Refractive error, ocular and general parameters and ophthalmic diseases. The Beijing Eye Study

Objective  

To assess relationships between refractive error and ocular and general parameters.     

Body height and ocular diseases. The Beijing Eye Study

Background  

To determine whether body height is associated with ocular diseases.     

地震相关性眼病

地震后常见的眼部疾病有结膜下出血、眼附属器损伤、眼眶骨折、眼球破裂伤等,地震伤害所造成的循环系统异常或炎症相关的特殊眼病包括远达性视网膜病变、挤压综合征、Terson综合征、Valsalva视网膜病变、颈髓挥鞭样损伤视网膜病变等,地震造成环境改变的相关眼病有视网膜光损伤、结膜炎等,地震造成心理因素变化引起的相关眼病有内源性葡萄膜炎、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变等.了解地震造成的眼部损害,在生命体征平稳后及时救治,以最大程度恢复视功能.     

The Beijing Eye Study

Purpose: This review presents and summarizes the findings of the Beijing Eye Study. Methods: The Beijing Eye Study is a population‐based study which included 4439 of 5324 subjects (aged ≥ 40 years) who were initially examined in 2001. The study was repeated in 2006, when 3251 (73.2% of 4439, or 61.1% of 5324) of the original subjects participated. Participants underwent a series of examinations including: refractometry; pneumotonometry; biomicroscopy assisted by slit‐lamp; optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment; photography of the cornea, lens, optic disc, macula and fundus; blood sampling for laboratory tests; blood pressure measurements, and determinations of anthropomorphic parameters. They were also asked to complete a questionnaire which included questions on socioeconomic parameters, and awareness and treatment of ocular and general diseases. Results: We present normative data for refractive error, anterior segment measurements, intraocular pressure and optic disc structures and their associations, frequency and causes of visual impairment, blindness and visual field defects, prevalences of trachoma, pterygia, open‐angle glaucoma and angle‐closure glaucoma, cortical, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract, age‐related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy, myelinated nerve fibres, and retinitis pigmentosa, and associated and risk factors. Discussion: These data may be helpful for dealing with public health issues in China and for assessing associated and risk factors of ocular and general diseases in general.     

Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy. The Beijing Eye Study 2006

Background  To evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in adult Chinese with diabetes mellitus. Methods  The Beijing Eye Study 2006 is a population-based cross-sectional study that included 3,251 (73.2%) subjects (aged 45+ years) out of 4,439 subjects originally participating in the Beijing Eye Study 2001. Diabetes defined as fasting glucose concentrations ≥7.0 mmol/L or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes was detected in 381/3,251 (12.9%) subjects. Diabetic retinopathy was defined by the presence of at least one microaneurysm in the diabetic subjects according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Results  Gradable fundus photographs were available for 362 (95.0%) subjects. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 101 subjects (27.9%). Most of the diabetic retinopathy was of the mild type (74/101; 73%). Severe non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 16 (16%) subjects, and clinically significant macular edema in four (4%) subjects. Presence of diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with rural region (Odds ratio (OR): 3.52), duration of diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.08), fasting plasma glucose concentration (OR: 1.14), type of diabetes treatment (OR: 2.09), and marginally significantly, with hyperopic refractive error (OR: 1.13; P = 0.08). The stage of diabetic retinopathy was associated with rural region (P < 0.001), known duration of diabetes (P = 0.001), type of diabetes treatment (P = 0.001), concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (P = 0.004), and fasting glucose concentrations (P = 0.002). Conclusions  Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adult diabetic Chinese was about 27.9%. The stage of retinopathy was mild in 75% of the subjects with diabetic retinopathy. Associated factors were diabetes duration, diabetic treatment type, low metabolic control, rural region, and marginally hyperopia. Supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation No. 7071003, Beijing, China.     

