去卵巢大鼠骨髓微环境中RUNX2\PPARγ基因及OPG\RANKL基因蛋白表达变化的实验研究

[目的]探讨在去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松模型骨髓微环境中成骨细胞、脂肪细胞和破骨细胞分化的相互关系及其机制.[方法]将3个月龄雌性SD大鼠16只随机分为2组:假手术组(SHAM)和去卵巢组(OVX),每组8只.采用双侧卵巢切除术复制骨质疏松大鼠模型.术后14周,应用双能X线吸收仪法(DXA)测第4腰椎和股骨骨密度(BMD).qRT-PCR法测量骨髓细胞RUNX2、PPARγ、OPG和RANKL mRNA表达量.石蜡组织切片HE染色测量第3腰椎和胫骨近端骨组织脂肪细胞数目.免疫组织化学染色测定胫骨近端骨组织OPG/RANKL蛋白表达量.[结果]与SHAM比较,OVX组腰椎和股骨BMD下降(P＜0.05).OVX组股骨骨髓细胞成骨分化转录因子RUNX2 mRNA水平比SHAM组增高(P＜0.05),成脂分化转录因子PPAR γ mRNA表达水平比SHAM组增高(P＜0.05).OVX组胫骨和第3腰椎脂肪细胞数目比SHMA组增多(P＜0.05).与SHAM组比较,OVX组股骨骨髓细胞RANKLmRNA和胫骨RANKL蛋白表达量增加(P＜0.05)且OPG/RANKL的比率都降低(P＜0.05),而两者OPG的mR-NA和蛋白表达量无统计学差异(P＞0.05).[结论]去卵巢大鼠骨量丢失可能是骨髓微环境中成骨细胞分化、脂肪细胞分化和破骨细胞分化紊乱导致.     

骨髓脂肪组织调节调控骨量研究进展

骨髓脂肪组织是由脂肪细胞在骨髓腔内累积所形成。骨髓脂肪细胞主要由骨髓间充质干细胞分化生成，并且认为其优先于成骨细胞生成。研究表明，骨髓脂肪组织与绝经后骨质疏松症、衰老型骨质疏松症、糖尿病导致的骨质丢失等均有密切 联系。骨髓脂肪细胞分化增加会导致成骨细胞分化减少，同时也会通过分泌相关因子调节成骨细胞与破骨细胞的分化及其 功能，包括PPARγ、脂联素、内脂素、抵抗素、Omentin-1等。笔者就骨髓脂肪组织调控成骨细胞和破骨细胞生成及其功能研究 进展做一综述。     

应用颅骨-破骨细胞联合培养体系研究先天性成骨不全破骨细胞骨吸收活性

目的 先天性成骨不全(OI)的主要临床表现为骨矿化过程不良,骨量丢失,骨骼畸形和骨折.但是其发病机理,尤其在其骨再建过程中成骨细胞(OB)及破骨细胞(OC)的功能改变尚不清楚.本实验以先天性成骨不全小鼠模型,oim/oim为基础,应用破骨细胞-颅骨联合培养体系研究OB和OC两种细胞在骨再建过程中的功能改变和相互作用.方法 本实验采用小鼠颅骨(CAL)组织培养模型.本模型采用颅骨组织培养,利用颅骨中成骨细胞可以从颅骨片游离出到培养皿及颅骨表面,从而支持培养皿及颅骨表面前体破骨细胞分化成为成熟破骨细胞,并吸收颅骨产生吸收陷窝.本实验中,共2组颅骨-破骨细胞联合培养体系:(1) 对照组(WT)颅骨与对照破骨细胞(WTCAL-WTOC);(2) OI颅骨与OI破骨细胞(OICAL-OIOC).联合培养颅骨及骨髓组织14日后,以TRAP免疫组化染色方法识别破骨细胞,ALP免疫组化染色方法识别成骨细胞,计算OC/OB.破骨细胞骨吸收活性以颅骨表面骨吸收陷窝占颅骨表面百分比并除以培养系统中的破骨细胞数表达.结果 第14日,OICAL-OIOC组的破骨细胞数低于WTCAL-WTOC组(92.50+23.18/mm2 对比 379.00+ 136.53/mm2,P<0.01); OICAL-OIOC组的OC/OB明显低于WTCAL-WTOC组(0.68+0.57对比1.65+0.67,P<0.01);OICAL-OIOC组OI破骨细胞的吸收能力高于WTCAL-WTOC组(27.76+22.81对比7.32+5.09,P<0.001).结论 oim/oim小鼠破骨细胞-颅骨培养体系中破骨细胞的数目明显减少,成骨细胞支持破骨细胞分化能力减低;但其破骨细胞骨吸收活性明显增强,以代偿成骨细胞功能,维持骨再建过程中成骨过程及骨吸收过程的平衡.     

