许昌市2002-2010年吸毒哨点艾滋病性病监测情况

目的了解许昌市吸毒人员的高危行为和艾滋病及性病的感染状况,为制定艾滋病性病的预防控制措施提供依据。方法按照国家艾滋病哨点监测实施方案的要求,对监测期间新入所的吸毒人员进行行为学调查和艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝血清抗体检测。结果口吸毒者及注射吸毒者分别占吸毒人员总数的93.2%和6.80%;该吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性率为0.41%,梅毒感染率为1.04%。结论许昌市吸毒人员艾滋病、性病感染危险因素广泛存在,应加强针对该人群的高危行为干预。     

深圳市暗娼、吸毒人群和货柜司机HIV及梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解暗娼、吸毒人群和货柜司机人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）及梅毒感染的情况,为制订预防措施提供依据。方法对深圳市2007年和2008年某妇教所收容的暗娼、戒毒所吸毒人员和货柜司机分别抽取静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）进行HIV1＋2抗体检测和梅毒甲苯胺红不加热血清试验（TRUST）初筛,梅毒阳性者用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集确证试验（TP2PA）进一步确证,HIV-1确证实验用蛋白印迹法。结果 2007年和2008年暗娼人群均未发现HIV感染者,梅毒感染率分别为7.63%和5.14%;吸毒人群的HIV感染率分别为1.63%、2.67%,梅毒感染率分别为9.32%、2.94%;货柜司机的HIV感染率分别为0、0.31%,梅毒感染率分别为1.05%、0.92%。结论暗娼和吸毒人员的梅毒感染率明显高于货柜司机,是感染性病和艾滋病的高危人群,加强对暗娼和吸毒人群的行为干预和监测至关重要。     

社区吸毒人群性行为、吸毒行为及相关因素的聚类分析

目的对社区吸毒人群根据其艾滋病病毒感染相关行为特征进行分类,探索不同类吸毒人群之间的社会人口学、血清学及行为学特征的差异。方法2008年采用同伴推动抽样法（RDS）招募东莞市社区吸毒人群进行面对面的问卷调查,采集血样进行HIV、HCV和梅毒抗体检测;采用SPSS进行两步聚类分析。结果共招募303名社区吸毒人群,聚为4类。根据其特征分别命名为美沙酮组、高危性行为组、高危组、中危组,分别占总人数的12.5%、28.7%、29.4%、29.4%。其中,高危组广西户籍、壮族的比例较高,艾滋病知晓率低,多性伴、商业性行为现象突出,针具共用率较高,HIV、HCV及梅毒抗体阳性率均较高。结论在社区吸毒人群中实施行为干预时,应根据吸毒人群的特点,采取针对性的措施,对那些同时具有高危性行为和针具共用行为的人群应予以更多关注。     

2008-2010年深圳市艾滋病自愿咨询检测结果比较分析

目的调查深圳市艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）人群的社会人口学特征和感染状况,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法对2008-2010年深圳市VCT人群的调查结果进行比较分析。结果 44239名求询者接受了咨询和血清HIV抗体检测,以20～40岁青壮年为主,占82.4%;男女比例为0.89∶1,文化程度以初、高中或中专为主,占62.6%;咨询类型主要为危险性行为28948例,占65.4%;HIV阳性428例,阳性率为0.97%。2008-2010年男男性行为（MSM）感染率分别为9.2%、9.8%和14.6%。结论深圳市MSM感染率逐年升高,应加强对MSM人群的行为干预,并对高危人群进行艾滋病宣传教育。     

2006-2008年重庆市男男性服务工作者HIV和梅毒感染率及其高危行为分析

目的了解重庆市男男性服务工作者（MB）在男男性接触者中艾滋病和梅毒感染率及其高危行为状况,为开展该人群的干预提供科学建议。方法分析2006-2008年男男性服务工作者调查资料,比较分析该人群HIV、梅毒感染率及其高危行为状况。结果 2006-2008年分别调查了男男性服务工作者47、71和54人,最近1次与男性肛交时安全套使用率由2006年的66.0%上升至2008年的75.9%;最近1次因金钱与男性发生肛交性行为时安全套使用率由2006年的70.2%上升至2008年的79.6%;2006-2008年最近6个月因金钱与男性发生无保护性肛交的比例分别为42.6%、40.8%、50.0%。2006-2008年HIV感染率分别为12.8%、9.9%、7.4%;梅毒感染率分别为19.1%、8.5%、5.6%。结论重庆市男男性服务工作者HIV感染率高,高危行为普遍存在,应加强该人群的干预工作。     