Retinopathy and mortality. The Beijing Eye Study

Background To assess the association between a retinopathy as defined by the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) criteria, and mortality in a population-based setting. Methods At baseline in 2001, the Beijing Eye Study examined 4,391 subjects for retinopathy lesions, with a detected frequency of 285/4391 (6.5%) subjects. Using fundus photographs, the retinopathy was graded according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) criteria. The mean age was 56.05 ± 10.51 years (range, 40–101 years). In 2006, all study participants were re-invited for a follow-up examination. Results Out of the 4,391 subjects, 3,224 subjects (73.4%) returned for follow-up examination, while 140 subjects (3.2%) were dead and 1,027 subjects (23.4%) did not agree to be re-examined or had moved away. Mortality rate was significantly higher (P = 0.002; odds ratio [OR]: 2.20; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.32, 3.67) in the 285 subjects with retinopathy (18/285 or 6.3 ± 1.4%; 95%CI: 3.6%, 9.0%) than in the 4,106 participants without retinopathy (122/4,106 or 3.0 ± 0.3% 95%CI: 2.4%, 3.6%). In binary logistic regression analysis, mortality was significantly associated with age (P < 0.001; OR: 1.10; 95%CI: 1.08, 1.12), gender (P = 0.006; OR: 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43, 0.86), rural versus urban region (P < 0.001; OR: 5.65; 95%CI: 3.81, 8.40), and presence of retinopathy (P = 0.005; OR: 2.13; 95%CI: 1.25, 3.62). Conclusions In addition to higher age, male gender, and living in a rural region, a retinopathy as defined by ETDRS criteria is a risk factor for an increased mortality in adult Chinese.     

神经嵴发育异常相关眼病

神经嵴是一个动态的胚胎干细胞群体，在眼部发育中起着关键作用。神经嵴与周围的神经外胚层、表面外胚层和中胚层相互作用，发育成眼球及其附属器的多种组织结构，包括角膜基质及内皮、小梁网、虹膜基质、睫状肌、玻璃体和脉络膜血管、Müller细胞等。眼部神经嵴细胞迁移和发育异常会引起一系列复杂的眼部疾病，包括影响眼前段的疾病，如Axenfeld-Rieger综合征、Peters异常、无虹膜、原发性先天性青光眼和指甲-髌骨综合征，以及影响眼后段的缺陷性疾病，如CHARGE综合征和鳃-眼-面综合征，此外还有一些罕见的神经嵴疾病的眼部异常，如Waardenburg综合征、Treacher-Collins综合征和Char综合征等。在这里我们将神经嵴细胞发育异常导致的眼部相关疾病做一综述，探讨与神经嵴迁移和发育相关的基因，以及这些基因的突变和缺陷如何导致眼部疾病。     

Prevalence of and factors associated with pterygium in adult Chinese: the Beijing Eye Study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of pterygia and its associated factors in an adult Chinese population of Greater Beijing. METHODS: The Beijing Eye Study, a population-based prevalence study, included 4439 (83.4%) of 5324 subjects living in a rural area or urban region of Greater Beijing, 40+ years of age, invited to participate. The participants underwent a standardized examination protocol including corneal photography. RESULTS: A pterygium was detected in 169 (1.9%) eyes of 128 (2.9%) subjects. The prevalence of a pterygium was significantly associated with rural versus urban region (P < 0.001), age (P > 0.001), and male sex (P = 0.04). It was not associated with level of education (P = 0.25) or refractive error (P = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pterygium in Greater Beijing is approximately 3% among Chinese > or =40 years of age. Independent associations with living in a rural versus urban region, increasing age, and male sex suggested a correlation with outdoor work.     

Tilted optic discs: The Beijing Eye Study

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of tilted optic discs and their associations with ocular and general parameters. METHODS: The Beijing Eye Study included 4439 subjects out of 5324 subjects invited to participate (response rate 83.4%) with an age of 40+ years. The present investigation consisted of 4324 (97.4%) subjects for whom readable fundus photographs of at least one eye were available. The main outcome parameter was the presence of tilted optic discs defined as small discs with an oblique orientation and oval disc shape without signs of pathology in eyes without high myopia (defined as >-8 D). RESULTS: Tilted optic discs were detected in 31 eyes (0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.23, 0.49%) of 23 patients (16 women). Tilted discs were associated with myopia (-6.59+/-0.68 D vs -0.60+/-0.02 D, P<0.001), astigmatism (1.55+/-0.24 D vs 0.59+/-0.01 D, P<0.001), lower best corrected visual acuity (P<0.001), visual field defects (P<0.001), and small optic disc area (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Tilted optic discs are present in about four out of 1000 eyes of adult Chinese in Northern China. They are associated with medium myopia, astigmatism, decreased visual acuity, and visual field defects.     

