p53、c-erbB-2、PCNA和EGFR在膀胱癌中过表达及其意义

目的：研究癌基因和抑癌基因蛋白产物在膀胱移行细胞癌中异常表达与病理分级、临床分期、复发和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检查１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ的表达水平。结果：１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达率分别为４７．０％、２９．９％、５３．８％和４８．７％。ｐ５３和ＰＣＮＡ阳性表达产物定位于肿瘤细胞核内，ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性表达产物定位于细胞膜上，ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达产物定位于细胞膜或细胞浆内。结果表明ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ异常表达与膀胱癌的分级、分期、复发及术后生存率等之间有统计学意义。结论：ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ异常表达有助于评估膀胱癌预后，多基因异常表达作为预后评价指标更有意义。     

食管癌及癌旁组织中EGR-1、c-fos、cyclin D1的表达

目的：研究ＥＧＲ－１、ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｃｙｃｌｉｎＤ１３种基因ｍＲＮＡ及其相应蛋白在人食管癌癌变过程中的表达水平及其相关性,并探讨其与食管癌的发生、发展及生物学行为的关系。方法：原位杂交法检测４７例食管鳞状细胞癌及其癌旁、上切缘中３种基因的ｍＲＮＡ、免疫组化ＳＡＢＣ法检测蛋白表达水平。结果：３种基因原位杂交、免疫 化阳性表达产物均分别定位于胞浆及胞核中,ＥＧＲ－１ｍＲＮＡ、ｃｆｏｓｍＲＮＡ、ｃｙｃｌｉ     

p53,c—erbB—2,PCNA和EGFR在膀胱癌中过表达及 …

目的：研究癌基因和抑癌基因蛋白产物在膀胱移行细胞癌中异常表达与病理分级、临床分期、复发和预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法检查１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ的表达水平。结果：１１７例膀胱移行细胞癌中ｐ５３、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＰＣＮＡ和ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达率分别为４７．０％、２９．９％、５３．８％和４８．７％。ｐ５３和ＰＣＮＡ阳性表达产物定位于肿瘤细胞核内，     

p16 mRNA及其蛋白、EGFR在脑胶质瘤中的表达

目的：通过观察脑胶质瘤中ｐ１６ ｍＲＮＡ及其蛋白、ＥＧＦＲ的表达,探讨其在脑胶质瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法：应用原位杂交技术和免疫组织化学方法在３８例人脑胶质瘤中检测ｐ１６ ｍＲＮＡ及其蛋白、ＥＧＦＲ的表达。以７例正常组织为对照。结果：ｐ１６ｍＲＮＡ和ｐ１６蛋白在Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、Ⅰ～Ⅱ级胶质瘤、正常组织中的阳性表达率分别为８．３％,１６．７％;５３．７％,５７．７％;７１．４％,８５．７％。ＥＧＦＲ在Ⅲ     

EGFR及p21蛋白在肺癌中的表达

目的：探讨表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ２１蛋白表达与肺癌发生发展的关系及其两者的对应关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对６３例肺癌及其癌旁组织进行了同位ＥＧＦＲ及ｐ２１蛋白的检测。结果：肺癌ＥＧＦＲ阳性率７７．７８％，其阳性率与病理类型及临床分期无关（Ｐ〉０．０５）。癌旁组织ＥＧＦＲ阳性率６７．９２％，其中增生组阳性率（７９．０６％）显著高于无增生组（３７．５０％）（Ｐ〈０．０１）。肺癌中ｐ２１     

转化生长因子β1 mRNA在实验性肝癌间质差异形成中的 …

目的：应用原位分子杂交技术观察了ＴＧＦ－β１ｍＲＮＡ在实验性大鼠胆管细胞性肝癌（ＣＣ）和肝细胞性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）中的表达,探讨肝癌间质差异形成的可能机制。方法：大鼠肝癌组织经ＨＥ和Ａｌｃｉａｎ Ｂｌｕｅ染色确认ＣＣ或ＨＣＣ,用ＴＧＦ－β１反应ＲＮＡ探针检测ＴＧＦ－β１ｍＲＮＡ的表达,同时以ＴＧＦ－β１正链,β－ｍＲＮＡ呈弱到中等强度的表达,少数ＣＣ的间质细胞也有ＴＧＦ－β１ｍＲＮＡ表达。结论：由于Ｔ     

