螺旋CT扫描对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断

007 螺旋CT扫描对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断[英]／KimJK…／／AJR．-2002，178(6)．-1499-1506     

肾癌不同亚型CT表现的对照研究

目的探讨肾癌亚型的影像学特征,提高诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析48例经手术和病理证实的肾细胞癌,其中透明细胞癌28例,乳头状癌12例,嫌色细胞癌8例,均行多层螺旋CT平扫及增强检查,比较平扫、皮髓质期、实质期和排泄期各肾癌亚型坏死、囊变发生率及肿瘤的强化形式及强化幅度。结果透明细胞癌与乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌在强化幅度上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而乳头状癌与嫌色细胞癌强化幅度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。透明细胞癌的坏死、囊变发生率显著高于其他两种亚型。动态增强各期透明细胞癌强化程度最高,强化形式呈"快进快出"表现,乳头状癌轻至中度强化,嫌色细胞癌强化最轻,两者均呈渐进性延迟强化;85%透明细胞癌显示不均匀强化或主要周边强化,而41%乳头状癌、87%嫌色细胞癌显示较均匀的强化,三者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同的肾癌亚型影像学表现具有一定的特征性,螺旋CT动态增强扫描对诊断有帮助。     

螺旋CT对肾癌的诊断价值

肾癌又称肾细胞癌，其临床治疗主要为根治性肾癌切除术。对于早期发现的患者，手术治疗效果和预后较好。而早期正确的诊断具有重要的临床意义。随着螺旋CT的应用，肾癌的早期诊断病例逐渐增多。定性诊断准确性也不断提高。笔者搜集近年来螺旋CT检查，并经过手术病理证实的肾癌患者15例作总结如下。     

肾细胞癌的多层螺旋CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:分析肾细胞癌的CT表现,提高其诊断和鉴别诊断水平。材料和方法:回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的21例肾细胞癌的多层螺旋CT表现。结果:实性肾癌18例,增强扫描皮质期13例呈明显增强,5例呈轻中度增强,囊性肾癌3例,增强后皮质期囊壁、壁结节、囊内分隔明显增强。实质期及肾盂期增强迅速减退,呈快进快退改变。术前正确诊断率和分期正确率分别为90.5%和80.9%。结论:肾细胞癌多层螺旋CT表现有一定的特征性,大多数能正确诊断。     

16层螺旋CT肾脏皮质早期扫描及CTA在肾癌诊断和术前评估中的价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT肾脏皮质早期扫描及血管成像在肾癌定性诊断及术前评估中的价值。材料和方法:采用Siemens16层螺旋CT机,对超声提示有肾占位性病变的46例病人进行扫描,利用获得的皮质早期容积数据,显示肾占位性病变对邻近肾内动脉分支的影响、肿瘤血管及类似肿瘤染色等方面的情况,同时显示肾动脉有无变异和其他病变。结果:28例肾癌中23例(82.1%)在皮质早期病灶即呈明显强化,实质期强化程度迅速下降;25例(89.3%)可见邻近动脉分支的受侵改变;21例(75.0%)可见确切的一支或多支粗大的供血动脉,以及瘤体内可见明显的肿瘤血管影或血池影;23例(82.1%)出现类似血管造影的肿瘤染色表现;2例(7.1%)患肾出现静脉早显;3例(10.7%)病人中患肾出现副肾动脉,其中1例为两支;1例(3.6%)病人患侧肾动脉重度狭窄,健侧肾动脉中度狭窄。8例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤中,仅2例(25%)见供血动脉影,其中1例供血动脉增粗,均未见相邻动脉分支破坏、明显肿瘤血管、血池及肿瘤染色改变。10例囊肿,仅表现为相邻肾动脉分支受压移位、拉直变细。结论:应用优化方案扫描进行皮质早期扫描及CTA重建,不仅为肾癌的定性诊断提供了重要的信息,对肾癌的术前评估也具有重要的补充价值。     

