens did not differ between the two populations. However, the average concentrations of saliva-specific IgG antibodies to both the viral and the bacterial antigen were significantly lower (p < 0.01 for P3 and p < 0.05 for TT, respectively) in saliva of children with recurrent URTI, whereas no difference was found in serum for any immunoglobulin isotype determined compared with healthy individuals. The results of the present study provide suggestive evidence for the existence of subtle IgG-restricted defects in antibody responses at the mucosal level, but not at the serum level, in some children with undue susceptibility to URTI.     

急性上呼吸道感染患儿外周血C-反应蛋白的测定及临床意义

目的　 探讨C 反应蛋白 (CRP)对急性上呼吸道感染患儿在诊断和治疗中的临床意义。 方法 　选择 373例在急诊科就诊的患儿 ,采集指端全血 40 μL ,进行血常规检查 ,同时用免疫比浊方法进行C 反应蛋白检测 ,将测定的CRP结果与WBC计数做比较 ;将第二次、第三次测定的CRP结果与前次的CRP做比较。 结果 　 373例血标本中CRP <8mg/L 341例 ,占 91 4 2 %;CRP >10 0mg/L 4例 ,占 1 0 7%;CRP在 8～ 10 0mg/L 2 8例 ,占 7 5 1%;WBC计数在 10× 10 9/L以下 318例 ,占 85 2 6 %;CRP <8mg/L ,同时WBC数在 10× 10 9/L以上 35例 ,占 9 38%;CRP≥ 8mg/L ,同时WBC数在 10× 10 9/L以下 12例 ,占 3 2 2 %;第二次测定C 反应蛋白的 32例中较前次降低的为 30例 ;另 2例经调整治疗后第三次复查也较前次降低。 结论 　CRP检测在急性上呼吸道感染患儿中对鉴别细菌或病毒感染以及判定抗生素疗效方面具有较高的价值 ,值得推广。     

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??Objective To investigate the clinical relevance of multiple viral infections in children with acute lower respiratory disease. Methods A total of 1722 children with clinical diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection ??ALRTI?? during the period of October 2007 to September 2011 were involved in our study. One nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen was collected from each patient. ??RT?? PCRs were performed to detect common respiratory tract viruses including respiratory syncytial virus ??RSV?? ?? rhinovirus ??RV?? ?? influenza virus type A and B?? parainfluenza virus ??PIV?? type 1-4?? adenovirus ??enterovirus?? human coronavirus?? human metapneumonia virus and human bocavirus. Results Totally 206 children had single RSV infection?? 124 children had dual infections ??RSV co-infected with an additional virus?? and 40 children had multiple infections along with a RSV infection. Out of the 124 patients?? 68??54.8%?? were co-infected with RV?? 24 with PIV. There was a statistically significant difference between the dual viral infections group and the RSV-infected group in hospital stay??P??0.001??. Compared to patients in the single RSV infected group?? patients in the multiple viral infection group had significantly more frequency in fever ??P??0.017???? duration of fever longer??P??0.015???? hospital stay also longer??P??0.001????and they received more intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization??P??0.005??. There was no significant difference in oxygen therapy?? respiratory support and use of bronchodilators. Conclusion Multiple viral infections are linked to more frequency in fever?? longer fever days?? longer hospital stay?? and more frequent use of intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization. Mixed respiratory virus infection may affect the patient's disease severity and prognosis.     