大肠癌c—erbB—2,EGFR及p21^ras蛋白共同表达与肿瘤细胞增殖

目的：搪塞ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＥＧＦＲ及Ｐ２１＾ｒａｓ癌基因蛋白共同表达对大脾性癌细胞增殖的影响。方法：应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ＥＧＦＲｅｙ ｐ２１＾ｒａｓ蛋白在６９例大肠癌中的表达情况,同时计数肿瘤细胞ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数。结果：３种癌基因蛋白全部阳性,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ＿２和ＥＧＦＲ同时阳性及单独ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性的大肠癌,癌细胞ＰＣＮＡ指数高于３种蛋白全部阴性组。结果：ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－     

肝细胞癌组织中转化生长因子α表达及其与乙型肝炎病毒感染的 …

目的 研究肝细胞（ＨＣＣ）中转化生长因子α（ＴＧＦα）的表达及其与ＨＢＶ感染的关系。方法 应用原位杂交及免疫组化ＳＰ法对５３例ＨＣＣ及１４例正常肝组织吕ＴＧＦαｍＲＮＡ、ＴＧＦα蛋白、ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ进行检测。结果 ５３例ＨＣＣ组织中ＴＧＦαｍＲＮＡ、ＴＧＦα蛋白的阳性率分别为３０．２％（１６例）、７３．６％（３９例）,显著高于无表达的正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。癌旁不典型增生肝细胞组ＴＧＦαｍＲＮ     

Ⅰ型细胞间粘附分子在肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨肝癌细胞产生的Ⅰ型细胞间粘附分子１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）在肝细胞癌侵袭和转移过程中的作用。方法用原位分子杂交技术检测了３４例原发性肝癌及癌旁组织中ＩＣＡＭ－１ｍＲＮＡ的表达。结果２１例侵袭性生长的肝癌中１９例ＩＣＡＭ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达阳性,明显高于癌旁;１１例伴门静脉癌栓或肝内转移灶形成的肝癌,其癌组织均表达强阳性,癌栓及转移灶表达阳性;而１３例包膜完整的肝癌仅有４例表达阳性。结论肝癌细胞ＩＣＡＭ－１ｍＲＮＡ的表达与肝癌细胞的侵袭及转移相关。     

肺巨细胞癌不同转移亚克隆生长因子表达及反应性差异的探讨

目的研究肺巨细胞癌高转移亚系ＰＧｂＥ１和中度转移亚系ＰＧＬＨ７细胞之间部分生长因子的表达及反应性差异。方法利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术检测了生长因子ＴＧＦα、ＴＧＦβ１、ＩＬ－６、ＩＬ－８、ｂＦＧＦ和ＡＮＧ及受体ＥＧＦＲ、ＩＬ－６Ｒ和ＩＬ－８Ｒ的表达状况;其次采用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法观察了重组ＴＧＦα、ＴＧＦβ１和ＩＬ－６对此两个细胞生长的影响。结果ＰＧｂＥ１细胞中ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ、ＩＬ－６和ＩＬ－６Ｒ的表达水平明显高于ＰＧＨ７细胞,而ＴＧＦβ１、ｂＦＧＦ、ＩＬ－８、ＩＬ－８Ｒ和ＡＮＧ的表达在两个细胞间无明显差别;重组ＴＧＦα和ＩＬ－６对两个细胞均具有生长刺激作用;ＴＧＦβ１具有双重效应。结论ＴＧＦα、ＴＧＦβ１、ｂＦＧＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＬ－８、和ＡＮＧ等生长因子可能以自分泌方式参与肺巨细胞癌的生长增殖调控,而ＴＧＦα和ＩＬ－６在肺巨细胞癌的转移中发挥更为重要的作用。     