螺旋CT在小肾癌诊断中的应用

目的 评价螺旋CT多期扫描在小肾癌诊断中的价值。方法 分析15例小肾癌的螺旋CT表现及其病理基础。结果 小实性肾癌13例,增强扫描皮质期9例呈明显强化,4例呈轻中度强化;小囊性肾癌2例,增强后皮质期囊壁、壁结节、囊内分隔明显强化。实质期及肾盂期强化迅速减退,呈快进快退改变。病理上所有病例血窦丰富（2例小囊性肾癌囊变明显,但实性部分血窦丰富）。结论 螺旋CT多期扫描在小肾癌的诊断中较常规CT有明显优越性;多数小肾癌皮质期强化明显、实质期强化迅速减退,呈“快进快退”表现,这一强化形式有定性意义;皮质期扫描应纳入小肾癌CT检查的常规步骤。     

肾嫌色细胞癌的多层螺旋CT表现

目的:挖掘肾嫌色细胞癌(ChRCC)的多层螺旋CT表现特点,提高其术前影像诊断准确性。方法:收集经手术病理诊断的ChRCC患者7例,男例3例,女4例,年龄48～70岁,平均55.1岁。术前均行4层或16层螺旋CT平扫、增强皮质期和实质期动态扫描。回顾性分析肿瘤大小、形态、密度、强化程度等CT征象,其中以肿瘤的相对强化程度评价肿瘤强化表现。结果:肿瘤轴位长径14.8～89.9mm,平均50.0mm,边界均清楚、光整。平扫等密度或略高密度,密度均匀5例,不均匀2例。不均匀2例中,1例为体积最大者,边缘少许小钙化,内见坏死囊变区及条片状瘢痕,另1例内见星状瘢痕。增强扫描皮质期及实质期病灶轻度强化6例,明显强化1例,均匀强化5例,不均匀2例。增强皮质期病灶/肾皮质密度比值平均为0.544,增强实质期病灶/肾皮质密度比值平均为0.494。结论:ChRCC瘤体密度较均匀,轻度强化,瘤内钙化、出血及坏死囊变者少,CT对其诊断可提供重要线索。     

泌尿系少见肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨泌尿系少见肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的螺旋CT表现。材料和方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的15例泌尿系少见肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的CT表现。结果:乳头状肾细胞癌4例,发生在肾皮层和近肾窦各2例,CT表现均呈囊实性、无腹膜后淋巴结转移和下腔静脉瘤栓,其中2例伴肾盂积水和结石。多房性透明细胞肾细胞癌4例,其中呈不规则厚壁2例、囊性部分较大实性部分较小1例、薄壁伴壁结节1例。嫌色细胞肾细胞癌2例,CT表现为肾内实性肿块,最大径分别为2.0cm和2.5cm,边缘较光整,密度均匀,肾皮质早期增强较正常皮质低。黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎2例,CT均表现为肾盂内肿块边界不清,呈囊实性,伴结石及肾实质空洞。膀胱憩室口周围癌变1例,CT表现为膀胱憩室口周围不规则增厚,轻度增强;膀胱外翻癌变1例,CT表现为膀胱向前下翻出盆腔,耻骨联合部分分离,膀胱前壁乳头状结节,轻度增强。膀胱淀粉样变性1例,CT表现为膀胱右后壁不规则增厚,呈多个乳头状突入膀胱腔内,无增强。结论:螺旋CT能够清晰地显示泌尿系少见肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的部位、形态和增强特点,对其诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

肾癌的螺旋CT双期扫描及CT分期

目的：探讨肾癌的螺旋CT双期扫描表现及CT分期的价值。方法：对36例手术病理证实的肾癌患者CT双期扫描图像进行分析。结果：CT平扫等密度者17例，低密度者15例，高密度者4例；增强扫描动脉期呈均质强化者7例，不均质强化者29例；高强化者27例，弱强化者9例；实质期肾静脉癌栓者10例(占28％)，下腔静脉癌栓者3例，淋巴结转移者6例。结论：螺旋CT双期扫描可对肾癌做出明确诊断，CT分期对指导治疗方案有较大价值。     

肾癌组织病理亚型的CT诊断

根据形态学特点、基因改变以及肿瘤起源,肾癌分为10种组织病理亚型.其中较常见的有透明细胞癌、多房性透明细胞癌、乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌、集合管癌及未归类肾癌.各亚型肾癌的预后明显不同,在CT上也有不同的表现.CT作为诊断肾癌的一种主要影像学手段,若术前能诊断肾癌的亚型,将有助于判断预后及制定治疗方案.     