下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液的病原学研究

目的 研究下呼吸道感染患儿病原体特点,为临床医生合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年6月因下呼吸道感染住院且接受纤维支气管镜治疗的108例患儿为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光PCR检测其病原体。结果 在108例患儿中,检测出病原体85例（78.7%）,其中单一病原体感染检出52例（48.1%）,多重病原体感染检出33例（30.6%）。肺炎支原体检出率最高,共检出38例（35.2%）,其中36~ < 72月龄患儿检出率最高;其次为肺炎链球菌及流感嗜血杆菌,各检出29例（26.9%）,其中肺炎链球菌主要集中于24月龄以下患儿。检出率较低的为鲍曼不动杆菌、白色念珠菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌,各检出3例（2.8%）。在31例支气管肺炎患儿中,流感嗜血杆菌检出率最高（9例,29%）。在34例大叶性肺炎患儿中,肺炎支原体检出率最高（22例,65%）。在22例支气管异物合并支气管肺炎患儿中,肺炎链球菌检出率最高（10例,45%）。结论 在下呼吸道感染患儿中,肺炎支原体检出率最高,其次为肺炎链球菌及流感嗜血杆菌。不同年龄、不同类型下呼吸道感染患儿的病原体检出率存在差异。     

新菌灵与美欧卡霉素对照治疗小儿以呼吸道感染为主的疾病

目的探讨小儿呼吸道感染性疾病的药物治疗。方法呼吸道感染性疾病等患者５４例，随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组２７例，用新菌灵（ＣＸＭ－Ａ）治疗。＜５岁服ＣＸＭ－Ａ１２５ｍｇ，每日２次，＞５岁服ＣＸＭ－Ａ２５０ｍｇ。每日２次。对照组２７例，用美欧卡霉素治疗，剂量为每公斤体重３０ｍｇ，分（３～４）次口服。结果治疗组总有效率为９６％，而对照组为８１．４８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。新菌灵治疗上呼吸道感染、气管炎及支气管炎、肺炎的有效率分别为１００％、１００％和５０％。结论新菌灵治疗小儿呼吸道感染性疾病效果优于美欧卡霉素。     

利巴韦林气雾剂治疗小儿上呼吸道病毒性感染的多中心临床观察

目的临床观察和评估利巴韦林气雾剂治疗儿童上呼道病毒感染的疗效及安全性。方法采用随机、开放、平行对照方法,共176例临床诊断为病毒性上呼吸道感染患儿,分为试验组87例,对照组89例,两组病例治疗前性别、年龄、身高、临床症状等差异无显著性。用药方法试验组喷利巴韦林气雾剂,首日第1小时内用药4次,以后每2h1次,共4次(下午起喷)或者8次(上午起喷)第2天每2h1次,共10次;第3、4、5天每日4次,每次喷3揿。对照组口服利巴韦林颗粒剂,剂量按15mg/(kg.d),分3次服用,连用5d。结果两组用药后,在退热效果、感冒症状改善等方面比较,差异均无显著性。组内资料前后比较显示,用药第2天即见明疗效(P<0.05)。安全性两组用药后胃肠道及局部不适症状的发生率差异无显著性。实验室指标显示,两组患儿用药后外周血三系指标均无明显下降。结论利巴韦林气雾剂疗效确切,用药剂量小,药物直达口咽,局部浓度高,起效迅速,不良反应小,可作为早期干预感冒及其他呼吸道病毒感染性疾病的首选用药之一。     

兰菌净对反复呼吸道感染患儿唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白A水平影响

目的　观察兰菌净对呼吸道黏膜免疫的激活效应及对反复呼吸道感染 (RRI)预防效果。方法　选择门诊病例 35例 ,根据年龄分为 3组 :<1岁 4例、1～ 3岁 18例、>3岁 13例 ,兰菌净预防呼吸道感染 ,由家长记录或门诊随访呼吸道感染发作次数、病程。收集用药前后患儿唾液标本经放免法 (DAB -PEG法 )检测分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量 ,并计算sIgA提高率。 结果　兰菌净明显提高患儿唾液sIgA含量 (P <0 .0 1) ,显著降低呼吸道感染的发病次数 ,缩短病程 ,减轻病情。用药前后唾液sIgA提高率以 <1岁组最高 ,>3岁组居中 ,1～3岁组最低。治疗过程中不良反应轻微。结论　兰菌净可有效激活呼吸道黏膜免疫 ,预防呼吸道感染。     