Prevalence of trachoma in the adult Chinese population. The Beijing Eye Study

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of trachoma in the adult Chinese population. METHODS: The Beijing Eye Study as a population-based, cross-sectional cohort study included 4439 subjects out of 5324 subjects invited to participate with an age of 40+ years. Trachomatous abnormalities were assessed by slit lamp examination. Examination data were available for 4411 (99.4%) subjects. RESULTS: Trachomatous abnormalities were present in 850 eyes (mean+/-SE: 9.64+/-3.14%) or 422 subjects (9.57+/-0.44%), differentiated into follicular trachomatous inflammation (stage 1) (0.92+/-0.11%), intensive trachomatous inflammation (stage 2) (1.01+/-0.11%), trachomatous scarring (stage 3) (7.61+/-0.29%), and trachomatous trichiasis (stage 4) (0.47+/-0.08%). Trachomatous scarring was significantly associated with higher age (P<0.001), low level of education (P<0.001), rural versusurban region (P=0.04), and low visual acuity (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Active trachoma is present in about 2 out of 100 Chinese adults, and trachomatous scarring is present in about in about 8 out of 100 Chinese adults in Northern China with age, socioeconomic background, and rural region as main risk factors.     

Prevalence of crowded optic discs in adult Chinese. The Beijing Eye Study

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of crowded optic discs and their associations with ocular and general parameters. METHODS: The Beijing Eye Study included 4,439 subjects out of 5,324 subjects invited to participate (response rate 83.4%) with an age of 40+ years. The present investigation consisted of 8,594 eyes (96.8%) of 4,324 subjects (97.4%) for whom readable fundus photographs of at least one eye were available. The main outcome parameter was the presence of crowded optic discs, defined as small discs with an unsharp and slightly prominent disc border without signs of pathology. RESULTS: Crowded optic discs were detected in 265 (3.1 +/- 0.2%) eyes of 168 subjects (84 women). The prevalence rate was 3.8% +/- 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 3.2%, 4.4%) per subject. Crowded optic discs were significantly associated with age (P < 0.05%) and disc size (P < 0.001). They were statistically not associated with gender (P = 0.08), intraocular pressure (P = 0.06), refractive error (P = 0.17), visual field defects (P = 0.53), and best corrected visual acuity (P = 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Crowded optic discs are present in about 38 out of 1000 adult Chinese in Northern China, with small optic discs as the main associated factor. These data may be helpful for the assessment of a risk for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.     

Central corneal thickness in adult Chinese. Association with ocular and general parameters. The Beijing Eye Study

Background To evaluate the distribution of central corneal thickness and its associations in the adult Chinese population. Methods The Beijing Eye Study 2006 is a population-based study including 3,251 (73.3%) subjects (aged 45+ years) out of 4,439 subjects who participated in the survey in 2001 and who returned for re-examination. Central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements were performed by slit lamp-based optical coherence tomography. Results Central corneal thickness measurement data were available for 3,100 (95.4%) subjects. Mean CCT was 556.2±33.1 μm (median: 553 μm; range: 429–688 μm). In multiple regression analysis, CCT was significantly associated with optic disc area (P = 0.043), urban region (P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 4.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37, 7.17), male gender (P < 0.001; OR: 5.64; 95%CI: 2.57, 8.71), and intraocular pressure measurements (P < 0.001). It was not significantly associated with body weight (P = 0.54) and body height (P = 0.66), age (P = 0.17), and refractive error (P = 0.43). Intraocular pressure (measured by pneumotonometry) increased for each μm central corneal thickness increase by 0.03 mmHg. Conclusions In the adult Chinese population, CCT was significantly associated optic disc area, urban region, and male gender. Intraocular pneumotonometric pressure measurements increased for each μm increase in central corneal thickness by 0.03 mmHg. CCT was not associated with age and refractive error. Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation No 7071003, Beijing, China.