肾透明细胞癌与肾乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌MRI表现的对照研究

目的 探讨MR动态增强扫描对肾癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值.方法 搜集77例经病理证实的肾癌患者资料,其中透明细胞癌(CCRCC)55例,乳头状癌(PRCC)14例,嫌色细胞癌(CRCC)8例,回顾性分析各亚型肿瘤患者MR平扫及动态增强扫描表现并与病理对照,根据肿瘤及肾皮质增强前后的皮质期、实质期及延迟期信号变化,分别进行百分比测量、肿瘤-肾皮质增强指数计算,并采用单因素方差分析和LSD法进行比较.结果 CRCC多数信号均匀(7/8);CCRCC及PRCC多数信号不均(分别为51/55和13/14)、常见坏死(36/55和7/14),PRCC最常见出血(9/14)及囊变(9/14).动态增强各期CCRCC强化程度最高,强化模式呈"快进快退",CRCC轻至中度强化,PRCC强化最轻,两者均呈渐进性延迟强化.CCRCC、PRCC及CRCC皮质期信号变化分别为(296.15±60.27)%、(79.70±18.84)%和(119.56±40.76)%,实质期分别为(236.33±58.31)%、(122.81±27.35)%和(163.06±33.91)%,延迟期分别为(216.83±46.72)%、(117.55±20.63)%和(179.72±32.89)%;三者皮质期的肿瘤-皮质增强指数分别为1.26±0.34、0.33±0.12及0.54±0.10,实质期分别为0.92±0.23、0.41±0.23及0.62±0.15,延迟期分别为0.76±0.14、0.35±0.11及0.69±0.12,各亚型增强各期的信号变化(F值分别为940.931、124.515、38.194,P值均＜0.01)、肿瘤-皮质增强指数(F值分别为798.625、78.308、73.699,P值均＜0.01)差异均有统计学意义.3种亚型的MRI表现与病理学所见基本相符.结论 CCRCC、PRCC及CRCC的MRI动态增强有一定特征性的表现,与其病理特点密切相关,在肾癌亚型的鉴别诊断上有着较高的临床应用价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the differential diagnostic features of subtypes of renal cell carcinoma(RCC) using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI(DCE-MRI).Methods The MRI appearances of 77 RCCs, including 55 clear cell RCCs(CCRCC),14 papillary RCCs(PRCC) and 8 chromophobe RCCs(CRCC), were retrospectively analyzed and compared with findings of pathology. DCE-MRI was conducted in each case after intravenous administration of contrast agent. Region of interest measurements (cortical, nephrographic and delayed Phases) of signals within tumor and uninvolved renal cortex were used to calculate percentage signal intensity change and tumor-to-cortex enhancement index, and the data was analyzed by AVONA and t test. Results On unenhanced and enhanced MRI, most CRCCs showed homogeneous signal(7/8). CCRCC and PRCC often show inhomogenous signal with necrosis(36/55, 7/14). Hemorrhage and cystic degeneration were often found in PRCC (9/14). On the cortical, nephrographic and delayed phase images, CCRCCs showed greater signal intensity change[(296.15±60.27)%, (236.33±58.31)% and (216.83±46.72)%,respectively than PRCCs (79.70±18.84)%, (122.81±27.35)% and (117.55±20.63)%, respectively], and CRCCs showed intermediate change [(119.56±40.76)%, (163.06±33.91)% and (179.72±32.89)%, respectively].A phenomenon of quick staining and quick fainting was observed in CCRCCs. Both of CRCCs and PRCCs showed delayed enhancement. The tumor-to-cortex enhancement index at the cortical, nephrographic and delayed phases was highest for CCRCCs (1.26±0.34, 0.92±0.23 and 0.76±0.14, respectively), lowest for PRCCs (0.33±0.12, 0.41±0.23 and 0.35±0.11, respectively), and intermediate for CRCCs (0.54±0.10, 0.62±0.15 and 0.69±0.12, respectively,P＜0.01). The degree of enhancement was significantly different among the 3 subtypes at the every contrast enhanced phase (F=940.931, 124.515 and 38.194, P＜0.01), so was the tumor-to-cortex enhancement index(F=798.625,78.308 and 73.699, P＜0.01). There was a good consistency between MR appearances of the 3 RCC subtypes and pathological characteristics. Conclusion DCE-MRI could distinctly show imaging features of CCRCC, PRCC and CRCC, which were related to their pathological characteristics, and these features were helpful in predicting a specific subtype of RCC.     