Factors influencing parental decision to consult for children with upper respiratory tract infection

Aim:   This study aimed to determine which factors could influence (i) parents' decision to seek medical consultatin and (ii) their preference for either public or private medical service in children with upper respiratory tract infection.
Methods:   This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gombak district, which is an urban area in Malaysia. We randomly selected parents of kindergarten children aged 4–5 years to participate in this questionnaire survey. The main outcome measures were predictors of early medical consultation and type of service utilisation (public versus private).
Results:   We achieved a response rate of 84.5% (n = 1033/1223). 64.1% sought early medical consultation and 70.9% preferred to consult a private doctor. Early consultation was predicated by the parent gender being male (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.09, 2.05), non-Chinese (OR 1.75%; 95% CI 1.10, 2.79), and those who preferred child specialists (OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.27, 3.23). Lower income group (OR 4.28; 95% CI 2.30, 7.95) and not having a regular doctor (OR 4.99%; 95% CI 3.19, 7.80) were predictors of using the public health services.
Conclusions:   Parent's gender, ethnicity and income influenced their decision to seek early medical consultation for their children's respiratory illness while income and having a regular doctor could predict their choice of healthcare services.     

Subacute zinc deficiency in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection

Serum, urine and hair zinc levels in 20 patients with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection are compared with those of age- and sex-matched controls. Lower hair zinc (1.44 vs 2.00 mmol/g hair,P=0.004) and higher urinary zinc levels (2.2 vs 1.6 mmol/mol creatinine,P=0.05) were found, but no difference in serum zinc. The patients had lowernormal height for age (SD-score 0.2 vs 0.7,P=0.031), there was no difference in weight for height. No correlation was found between the zinc values and the duration of the complaints.     

Relationships between cotinine, lower respiratory tract infection, and eosinophil cationic protein in children

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of passive smoking on urine eosinophil cationic protein (u-ECP) in children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Method This was a case-control study. The study cohort consisted of 150 children with LRTI (case group) and 150 healthy children (control), all from a urban setting. The statistical parameters were: a minimum of 139 children for a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 80% power, and a possible exposure prevalence of 50%. The u-cotinine and u-ECP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and fluoroimmunoassay methods, respectively. Data were analyzed by the McNemar chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson correlation. Results When the generally accepted cut-off level of 30 ng/mg urinary cotinine/creatinine was applied, 87.3% of the children with LRTI and 84.7% of healthy children were passive smokers. Using a cut-off level of 60 ng/mg, passive smoking increased the prevalence of LRTI by 4.7-fold (p=0.000). The mean u-ECP values were significantly higher in the case group than in the healthy control group (p=0.018). A positive association was found between u-cotinine and u-ECP values in children with LRTI (p=0.034). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that passive smoking may play an important role in the development of respiratory infections and can cause airway inflammation in children with existing LRTI.     

急性呼吸道感染儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒检测分析

目的 了解2006-2007年度重庆地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的感染特点及流行规律.方法 收集2006年4月至2007年3月全年在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的部分ARTIs患儿的鼻咽深部吸取物390份,针对RSV G基因保守区序列设计分型引物,采用RT-PCR方法检测标本中RSV的基因组RNA.结果 390例标本中RSV阳性例数为133例(133/390,阳性率为34.10%).阳性标本中A亚型阳性129例,B亚型阳性4例.RSV阳性患儿中,84.9%为2岁以下小儿.2006年11月～2007年1月为RSV高发季节,RSV检测阳性率为55.6%～62.3%,2006年12月RSV检测阳性率最高.B亚型出现于本地区RSV感染低发季节(4、5、6月).RSV感染的临床表现主要为发热(56.4%)、咳嗽(98.5%)、喘息(63.9%)、气促(76.7%)、紫绀(84.9%).临床诊断依次为毛细支气管炎(33.1%),支气管肺炎(27.8%),间质性肺炎(18.1%),重症肺炎伴呼吸衰竭(10.5%),喘息性支气管炎(5.3%),支气管哮喘(4.5%).结论 本研究初步阐明了重庆地区两亚型RSV感染的流行病学特点,证实RSV是重庆地区冬春季婴幼儿ARI的重要病原,2006-2007年度以A亚型RSV流行为主.今后的研究将纳入门诊及社区惠儿并进行多年度连续监测以进一步阐明重庆地区两亚型RSV流行规律及病毒进化特点.     

