尿邻甲酚作为接触甲苯生物监测指标的探讨

目的探讨尿邻甲酚作为接触甲苯生物监测指标的可能性。方法建立柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定人体尿中邻甲酚,且使用该方法测定非职业及职业接触甲苯人群尿中邻甲酚水平,并进行接触评定。结果甲苯接触者尿邻甲酚水平为(2.61±1.94)mg/L,明显高于对照组[(0.32±0.23)mg/L],差异有显著性(P<0.001),且接触甲苯工人班后尿邻甲酚水平比班前明显升高,最高可达29倍。接触甲苯者尿邻甲酚水平与个体接触甲苯浓度明显相关(r=0.6295,P<0.01)。结论尿邻甲酚可以作为接触甲苯的生物监测指标。     

苯接触的生物监测指标初步评估

目的：探索可客观反映职业性苯危害的灵敏指标。方法：测定苯作业车间空气苯浓度和３３名苯作业工人及４名非苯作业工人志愿者苯接触后呼出苯浓度、血苯含量及尿酚排出量，并进行相关性分析。结果：空气苯浓度（４．５～３４８ｍｇ／ｍ３）与血苯含量呈明显正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血苯含量与尿酚排出量呈非常显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：在低浓度苯接触时，血苯是一个与毒性相关联的特异性敏感苯吸收指标；尿酚排出量可用作高浓度苯接触工人的生物监测指标。     

地表水中苯并（a）芘的调查

目前饮用水中有机污染物的危害已引起人们的重视。美国环保局(EPA)至1986年已鉴定出在美国市政供应的饮用水中有机污染物700余种;1980年用GC/MS监测出哈尔滨江段水中有机物达264种,其中属于美国环保局列为首要污染物的有18种。有致癌作用的苯并(a)芘(简称BaP)高达0.1PPb。为了有效、及时地控制某些首要的有机污染物和制定防护对策,我们于1989年3月至1990年10月对本市地表水中BaP等有机物污染状况进行调查。现将结果报告如下。1 材料与方法1.1 材料地表水采自水渠的不同断面,对照水     

尿中甲基甲酰胺作为二甲基甲酰胺接触者生物监测指标的探讨

本文分别检测了57名正常人和205名接触二基甲酰胺工人尿中甲基甲酰胺含量及空气中二甲基甲酰胺浓度．正常组空气二甲基甲酰胺浓度低于0．25mg／m3．尿中甲基甲酰胺末检出，接触组空气中二甲基甲酰胺平均浓度变为7．68±3．05mg／m3，工人班末尿中甲基甲酰胺平均含量为4．40±3．25mg／g肌酐．结果表明，班末尿中甲基甲酰胺含量及检出率与空气中二甲基甲酰胺浓度显著相关．班末尿中甲基甲酰胺含量能更客观地反映工人二甲基甲酰胺接触程度．因此它可作为甲基甲酰胺接触者一项有价值的生物监测指标．     

苯并（a）芘对人血淋巴细胞遗传损伤六项指标的敏感性比较

在相同的体外染毒和细胞培养条件下，比较了姊妹染色单体交换（ＳＣＥ），微核（ＭＮ），染色体畸变（ＣＡ），ＤＮＡ解螺旋荧光分析（ＦＡＤＵ），ＤＮＡ复制合成抑制（ＤＲＳＩ）和非程序ＤＮＡ合成（ＵＤＳ）６项指标对苯并（ａ）芘所致人外周血淋巴细胞遗传损伤的检测敏感生。试用浓度－反应回归直线斜率与观察值距回归直线标准差的比值表示各指标敏感性。结果表明，各指标的敏感性顺序为ＳＣＥ＞ＭＮ＞ＣＡ＞ＦＡＤＵ＞ＤＲＳＩ     

尿铅作为铅接触工人生物监测指标探讨

在工业生产中,铅的广泛用途,接触铅而引起的人体危害比较多见。对一些非铅矿山开采、冶炼和加工、矿石中含或多或少的铅,因铅引起的中毒或机体损伤在国民生产中显得较突出,故有必要对铅接触工人的临床生化指标进行探讨。本次研究选取尿铅为主要观察指标,讨论其在铅接...     