Survivin基因mRNA和蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达

目的 观察survivin基因mRNA及蛋白在鼻咽癌的表达及其与临床的关系.方法 采用原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术,分别检测survivin基因及蛋白的表达情况.结果 在64例鼻咽癌中,survivin基因mRNA阳性表达42例(65.6%),其中高表达30例(46.9%);在有详尽诊疗资料的22例鼻咽癌中,Ⅲ+Ⅳ期阳性表达率为66.7%,高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的50.0%.Survivin蛋白阳性表达46例(71.9%),其中高表达38例(59.4%);Ⅲ+Ⅳ期阳性表达率为61.1%,高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的50.0%.Survivin基因表达与鼻咽癌患者的年龄、性别无相关性(P＞0.05).30例慢性鼻咽炎患者鼻咽部组织survivin基因mRNA及蛋白阳性表达分别为10例(33.3%)及7例(23.3%),均低于鼻咽癌组,差异均有统计学意义(γ2=12.04和γ2=19.57,均P＜0.01).64例鼻咽癌中survivin基因mRNA及蛋白共同表达阳性者36例(56.2%),经相关检验它们的表达呈正相关(关联系数(4)=0.43).结论 Survivin基因表达可能在鼻咽癌发生、发展过程中起一定作用,检测survivin基因mRNA和蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达对鼻咽癌的诊断、临床分期和预后有参考的价值.     

肝细胞癌组织中Glypican-3基因表达及其调控机制

目的：探讨肝细胞癌中Glypican-3（GPC3）基因表达及调控机制。方法:采用RT-PCR和聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)方法分别检测48例肝细胞癌的癌组织、39例癌旁组织和31例正常肝组织中GPC3 mRNA的表达和基因突变；免疫组化S-P法检测GPC3、P53和PCNA蛋白的表达。结果:GPC3 mRNA在肝细胞癌的癌组织中的阳性表达率为77.1%，但其在癌旁和正常肝组织中不表达；肝细胞癌的癌组织中未发现GPC3基因突变；GPC3与P53蛋白表达无相关性（r＝-0.12574，P＞0.05），肝细胞癌的癌组织中GPC3 表达阳性和阴性的增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)平均指数分别为（46.32±27.54）%、（39.83±21.47）%,P＞0.05。结论:肝细胞癌组织中GPC3 mRNA高表达与基因突变无关，没有直接影响P53和PCNA蛋白表达。     

The utility of keratin 903 as a new prognostic marker in mass-forming-type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

The cytokeratins phenotype is largely preserved during neoplastic transformation and tumor development. We evaluated the immunoreactivity of biliary epithelial markers keratin 903 and cytokeratin 7 and 19 for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and compared the results with those for biliary dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Reactivity with keratin 903 was weakly expressed and increased after the expression of cytokeratin 7 and 19 during human intrahepatic bile duct development. More than 80% of cases of biliary dysplasia showed positive reactivity with keratin 903. Of the 30 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 3 (10%), 6 (20%), and 1 (3%) showed positive reactivity with Keratin 903 and cytokeratin 7 and 19, respectively. Among the 73 cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 54 (74%), 66 (90%), and 61 (84%) showed positive reactivity with keratin 903 and cytokeratin 7 and 19, respectively. On clinicopathologic examination of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, reduced keratin 903 reactivity was significantly higher in tumors with an expansive growth pattern (P <.0001), in those with medullary-type stromal reaction (P =.0327), in those without perineural invasion (P =.0001), and in those without lymph node metastasis (P =.0015). In addition, the reactivity with Keratin 903 was directly correlated with expression of cytokeratin 7 and 19 (P =.0153 and P <.0001, respectively). Cases showing reduced keratin 903 reactivity were characterized by a distinctive morphology indicating an hepatocellular carcinoma-like pattern. Multivariate analysis of overall survival revealed that keratin 903 reactivity was a significantly independent prognostic factor. In conclusion, patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma showing reduced keratin 903 reactivity had a favorable prognosis. Remarkably, the cytokeratin phenotype of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was correlated with the morphologic appearance of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.     