肾透明细胞癌与肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的探讨分析肾透明细胞癌与嗜酸细胞腺瘤的CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法选取我院收治并经手术病理证实为肾透明细胞癌(20例)及肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤(15例)的CT表现,分析两者病灶的大小、形态、密度、CT值及强化方式等。结果肾透明细胞癌与肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤病灶的直径差异不明显(P> 0.05),差异无统计学意义;肾透明细胞癌与嗜酸细胞腺瘤CT平扫均多数为等或稍低密度,增强期多表现为明显强化,但肾透明细胞癌的强化特点为快进快出型,而肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤为快进慢出型,且肾透明细胞癌可有淋巴结转移,而肾嗜酸细胞瘤可有中央瘢痕。结论综合分析肾透明细胞癌与肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的CT平扫及增强扫描的影像学特点,有助于两者的鉴别诊断。     

Review of renal cell carcinoma and its common subtypes in radiology

Representing 2%-3% of adult cancers, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of renal malignancies and is the most lethal neoplasm of the urologic system. Over the last 65 years, the incidence of RCC has increased at a rate of 2% per year. The increased incidence is at least partly due to improved tumor detection secondary to greater availability of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging modalities over the last few decades. Most RCCs are asymptomatic at discovery and are detected as unexpected findings on imaging performed for unrelated clinical indications. The 2004 World Health Organization Classification of adult renal tumors stratifies RCC into several distinct histologic subtypes of which clear cell, papillary and chromophobe tumors account for 70%, 10%-15%, and 5%, respectively. Knowledge of the RCC subtype is important because the various subtypes are associated with different biologic behavior, prognosis and treatment options. Furthermore, the common RCC subtypes can often be discriminated non-invasively based on gross morphologic imaging appearances, signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, and the degree of tumor enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations. In this article, we review the incidence and survival data, risk factors, clinical and biochemical findings, imaging findings, staging, differential diagnosis, management options and post-treatment follow-up of RCC, with attention focused on the common subtypes.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的影像表现与病理对照分析

目的分析肾嫌色细胞癌（CCRC）的影像表现特征并与病理结果进行对照，以提高诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析了12例CCRC的资料，其中10例经CT检查，包括平扫、皮质期和髓质期动态增强扫描（1例无皮质期扫描）。2例经MR检查，包括平扫T1WI、T2WI及皮质期和髓质期动态增强T1WI。结果病灶位于左肾4例，右肾8例，最大径24．0～125．0mm，平均56．7mm。10例CT检查中，6例在平扫上密度均匀一致，5例增强后扫描强化均匀一致，与病理上该肿瘤较少发生坏死、囊变、出血对应。皮质期，9个病灶的强化程度均高于髓质，低于皮质，强化程度与微血管密度密切相关；髓质期，10个病灶密度均明显低于髓质。2个体积较大的病灶内见中央星状瘢痕。4个病灶周围见假包膜。MR检查的2例相对于髓质，病灶在平扫T1WI上呈高信号，在T2WI上，表现为明显的低信号。病灶的强化方式与CT相似。结论CCRC在CT及MRI上的均质性特点、独特的强化方式及T1WI上呈相对于髓质的明显低信号，具有一定的特征性，有助于与其他肿瘤鉴别。     

动态增强CT扫描对常见肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值

目的研究三种常见肾细胞癌(RCC)亚型在动态增强CT扫描中的异同点,以提高CT扫描对于常见RCC亚型的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析141例经手术病理证实的RCC患者的CT平扫及双期扫描的影像资料,测量瘤灶平扫和动态增强扫描的CT值、记录平扫CT表现、强化方式,重点分析CT动态增强扫描中各种亚型之间的异同。结果透明细胞癌(CCRCC)101例,乳头状肾细胞癌(PRCC)27例,嫌色细胞癌(CRCC)13例。CCRCC不均匀强化多于其他两种亚型的RCC(P<0.05),强化程度明显高于其他两种亚型的RCC(P<0.05),转移及形成癌栓的比例较大;PRCC及CRCC强化程度均较低,二者强化程度有类似(P>0.05),但CRCC钙化率较CCRCC和PRCC高,中心无强化瘢痕及轮辐状强化仅见于5个PRCC和1个PRCC。结论皮髓期强化能区别透明细胞癌和非透明细胞癌,结合其他征象有助于鉴别PRCC和CRCC。     