尿钒作为炼钒工人生物监测指标的探测

本文报导了对87名炼钒男性工人在离开作业后尿钒排泄情况的研究,观察了不同接触水平下工人尿钒排泄的异同。结果显示,钒作业者离岗后5天,尿中钒浓度仍较对照组高,为对照的2～4倍,但不同接触水平的工人的尿钒值差别已不显著。表明不同接触水平下,尿钒的排泄特点基本相似,从而提示尿钒可作为近期接触的指标,采尿样时间最好在当天班末或次日上班前,这样能比较真实地反映工人的接触情况。     

尿粘康酸作为苯接触人群生物学监测的指标

尿粘康酸作为苯接触人群生物学监测的指标曾年华，彭桂福，杨爱初，周炯亮，吴春刚通常认为尿酚是苯暴露者最方便的生物监测指标，但在空气苯浓度较低时，尿酚则缺乏特异性和敏感性，难以准确反映人体对苯的内吸收情况。因此，有必要应用新的、敏感的指标替代尿酚作为低浓...     

尿1—羟基芘—一个评价职业接触多环芳烃的生物监测指标

多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydtocarbons,PAHs)是广泛存在于生活和工作环境中的重要致癌物。主要的职业接触机会包括焦碳、煤焦沥青、焦油的生产、处理过程及电解铝、碳素等工厂。大量的动物实验表明,含PAHs物质可诱发实验动物皮肤癌和肺癌,流行病学研究证实,PAHs是职业性肺癌、皮肤癌等多种职业肿瘤的主要原因。为了预防PAHs的职业危害,     

尿TTCA作为二硫化碳作业工人生物监测指标的探讨

本文研究了作业工人CS_2接触与尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)浓度的关系。选取某化纤厂长丝车间(CS_2 10.5mg/m~3)、短丝车间(18.3mg/m~3)工人分别35和30名为接触组,厂外不接触CS_2者50人为对照组,结果,接触组较对照组,高浓度接触纽较低浓度组、以及接触组班末较班前尿TTCA浓度均显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。工人脱离CS_2接触12～24小时后尿TTCA增高已无显著意义。提示,尿TTCA与CS_2的接触密切相关,尿TTCA可作为反映工人近期接触CS_2良好的生物监测指标。     

Lung function, biological monitoring, and biological effect monitoring of gemstone cutters exposed to beryls

OBJECTIVES—Gemstone cutters are potentially exposed to various carcinogenic and fibrogenic metals such as chromium, nickel, aluminium, and beryllium, as well as to lead. Increased beryllium concentrations had been reported in the air of workplaces of beryl cutters in Idar-Oberstein, Germany. The aim of the survey was to study the excretion of beryllium in cutters and grinders with occupational exposure to beryls—for example, aquamarines and emeralds—to examine the prevalence of beryllium sensitisation with the beryllium lymphocyte transformation test (BeLT), to examine the prevalence of lung disease induced by beryllium, to describe the internal load of the respective metals relative to work process, and to screen for genotoxic effects in this particular profession.
METHODS—In a cross sectional investigation, 57 out of 100 gemstone cutters working in 12 factories in Idar-Oberstein with occupational exposure to beryls underwent medical examinations, a chest radiograph, lung function testing (spirometry, airway resistance with the interrupter technique), and biological monitoring, including measurements of aluminium, chromium, and nickel in urine as well as lead in blood. Beryllium in urine was measured with a newly developed direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy technique with a measurement limit of 0.06 µg/l. Also, cytogenetic tests (rates of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange), and a BeLT were performed. Airborne concentrations of beryllium were measured in three factories. As no adequate local control group was available, the cutters were categorised into those with an exposure to beryls of >4 hours/week (group A) and 4 hours/week (group B).
RESULTS—Clinical, radiological, or spirometric abnormalities indicating pneumoconiosis were detected in none of the gemstone cutters. Metal concentrations in biological material were far below the respective biological limit values, and beryllium in urine was only measurable in subjects of group A. Cytogenetic investigations showed normal values which were independent of the duration of beryllium exposure. In one subject, the BeLT was positive. Beryllium stimulation indices were significantly higher in subjects with detectable beryllium in the urine than in those with beryllium concentrations below the detection limit (p<0.05). In one factory, two out of four measurements of airborne beryllium concentrations were well above the German threshold limit value of 2 µg/m³ (twofold and 10-fold), and all gemstone cutters working in this factory had measurable beryllium concentrations in urine.
CONCLUSION—No adverse clinical health effects were found in this cross sectional investigation of gemstone cutters working with beryls. However, an improvement in workplace hygiene is recommended, accompanied by biological monitoring of beryllium in urine.