Expression of sialyl-Tn, Tn and T antigens in primary liver cancer

Sialyl-Tn, Tn and T antigens are caused by aberrant or incomplete glycosylation of apomucins and are related to the aggressiveness of malignant neoplasms. Using 41 liver samples from patients with cholangiocarcinoma (including four with cirrhosis), 21 with combined hepatocellular-cholangiocellular carcinoma and 17 with hepatocellular carcinoma, the expression of sialyl-Tn, Tn and T antigens were characterized immunohistochemically and the correlation with apomucin profiles was evaluated. The prevalence of sialyl-Tn, Tn and T antigens expression was 89, 95 and 51% in cholangiocarcinoma without cirrhosis; 25, 75, and 0% in cholangiocarcinoma with cirrhosis; 29, 90, and 48% in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocellular carcinoma; and 0, 12 and 6% in hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Sialyl-Tn antigen was frequently expressed in cholangiocarcinoma without cirrhosis compared with cholangiocarcinoma with cirrhosis and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocellular carcinoma (P < 0.01). Although sialyl-Tn expression was associated with MUC1, MUC6 and MUC7 expression, the expression sites among them were not identical in the individual cases. These data suggest that the different expressions of sialyl-Tn antigen among cholangiocarcinoma without cirrhosis, cholangiocarcinoma with cirrhosis and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocellular carcinoma may reflect the biological features inherent to these tumors, such as the ability of invasion.     

EGFR is phosphorylated at Ty845 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a significant proportion of hepatocellular carcinomas. Recent studies of EGFR inhibitors to treat hepatocellular carcinoma have been encouraging and better understanding of EGFR signaling may lead to more effective strategies for inhibiting this key pathway. The EGFR can be phosphorylated at different tyrosine sites, leading to subsequent activation of different pathways. Cell line and animal studies have shown that MAPK and STAT-3 are important mediators of the EGFR signal in liver cells. However, little is known about EGFR phosphorylation and subsequent signaling in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the site of EGFR phosphorylation by Western blot in 18 hepatocellular carcinomas. Fourteen of 18 hepatocellular carcinomas had detectable EGFR by Western blotting and 13 of 14 showed phosphorylation at tyrosine 845. In contrast, no EGFR phosphorylation was detected at tyrosine 998, tyrosine 1045, or tyrosine 1068, which signal through other pathways including STAT-3 and MAPK. These findings were further explored by examination of EGFR expression and signaling pathway activation in tissue arrays comprised of 73 hepatocellular carcinomas using antibodies that recognize phosphorylated (or activated) proteins. Tissue array studies also found no correlation between EGFR expression (29% of cases) and STAT-3 nuclear positivity (16%), AKT (4%), MAPK (3%), or STAT-5 (3%) positivity, all P>0.05. EGFR expression was correlated with hepatitis B infection, but not with tumor size, nuclear grade, or proliferative rate. We conclude that EGFR is phosphorylated at tyrosine 845 in most hepatocellular carcinomas and that EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry does not correlate well with STAT-3, STAT-5, MAPK, or AKT immunostaining.     

Hepatocarcinoma-Intestine-Pancreas/Pancreatic Associated Protein (HIP/PAP) Is Expressed and Secreted by Proliferating Ductules as well as by Hepatocarcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic associated protein (HIP/PAP) gene was identified because of its increased expression in 25% of human hepatocellular carcinoma. HIP/PAP protein, a C-type lectin, binds laminin, acts as an adhesion molecule for hepatocytes, and has also been described as an acute phase secretory protein during acute pancreatitis in humans and rats. We investigated HIP/PAP protein expression in patients with various liver diseases associated with ductular reaction. At the same time, we analyzed patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, and tested HIP/PAP protein levels in sera to establish the pattern of secretion. Our data show that HIP/PAP expression was not restricted to hepatocellular carcinoma, but was also detected in cholangiocarcinoma cells as well as in reactive non-malignant bile ductules. In contrast, HIP/PAP protein expression was undetectable in normal mature hepatocytes, but some ductular cells localized at the interface of portal tracts with parenchyma were HIP/PAP immunoreactive in normal liver. Finally, we present evidence that HIP/PAP serum levels were increased in 21/28 (75%) patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and in 25/51 (49%) patients with nonmalignant cirrhosis. Altogether, these results suggest that HIP/PAP protein may be implicated in hepatocytic and cholangiolar differentiation and proliferation.     