病灶大小对肾脏嗜酸细胞腺瘤及嫌色细胞癌CT征象的影响

目的研究肾脏嗜酸细胞腺瘤（RO）与嫌色细胞癌（ChRCC）常见的CT鉴别征象是否与病灶大小相关,进一步提高诊断的准确性。 方法回顾性分析病理证实的16例RO和21例ChRCC的CT图像,分析其平扫、增强特征是否存在差异,再将病例分为≤3 cm组（RO 8例,ChRCC 3例）、>3 cm组（RO 8例,ChRCC 18例）,比较其特征在组间是否存在差异。 结果（1）RO与ChRCC病灶大小无统计学差异（P = 0.118）;（2）RO与ChRCC在节段性强化反转、辐轮状强化及皮髓期强化程度三种特征上存在统计学差异,P值分别为0.024、0.027、0.001,中央瘢痕、钙化两种征象无统计学差异,P值分别为0.520、0.071;（3）≤3 cm、> 3 cm组间中央瘢痕、节段性强化反转、钙化、皮髓期强化程度存在统计学差异,P值分别为0.000、0.011、0.015、0.002。 结论综合分析病灶的大小及CT征象,有助于准确鉴别RO与ChRCC。     

乳头状肾细胞癌的MRI表现

目的:探讨乳头状肾细胞癌的MRI表现。方法:回顾性分析经手术切除并经病理证实的乳头状肾细胞癌23例。结果:23例病灶中20例形态规则且边界清楚;15例伴有不同程度坏死及囊变;12例伴有岀血。病变较小且以实性成分为主者,T1WI主要表现为等信号,T2WI主要表现为低信号,病变较大者坏死、囊变、出血常见,信号较为混杂。DWI(20例)病变实性区域ADC值平均为(1.16±0.33)×10-3mm2/s,正常肾脏对照ADC值平均为(2.18±0.30)×10-3mm2/s。多期动态增强:18例行多期动态增强扫描者,8例呈均匀强化,4例为欠均匀强化,6例为不均匀强化。强化形式15例为持续型,2例为渐升型,1例为升-降型。病变最大信号强化百分比为(122.6±46.0)%,肾皮质最大信号强化百分比为(309.3±132.6)%。病变与肾皮质强化百分比的比值为:0.42±0.17。结论:乳头状肾细胞癌MRI具有一定的特点。完整而全面的检查需包括常规MR序列、扩散加权成像序列和多期动态增强扫描序列等。对图像的仔细阅读,辅以后处理数据测量可明显提高我们对乳头状肾细胞癌的诊断水平。     

Solitary pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma: comparison of high-resolution CT with pathological findings

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the radiographic features of solitary pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma by comparing high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings with histopathological observations. Materials and methods Three thoracic radiologists retrospectively reviewed HRCT findings from eight patients who underwent surgery on the basis of the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The histopathological diagnoses for six of these eight lesions were metastases from clear cell carcinoma of the kidney, one case was a metastasis from papillary renal cell carcinoma, and the remaining case was a metastasis from a poorly differentiated carcinoma including predominantly spindle cells, papillary cells, and clear cells. Results The HRCT findings of all cases of clear cell carcinoma showed solid nodular lesions without ground-glass attenuation (GGA). The HRCT findings for one case of papillary renal cell carcinoma showed a lobulated nodule with a small amount of GGA in an area in the periphery and an air bronchogram. The HRCT findings of the remaining case of poorly differentiated carcinoma showed an ill-defined nodule with a GGA area and pleural indentations. Conclusion In brief, solitary pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma may present as a smoothly marginated nodule, lobulated nodule, or a nodule with peripheral GGA.