清远市高危人群HIV感染状况及艾滋病相关知识知晓情况调查

目的了解清远市高危人群HIV感染流行趋势和艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为采取有针对性的行为干预措施和开展宣传教育工作提供准确的信息。方法于2005-2008年采用横断面调查的方法对强制戒毒者、暗娼和性病门诊就诊者等高危人群进行监测,并调查吸毒者和暗娼的艾滋病相关知识知晓情况。结果吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性率介于2.58%～4.15%之间;吸毒者中注射吸毒的比例为82.05%,其中共用注射器吸毒的比例为57.26%;吸毒者中42.39%有商业性行为,而且从未使用安全套的比例为52.53%。在227名暗娼中未发现HIV抗体阳性者,暗娼中最近1个月与客人发生性行为时坚持每次使用安全套的比例为39.43%。性病门诊就诊者HIV抗体阳性率介于0.20%～0.42%之间;34.56%的性病门诊就诊者最近3个月有非婚性伴,而且从未使用安全套的比例为16.25%。调查人群的艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率为57.17%,其中吸毒者和暗娼艾滋病相关知识总知晓率分别为53.05%、61.73%。结论清远市高危人群中以吸毒者HIV抗体阳性率较高,注射吸毒及共用注射器的比例较高,性乱人群中HIV流行水平较低,但存在不安全性行为;高危人群中艾滋病相关知识知晓率低,需采取有效的行为干预措施,加大宣传力度和覆盖面。     

揭阳市1460例吸毒者HIV及梅毒监测结果分析

目的了解揭阳市吸毒人员艾滋病病毒（HIV）及梅毒的感染状况及相关危险因素。方法采用统一的调查表．对2006年新进入戒毒所的吸毒人员进行面对面的问卷调查，同时对每一个调查对象采用一次性注射器采集静脉血3～5ml进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果共监测1460名吸毒者，HIV阳性率为0．48％，梅毒感染率为10．55％：有43．84％注射毒品行为，注射毒品的吸毒者中有38．60％承认曾与他人共用注射器或针头：28．22％吸毒者承认曾通过钱或毒品交易与他人发生过性行为，16．26％的吸毒者每次与他人发生性关系时都使用安全套。结论揭阳市吸毒人群的HIV感染率较低，但存在高危行为，应加强干预等工作，阻止艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群传播。     

2010—2012年中山市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测情况分析

目的了解中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染情况及艾滋病防治相关知识水平,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,2010—2012年对1198名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果监测的1198名孕产妇中,仍存在孕产妇受教育程度低、有多性伴以及其配偶有吸毒、多性伴等高危行为。艾滋病知识知晓率可能与调查对象的文化程度、怀孕次数、生育次数有关（P〈0．001）,即文化程度越高、初次怀孕及尚未生育,艾滋病知识知晓率越高;2010、2011、2012年监测对象的艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为45．48％（181／398）、82．25％（329／400）、78．25％（313／400）,3年知晓率比较差异有统计学意义（X2=150．93,P〈0．001）。艾滋病防治总知晓率为68．70％,孕产妇艾滋病HIV阳性率为0。结论中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染率还处在较低水平,但艾滋病防治相关知识仍存在误区,应加强健康教育和行为干预、艾滋病HIV筛查工作,预防艾滋病母婴传播。     

自贡市富顺县2007～2009年HIV抗体检测结果分析

目的分析富顺县不同人群HIV监测结果 ,为防止HIV的传播制定有效的防控措施。方法 2007～2009年对富顺县自愿咨询检测者、公共娱乐场所从业人员、孕产妇、吸毒及监管人员、健康体检人员等重点人群进行HIV抗体初筛检测。对HIV初筛呈阳性的样品,再次复检并送血到自贡市疾控中心艾滋病确认实验室进行确认。结果 2214人中检测出HIV阳性人数48人。富顺县重点人群HIV感染率为2.17%（48/2214）;自愿咨询检测者感染率为：6.82%（21/308）;吸毒及监管人员HIV感染率为：4.72%（22/466）;孕产妇HIV感染率为：0.56%（4/718）;公共娱乐场所从业人员HIV感染率为：0.75%（1/133）。结论富顺县处于艾滋病高流行期,感染者已由重点人群向一般人群扩散。自愿咨询检测者、吸毒及监管人员和公共娱乐场所从业人员感染率较高,是防控工作的重点。     

注射吸毒人群性病艾滋病血清学检测分析

目的 了解注射吸毒人群性痛艾滋病感染情况，为科学防控提供理论依据。方法 艾滋病使用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA），梅毒使用RPR血清学试验；收集疫情数据进行统计学分析。结果 HIV感染率6．73％，20～29岁感染率较高，8．57％；梅毒感染率4．33％，30～39岁感染率较高，5．95％。男女注射吸毒者感染HIV与梅毒的差异无统计学意义。结论 开展高危人群性病艾滋病生物学监测非常必要，有利于及时发现、控制传染源，降低其传播与流行，对传染病的防控具有重要的指导意义。     