Expression of p53 and PCNA in cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

The aim of this study was to identify the pattern and significance of expression of p53 and PCNA in cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Histological sections from 18 patients with cholangiocarcinoma (3 of the cases were associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis), 10 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis without cholangiocarcinoma, and 7 patients with cirrhosis without cholangiocarcinoma or primary sclerosing cholangitis were stained immunohistochemically for p53 and PCNA. Samples from 17 patients with cholangiocarcinoma (94%) stained positively for p53. Among these 17 cases, nontumorous bile duct epithelium was positive in 7 (including 3 cases with primary sclerosing cholangitis and 2 with carcinoma in situ), and were positive proliferating bile ductules in 4 cases. The single p53-negative cholangiocarcinoma did not show p53 positivity in either the bile duct epithelium or the proliferating bile ductules. Bile ductal and ductular cells in all 10 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis without cholangiocarcinoma and in the 7 controls were not reactive for p53. All 18 samples from patients with cholangiocarcinoma (100%) were positive for PCNA protein. Bile duct epithelium was positive for PCNA in nine cases (90%) of primary sclerosing cholangitis without cholangiocarcinoma and in six (85%) controls. Our study showed a high rate of p53 expression (94%) in cholangiocarcinoma. The adjacent uninvolved bile duct epithelium was also immunoreactive for p53 in 7 of 17 patients (41%). These findings suggest an early p53 mutation in bile ductal cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Expression of p53 may potentially be used to identify or screen, by bile duct brushings, cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis suspected of harboring cholangiocarcinoma. Expression of PCNA was a universal feature in cholangiocarcinoma.     

Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor–α on hepatitis C virus‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis

Epidermal growth factor receptor system plays a central hepato‐protective and pro‐regenerative role in liver. Transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α) is an important autocrine growth regulator of hepatocytes that plays a role in development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). This study was done on 40 core liver biopsies from patients with CHC, 20 liver specimens from HCC cases on top of CHC as well as five normal controls. All were immunohistochemically stained with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and TGF‐α antibodies. Some selected HCC cases were submitted for FISH technique to detect EGFR gene alteration. By immunohistochemistry EGFR and TGF‐α were overexpressed in HCC and cirrhotic cases compared to CHC cases without cirrhosis. Also, their expression was stronger in CHC cases with higher grades of activity and stages of fibrosis compared to lower ones. FISH positive results for EGFR were detected in 33.3% of the examined HCC cases. EGFR and TGF‐α can be used as predictive markers for activity, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in CHC patients. Overexpression of EGFR in HCC patients can be promising in selecting those who can get benefit from anti‐EGFR target therapy.     

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis presents granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (HC-CC) are known to arise occasionally in hepatitis-related cirrhosis, although their clinicopathological features remain unclarified. In this study, we characterized the ICC (9 cases) and ICC elements of HC-CC (11 cases) arising in nonbiliary cirrhosis. Thirty-three hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) associated with nonbiliary cirrhosis and 24 ICC without cirrhosis were used as controls. Prominent neutrophilic infiltration was frequent in ICC with cirrhosis (78%) and ICC elements of combined HC-CC (72%). Neutrophilic infiltration-related cytokines (interleukin 8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) were expressed frequently and intensely in carcinoma cells of ICC with cirrhosis (40%, 80%, and 60%, respectively) and in ICC elements of the combined one (13%, 38%, and 63%, respectively). Interleukin 8 was expressed in 18% of ICC without cirrhosis, irrespective of neutrophilic infiltration. Neutrophilic infiltration and expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF were in parallel (P < 0.05). G-CSF and GM-CSF mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in tissue specimens expressing G-CSF and GM-CSF at the protein level. Such neutrophilic infiltration and expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF were not evident in controls. The expressions of c-kit and c-Met, as a hematopoietic and hepatic stem cell marker, were seen frequently in ICC with cirrhosis (80% and 80%, respectively) and ICC elements of the combined one (63% and 50%, respectively). The present study revealed that the frequent expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF is a characteristic of ICC with cirrhosis and ICC in combined carcinoma, probably representing a phenotype of fetal hepatic parenchymal cell. The expression of these cytokines may be causally related to prominent neutrophilic infiltration.