Keywords: gemstone cutter; beryllium in urine; lymphocyte transformation test     

尿锑作为职业接触三氧化二锑生物监测指标的研究

目的探讨尿锑作为职业接触三氧化二锑（Sb2O3）生物监测指标的意义。方法分另4用火焰和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对车间空气锑及尿锑含量进行测定，并对尿锑与空气锑、工种、作业工龄、健康损害指标之间的关系进行分析。结果接触组与对照组之间，不同岗位人员之间的尿锑差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；尿锑与空气锑浓度呈正相关（r=0．398，P〈0．01），但与作业工龄无明显相关。接触组皮疹的发生率随尿锑浓度增高而增加（P〈0．005）；包装工发生皮疹的危险性为行政后勤人员的13倍，发生胸片及肺功能异常的危险性为车间其他工种的7．9倍（P〈0．05）。结论尿锑能够反应接触者的内剂量水平，可作为职业接触Sb2O3的生物监测指标。     

空气苯浓度与呼出苯及尿酚的关系研究

目的对苯接触水平和接触者可能受到的有害影响进行卫生学评价。方法对１０名苯接触者和６名志愿苯接触者进行研究,用苯呼出气作为生物学监测指标。结果班前呼出苯大多为未检出,班中及班后呼出苯与空气苯时间加权平均浓度均有密切相关;班前尿酚与空气苯时间加权平均浓度无相关,班后尿酚及次晨尿酚均与空气苯ＴＷＡ浓度密切相关;班中、班后呼出苯均与班后尿酚及次晨尿酚密切相关,且以班中呼出苯与班后尿酚的相关性最高（ｒ＝０．９３５３）。呼出苯的快速排出相为脱离接触１０分钟（占班后呼出苯８２．２５％）,其排出稳定相在脱离接触后９０分钟左右。接触空气苯浓度ＴＷＡ７．９～２１７．８ｍｇ／ｍ３时,无论是呼出苯或尿酚在接触后２４小时与空气苯均无相关。结论在呼出苯的快速排出相采集终末呼出气可反映工人当时的接触浓度,采集排出稳定相终末呼出气,其浓度较稳定可反映接触者吸收入血液的浓度,并以此来估测环境浓度与接触水平。呼出苯的呼吸排出规律以及采样方便、无损伤,检出灵敏,呼出苯作为接触水平监测指标较其他指标优越。     

Experimental and human studies on antimony metabolism: their relevance for the biological monitoring of workers exposed to inorganic antimony

Unlike inorganic arsenic, inorganic trivalent antimony (Sb) is not methylated in vivo. It is excreted in the bile after conjugation with glutathione and also in urine. A significant proportion of that excreted in bile undergoes an enterohepatic circulation. In workers exposed to pentavalent Sb, the urinary Sb excretion is related to the intensity of exposure. It has been estimated that after eight hours exposure to 500 micrograms Sb/m3, the increase of urinary Sb concentration at the end of the shift amounts on average to 35 micrograms/g creatinine.     

发铬作为接铬工人生物监测指标的探讨

本文通过铬盐生产工人发铬含量与空气铬、尿铬、性别、工龄之间的比较,初步探讨发铬作为铬盐生产工人生物监测指标的意义。结果表明铬盐工人发铬与正常对照组之间有非常显著差异(P<0.01);发(?)与空气铬浓度呈低度正相关(r=0.285);发铬在男女接触工人之间无统计学差异,但女工偏低;发铬与尿铬、工龄无相关关系。     

苯作业女工血红蛋白健康监护指标的分析

职业性慢性苯中毒的特征是血象异常,早期中毒以白细胞持续降低为主要表现,少数病例可先呈血小板或红细胞数量减少,贫血往往发生较迟[1].目前,我们在实际工作中发现,苯作业女工上岗前体检检出的职业禁忌证人员中,单纯血红蛋白低于110g/L的人群占一定比例.为此,我们随机选择了年龄构成相似的2家大型企业,对体检结果进行了比较分析,现将结果报告如下.     

Experimental and human studies on antimony metabolism: their relevance for the biological monitoring of workers exposed to inorganic antimony.

Unlike inorganic arsenic, inorganic trivalent antimony (Sb) is not methylated in vivo. It is excreted in the bile after conjugation with glutathione and also in urine. A significant proportion of that excreted in bile undergoes an enterohepatic circulation. In workers exposed to pentavalent Sb, the urinary Sb excretion is related to the intensity of exposure. It has been estimated that after eight hours exposure to 500 micrograms Sb/m3, the increase of urinary Sb concentration at the end of the shift amounts on average to 35 micrograms/g creatinine.