重庆市艾滋病流行形势分析与防治策略研究

目的了解重庆市艾滋病流行趋势与特征,为艾滋病防治工作提供建议。方法收集1993—2009年重庆市艾滋病疫情资料与哨点监测数据,描述性分析HIV感染者年龄、性别、婚姻状况、职业、传播途径等的流行趋势,比较分析1999—2009年吸毒人群以及2006—2009年暗娼与男男性行为人群HIV感染率的变化趋势。结果重庆市累计报告HIV感染者7775例,近5年报告的病例数都超过了1000例,2009年经异性和同性性接触传播分别占26.6%和38.5%,50岁及以上年龄组所占的比例由2001年前的1.9%上升至2009年的17.4%。哨点监测发现静脉注射吸毒人群HIV由1999年的0.4%上升至2009年的6.4%,男男性行为人群HIV感染率由2006年的10.4%上升至2009年的19.0%,暗娼人群HIV感染率维持在0.5%以下。结论重庆市男男性行为人群、吸毒人群HIV感染率显著升高,加强针对上述人群的防控工作与HIV感染者的管理工作刻不容缓。     

The epidemiology of clinically apparent HIV infection in Nicaragua

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemic of clinically apparent human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infection in Nicaragua and to discuss the reasons why the number of HIV patients presenting to the public health care system is increasing compared with other Central American countries. From 1987 to 2004, 1,614 HIV-positive patients were officially reported to the Nicaraguan STI/HIV/AIDS national program. Urban areas along the west-central and eastern part of Nicaragua showed the highest prevalence of AIDS, with a maximum of 54.2/year per 100,000 inhabitants. Most of the infections (91%) were acquired sexually: 65% by heterosexual contacts and 26% by homosexual contacts. The highest rate of infection was found in men aged between 20 to 39 years, with a peak around 35 to 39 years (annual incidence of 125.6 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants), and in women aged 20 to 34 years old, with a peak around 20 to 24 years (annual incidence 46.6 per 100,000 inhabitants). The male to female ratio of infection was 3:1. The death rate was stable until the beginning of 1999, but increased sharply thereafter up to 2004, the year that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced in Nicaragua. In 2005, we observed a further increase in the mortality. However, our data do not represent the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic as a whole, due to a lack of systemic surveillance. HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua is in a nascent stage and is concentrated in high-risk populations, such as utility workers, commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men, prisoners, street children, housewives and police and military forces. Education of the population is an urgent need to increase HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, change attitudes, and increase safer sex practice in the community.     

HIV seroincidence estimates among at-risk populations in Buenos Aires and Montevideo: use of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion

Using the serological testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion, we estimated annualized incidences (per 100 person-years) of HIV-1 infection in different at-risk groups in Buenos Aires and Montevideo, during a 5-year period between 1998 and 2003. HIV-positive serum samples from 9 serosurveys conducted among men who have sex with men, patients attending clinics for a sexually transmitted infections consult (STIs), female commercial sex workers, injecting drug users (IDUs), noninjecting cocaine users (NICUs), asymptomatic women screened for HIV infection, and patients with tuberculosis were used. HIV incidences were as follows: 6.7 for men who have sex with men, 2.0 for STIs, 1.3 for female commercial sex workers, 0.0 for Argentinean IDUs, 10.3 for Uruguayan IDUs, 3.1 for Argentinean NICUs, 4.4 for Uruguayan NICUs, and 2.4 for patients with tuberculosis. Among asymptomatic women screened for HIV infection, incidence rose from 0.4 in 1998 to 4.6 in 1999 and to a high of 10.2 in the year 2000. Unexpectedly, high HIV incidences were detected among at-risk groups in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This pattern shows an emerging HIV epidemic among heterosexuals stemming from core HIV-infected at-risk groups. There is an urgent need for development and implementation of specific prevention strategies to address this burgeoning epidemic.     

2009年深圳市暗娼综合监测调查报告

目的了解深圳市娱乐场所暗娼AIDS知识和相关危险行为,为AIDS行为干预措施提供依据。方法按国家综合监测点方案的抽样方法抽取4个区娱乐场所暗娼426名,采用一对一匿名的问卷方式进行调查和采血。结果调查对象平均年龄为（23.5±4.9）岁,暗娼AIDS知识较缺乏。其中,蚊虫钉咬会感染艾滋病全对率为35.2%、同桌吃饭会感染艾滋病全对率为67.6%、不共用注射器能预防艾滋病全对率为89.4%、AIDS传播途径全对率为77.6%。安全套使用率低,最近一次与客人发生性关系时只有68.0%的暗娼使用安全套。426名暗娼中未发现HIV感染者,感染梅毒的有19例,占4.5%。结论多数暗娼对艾滋病的严重性认识不足,在卖淫活动中未能100%地使用安全套进行安全的性行为,存在着感染与传播艾滋病的高危险性,应加强综合监测与科学防控。     

Prevalence of HIV-1 among recent arrestees in Los Angeles County, California: serial cross-sectional study, 1991-1995.