MxA protein in infants and children with respiratory tract infection

MxA protein—a stable product of cells stimulated by type I interferons—was examined prospectively for its ability to discriminate between viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in 182 infants and children. The nasopharyngeal secretions (NPSs) of all of them were tested for MxA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the whole blood of 92. Seventy-three children undergoing elective surgery served as controls. These apparently healthy children had higher levels of serum MxA than adult controls. Using antigen detection and serology, a viral aetiology was diagnosed in 81/182 cases. The sensitivity and specificity of MxA ELISA were assessed at 92 and 76% for the blood test and at 40 and 91% for the NPS, respectively. The positive predictive value for a viral RTI was superior to a leucocyte count or C-reactive protein when determined only once.     

呼吸道合胞病毒检测方法比较

为使临床治疗更及时有效，以通过不同方法的比较得到更快速，敏感，特异的早期从临床标本中检测呼吸道合胞病毒的方法，对收集的80份疑为病毒性急性下呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物标本应用不同方法进行了RSV检测，包括病毒分离，间接免疫荧光，巢械PCR及核酸杂交，80份标本都进行了病毒分离及巢式PCR：80份标本沉淀分为两组，第1组32份（32/80份）进行间接免疫荧光；第2组48份（48/80份）进行杂交，结果显示，80份标本中除外9份在病毒分离过程中出现污染，RSV分离组阳性标本22份（22/71份，31.0%)；间接免疫荧光组阳性标本14份（14/32份，43.8%)；核酸杂交组阳性标本22例（22/48，45.8%)。其中A亚型13份，B亚型9份；巢式PCR检测方法中共有66份（66/80份，82.5%)有目的基因片段扩增，A亚型45份，B亚型21份。结果表明，从临床标本中检测RSV以巢式PCR灵敏度最高；杂交法与免疫荧光法阳性率大致相同；病毒分离特异性好。但由于其他原因导致了分离率低。巢式PCR及核酸杂交可以对临床标本直接分型。     

RSV感染毛细支气管炎患儿血清Clara细胞分泌蛋白、总IgE及ECP的临床研究

目的 探讨血清Clara细胞分泌蛋白(Clara cell secretory protein,CCSP)、总IgE和嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(eosinophil cationic protein,ECP)在呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)感染所致毛细支气管炎发病中的临床意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法测定32例RSV感染引起的毛细支气管炎患儿血清的CCSP含量.同时应用uniCAP100变态反应检测仪检测血清总IgE、ECP;另设25例正常婴幼儿作对照.结果 与正常对照组比较,RSV组患儿血清的CCSP含量显著降低(t=10.52,P<0.001)、血清总IgE显著增高(t=5.96.P<0.01)、血清ECP水平差异无统计学意义(t=1.97,P0.05).RSV组患儿血清CCSP与总IgE之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.654,P<0.05)、血清CCSP与ECP(r=-0.166.P0.05)以及总IgE与ECP(r=0.137,P0.05)之间无统计学相关关系.结论 血清CCSP的降低与总IgE水平的增高在呼吸道合胞病毒感染所致毛细支气管炎发病中发挥着重要作用.呼吸道合胞病毒感染毛细支气管炎患儿血清ECP无异常改变.     