不同浓度15d-PGJ2对骨髓细胞PPARγ2及骨代谢相关基因表达的影响

目的观察不同浓度15d-PGJ2对大鼠骨髓细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)及骨代谢相关基因核因子-κB活化受体配体(RANKL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨保护素(OPG)、核因子-κB活化受体(RANK)及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)mRNA表达水平的变化,探讨PPARγ2内源性配体15d-PGJ2对骨髓细胞PPARγ2及骨代谢相关基因表达的影响。方法体外培养大鼠骨髓细胞,加入不同浓度15d-PGJ2(0、10、20、30μmol/L)干预24h后,采用半定量逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测骨髓细胞PPARγ2、RANKL、ALP、OPG、RANK、TRAPmRNA表达水平,比较不同浓度15d-PGJ2对骨髓细胞PPARγ2及骨代谢相关基因表达的影响。结果不同浓度15d-PGJ2呈剂量依赖性下调RANKL、ALP、OPGmRNA的表达水平,同时呈剂量依赖性上调PPARγ2、RANK、TRAPmRNA的表达水平,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 15d-PGJ2可能通过激活PPARγ2转录活性抑制骨髓细胞成骨细胞标记物基因的表达,促进破骨细胞标记物基因的表达,这可能是15d-PGJ2参与增龄相关的骨质疏松发生的原因之一。     

人成骨细胞与外周血单核细胞共同培养诱导破骨细胞样细胞

目的 探讨人外周血单核细胞与原代人成骨细胞共同培养体外转化为破骨细胞样细胞的条件,并观察其体外生长,功能情况。方法 分别分离培养人成骨细胞,外周血单核细胞,并在含1,25（OH）2D3（10^-7mol/L）,地塞米松（10^-8mol/L)及巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M－CSF）（25ng/ml)的条件液中共同培养,用相差显微,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色（TRAP）观察破骨细胞样细胞生长情况,应用扫描电镜（SEM）观察骨片隐窝以反映其功能。结果 共同培养中的单核细胞逐渐融合;TRAP染色阳性多核细胞在第7天明显增多;骨片隐窝呈现多种形态。结论 人原代成骨细胞与人外周血单核细胞共同培养可以诱导出破骨细胞样细胞,但应该选择分化程度较低的细胞以及控制接种密度。     

TZDs对骨髓破骨细胞生成作用和 成骨细胞生成作用的影响

[目的]体外观察TZDs类药物对小鼠原代骨髓细胞向成骨细胞和破骨细胞分化的影响,探讨其对糖尿病患者骨骼代谢的影响和作用机制.[方法]无菌条件下从小鼠股骨分离获取骨髓细胞,贴壁细胞进行成骨细胞生成实验研究,悬浮细胞进行破骨细胞生成实验研究.随后在1、2、5μmol/L罗格列酮干预下诱导成骨细胞分化培养3周,进行VonKossa染色观察成骨细胞矿化结节,并测定成骨细胞标记物ALP活性、BMP-2及TGF-β分泌的影响;观察罗格列酮对破骨细胞形成和成熟的影响及标志性基因表达.[结果]1、2、5μmol/L罗格列酮干预组与对照组相比,成骨细胞的钙结节形成比例显著降低(P＜0.05),ALP、BMP-2、TGF-β水平呈剂量依赖性地下降(均P＜0.05);同时剂量依赖性促进c-fos和RANK基因的表达,破骨细胞生成实验显示罗格列酮促进破骨细胞分化发育和成熟.[结论]罗格列酮可剂量依赖性地抑制骨髓细胞向成骨细胞分化,促进向破骨细胞分化.有助于理解Ⅱ型糖尿病患者在应用TZDs骨丢失的原因.     