Injection drug users (IDU), crack smokers, and commercial sex workers engage in illegal activities that place them at risk for HIV infection. The marginalized nature of these groups often limits use of customary sampling methods to assess HIV prevalence. We tested urine samples of recent arrestees to evaluate HIV prevalence of at-risk populations that are difficult to access using standard surveillance methods. We tested for HIV-1 antibodies in urine specimens of recent Los Angeles County (California, U.S.A.) arrestees as part of the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Program funded by the U. S. National Institute of Justice. Data are presented for 5 years of a serial cross-sectional study of arrestees. Results from 1991 through 1995 indicate a slight HIV prevalence increase among crack smokers (from 4% to 6%). Prevalence estimates were relatively stable for IDU (6%), male (3%) and female arrestees (3%), arrestees who share needles (9%), and commercial sex workers (6%). HIV status was independently associated with injection drug use, crack smoking, and ever having exchanged sex for money or drugs. Prevalence of HIV among arrestee subgroups may reflect prevalence in the community. However the benefit of using the DUF sample must be weighed against bias introduced from using nonrandom samples to estimate prevalence.     

Country profile: Chile

The first case of AIDS in Chile was diagnosed in 1984. There have been 1060 cases reported since then throughout the country, or 8.2 cases for every 100,000 Chileans. 92.8% of all people with AIDS in Chile are male, with the male:female AIDS patient ratio increasing from 12.9:1 for the period 1984-1991 to 15.2:1 currently. This increase in the proportion of male AIDS cases suggests the existence of a rapidly increasing male HIV infection rate. 82% of reported cases are the result of unprotected sexual intercourse, 66.8% of which are among males who identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual. The 7.2:1 ratio of homosexual/bisexual transmission to heterosexual transmission for 1984-1989, however, declined to 3.9:1 for 1990-1994, indicating an increase in the extent of HIV/AIDS transmission through sex between men and women. Heterosexual sex is the reported means of transmission for 15.2% of currently identified AIDS cases in Chile. The mode of transmission was unknown for 10% of reported cases, due to vertical transmission among 1%, and the result of the direct exchange of blood among 7%. 60% of these latter cases were reported among IV drug users, 20% were reported as the result of blood transfusion, and 16% were reported in hemophiliacs. Most transmissions by blood transfusion occurred before 1987, when blood product controls were implemented. Infection due to IV drug use grew to 69.8% of such blood-related cases in 1990-94, compared to just 29.4% of cases in 1984-89. 81.5% of all cases are among people aged 20-49 years, with 64.1% of cases among individuals aged 30-49. Those under age 20 comprise 2.3% of total cases and those aged 20-29 years comprise 17.4%.     

Sex workers and AIDS in Pakistan. NCIH's Women's Reproductive Health Initiative

A recent study interviewing several sex workers and health care providers in Lahore's red light district found that sex workers seem to prefer curative care over preventive health measures. That preference, together with the lack of acknowledgement of any kind of commercial sex work, has led to an increase in the incidence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The commercial sex business is thriving in Lahore, but the stigma of female sexuality has hampered widespread awareness of the causes and treatment of AIDS. Many prostitutes take medication used by a colleague or use herbal concoctions to treat STDs. Language and culture are two of several obstacles to educating these women. Sex workers in Lahore's red light district have neither regular gynecological examinations nor general medical check-ups. Donor assistance for education and HIV/STD prevention interventions among sex workers is lacking.     

江门市2003—2007年性病门诊患者HIV感染调查

目的了解近年江门市经性途径感染HIV的情况，为制定预防控制对策和措施提供科学依据。方法2003—2007年每年HIV监测期间对江门市性病门诊就诊的性病患者进行HIV抗体和其他性病病原体检测，并对HIV抗体确认阳性者进行个案调查。结果2003—2007年HIV监测期间共检测性病患者2394例，初筛HIV阳性11例，WB法确认HIV阳性10例，阳性率为0．72％。10例确诊病例为2005—2007年发现的患者，其中经性接触感染8例，2例吸毒感染的病例同时存在性乱史。合并梅毒感染6例，占60．00％。所有病例在发生性行为时，很少甚至不用安全套。结论随着艾滋病传播快速增长期的到来，经性传播正逐步成为江门市HIV感染的不可忽视的传播途径。性病专科临床医生应该发挥优势，在规范治疗性病的同时，应加强HIV抗体检测，并有针对性地进行性病艾滋病健康教育，以有效改变其危险性行为。