武汉地区12125例呼吸道感染患儿非细菌病原体IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的检测武汉地区住院呼吸道感染患儿非细菌病原体IgM抗体,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法取诊断为呼吸道感染的12 125例住院患儿的血清,采用间接免疫荧光法检测9种呼吸道感染非细菌病原体的IgM抗体。结果 3 597份标本(29.7%)非细菌病原体IgM抗体检测阳性,其中肺炎支原体(MP)的阳性率最高为21.6%,其次为腺病毒(ADV)和乙型流感病毒(Flu B),阳性率最低为肺炎衣原体(CP)和Q热立克次体(COX);混合感染563例,其中主要是2种病原体的混合感染。各年龄组(0～30 d、～6个月、～1岁、～3岁、～9岁)的总检出率分别为30.4%、18.7%、35.4%、68.4%、55.2%,各组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=89.5,P<0.05)。冬季非细菌病原体检出率最高(53.4%),秋季最低(24.9%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=760.3,P<0.05)。结论武汉地区呼吸道感染患儿的非细菌病原体主要是MP、ADV和Flu B;MP和其他非细菌病原体的混合感染比较普遍;1～3岁幼儿感染率较高;冬季更易感。     

Comparison of cytokine responses in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with viral lower respiratory tract infections

Aim: To determine whether nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) cytokine response is different according to the causative viruses in children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI).
Methods: NPAs from 277 children with LRTI caused by respiratory virus were evaluated. Based on the proven viral agents, LRTI patients were divided into four groups. Levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ were determined by ELISA.
Results: Patients with influenza virus infection demonstrated significantly lower IL-4 and IL-5 levels than those with other three groups. Patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection showed an increase in production of IL-4 and IL-5, and a decrease in the IFN-γ level when compared to patients with influenza virus infection. Interestingly, a similar Th2 response was seen in patients with parainfluenza virus or adenovirus infection.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that respiratory viruses can induce different local cytokine responses. However, Th2 biased responses are not unique for RSV but seem to be predominant in respiratory viruses of young children.     

从北京地区急性呼吸道感染患儿标本中检测到新型冠状病毒NL63基因

目的了解北京地区婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染是否与一种新发现的冠状病毒——HCoV-NL63相关。方法选取2003年12月—2004年3月,从首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院收集的245份因急性呼吸道感染就诊的门诊患儿的咽拭子标本以及住院患儿的鼻咽洗液标本,进行HCoV-NL63的筛查。这些标本已经过间接免疫荧光法和病毒分离检测,常见的七种呼吸道病毒（包括RSV,甲、乙型流感病毒,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型副流感病毒和腺病毒）检测均为阴性;同时还经逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测人偏肺病毒（hMPV）也为阴性。首先用位于HCoV—NL631b基因的两对引物用巢式PCR方法进行筛查,阳性者再用位于HCoV-NL63 1a基因的两对引物扩增进行复核。对用HCoV—NL63 1a基因扩增的长片段产物进行测序并与GenBank中相关序列进行比较分析。结果用HCoV-NL63 1b基因的引物经巢式PCR方法从245份标本中检测到3份阳性标本,阳性率为1．2％。3份阳性标本用HCoV-NL63 1a基因的两对引物经巢式PCR方法进行复核均得到阳性结果,这3份标本均取自住院患儿,患儿年龄分别为4个月、1岁和1岁5个月,临床诊断分别为毛细支气管炎、喉炎和支气管炎,男女比例为2：1。对其中基因扩增产量较高的BJ3140和BJ3787的1a基因长片段扩增产物（838bp）进行序列测定和分析的结果显示,这两株HCoV-NL63与GenBank公布的不同地区的HCoV—NL63的1a基因序列同源性最高,达到98％～99％。基于部分1a基因序列的系统进化分析显示,BJ3140和BJ3787属于HCoV-NL63的第一簇（group 1）。结论结果提示北京地区部分婴幼儿的急性呼吸道感染与HCoV-NL63相关。