共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞生物学特性观察

目的建立成骨细胞和破骨细胞的体外共育体系,观察在此体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞生物学特性的变化,探讨成骨细胞和破骨细胞间的相互作用。方法取髂骨松质骨,Ⅱ型胶原酶消化,分次获得成骨细胞和破骨细胞。建立培养上清相通但二者互不接触的成骨细胞-破骨细胞共育模型。以细胞增殖(MTT法)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性代表成骨细胞的成骨活性,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)活性、骨吸收陷窝面积代表破骨细胞的破骨能力,检测共育对成骨细胞和破骨细胞生物学特性的影响。结果成骨细胞呈饱满的梭形,ALP染色阳性;破骨细胞呈多核,TRAP染色阳性,可以吸收骨质形成骨陷窝。当成骨细胞与破骨细胞共育后,其MTT法OD值(0.60±0.08)较单独培养时(0.36±0.03)明显提高(P=0.000);其ALP活性(23.37±2.48)u/mg较单独培养时(18.33±0.34)u/mg明显提高(P=0.000)。破骨细胞与成骨细胞共育后,形成骨吸收陷窝的平均面积犤(6.55±0.34)×10-2犦μm2较单独培养时犤(5.15±0.17)×10-2犦μm2明显增大(P=0.000)。结论共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞的功能相互促进,为骨组织代谢的体外研究提供了可靠的模型。     

共轭亚油酸c9,t11-CLA及t10,c12-CLA对大鼠骨髓细胞骨代谢相关基因表达的影响

目的 观察c9,t11-CLA及t10,c12-CLA干预后,大鼠骨髓细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体2(PPARγ2)及核因子(NF)-κB活化受体配体(RANKL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨保护素(OPG)、NF-κB活化受体(RANK)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP) mRNA表达的变化,探讨其对骨代谢的影响.方法 体外培养大鼠骨髓细胞,分别加入c9,t11-CLA及t10,c12-CLA干预24h,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测PPARγ2、RANKL、ALP、OPG、RANK、TRAP mRNA表达水平,比较其对骨髓细胞上述基因表达的影响.结果 (1)c9,t11-CLA呈剂量依赖性下调RANK、TRAP mRNA表达,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而其对RANKL、ALP、OPG及PPARγ2 mRNA 表达的影响不明显.(2) t10,c12-CLA呈剂量依赖性上调RANKL、OPG mRNA的表达,同时下调 RANK、TRAP及PPARγ2 mRNA的表达,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),但对ALP mRNA的表达无明显影响.结论 c9,t11-CLA可能通过抑制破骨细胞标记物基因表达阻断骨髓细胞向破骨细胞分化,而t10,c12-CLA在抑制破骨细胞标记物基因表达的同时也可促进成骨细胞标记物基因表达,两者均有利于骨形成.     

致敏淋巴细胞对破骨细胞分化及骨吸收的影响

目的研究致敏淋巴细胞对破骨细胞分化及骨吸收功能的影响.方法从被骨水泥单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)致敏的新西兰兔外周血中分离淋巴细胞并提取培养介质(LCM),分离培养兔颅骨成骨细胞和兔骨髓细胞,通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TrACP)染色和骨磨片扫描电镜观察对破骨细胞进行鉴定.在成骨细胞与骨髓细胞的培养体系中,分别在无LCM,未经MMA刺激的LCM和经MMA刺激的LCM等3种情况下,进行成熟破骨细胞计数和TrACP活性检测.结果骨髓细胞能够分化成破骨细胞并且能在骨磨片上形成骨吸收陷窝,致敏淋巴细胞培养介质能够明显促进破骨细胞数量的增加和TrACP的分泌,在加入MMA刺激后,这种作用更加显著.结论致敏淋巴细胞能够促进骨髓破骨细胞的分化和骨吸收能力.     

致敏淋巴细胞对破骨细胞分化及骨吸收的影响

目的；研究致敏淋巴细胞对破骨细胞分化及骨吸收功能的影响。方法：从被骨水泥单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）致敏的新西兰兔外周血中分离淋巴细胞并提取培养介质（LCM），分离培养兔颅骨成骨细胞和兔骨髓细胞，通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TrACP)染色和骨磨片扫描电镜观察对破骨细胞进行鉴定。在成骨细胞与骨髓细胞的培养体系中，分别在无LCM，未经MMA刺激的LCM和经MMA刺激的LCM等3种情况下，进行成熟破骨细胞计数和TrACP活性检测。结果：骨髓细胞能够分化成破骨细胞并且能在骨磨片上形成骨吸收陷窝，致敏淋巴细胞培养介质能够明显促进破骨细胞数量的增加和TrACP的分泌，在加入MMA刺激后，这种作用更加显著。结论：致敏淋巴细胞能够促进骨髓破骨细胞的分化和骨吸收能力。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.