刺五加皂甙对皮质神经元缺血缺氧性损伤的保护作用

目的探讨刺五加皂甙(ASS)对皮质神经元缺血缺氧性损伤的保护作用。方法胎鼠皮质神经元经缺血缺氧和谷氨酸(Glu)作用模拟缺血性皮质神经元损伤模型。随机分成缺血缺氧组(HI组)、Glu组、ASS组和对照组;ASS组在实验前、中均加入终浓度为50mg/L的ASS。用流式细胞仪检测神经元凋亡率,用硝酸还原酶法测定细胞培养上清液中一氧化氮(NO)的含量,用3[4,5二甲基磺胺噻唑]2,5二苯基四唑溴化物(MTT)比色法、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量测定神经元活性,电镜下观察细胞形态学变化。结果(1)随着缺血缺氧时间延长神经元存活率逐渐下降,至缺血缺氧8h达到高峰;Glu作用的神经元,其存活率随作用时间延长而下降。(2)HI组及Glu组皮质神经元存活率显著低于正常对照组,LDH释放量、NO含量及凋亡率均显著高于对照组(均P<0.05);与HI组和Glu组比较,HI ASS组及Glu ASS组皮质神经元的存活率显著升高,而LDH释放量、NO含量及凋亡率均显著降低(均P<0.05)。结论ASS能提高缺血神经元存活率、降低凋亡率,抑制NO和LDH释放,从而起到神经保护作用。     

刺五加皂甙对谷氨酸毒性神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的观察神经元在谷氨酸毒性损伤时一氧化氮(NO)的动态变化及其与凋亡的关系,探讨刺五加皂甙(ASS)的有效保护浓度。方法采用谷氨酸(Glu)诱导的皮质神经元凋亡模型。随机分成Glu组、正常对照组及ASS3组;用流式细胞仪检测神经元凋亡率,用硝酸还原酶法测定细胞培养上清液中NO的含量,用MTT法测定神经元存活率并在电镜下观察细胞形态学变化。结果(1)Glu呈剂量和时间依赖性增加神经元培养液中NO含量,ASS能不同程度地减少NO含量;(2)与Glu共培养的神经元,其存活率呈剂量和时间依赖性下降,ASS能增加神经元存活率;(3)经Glu处理的神经元发生凋亡,细胞超微结构呈现凋亡样改变,其凋亡率与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。ASS能减少Glu毒性神经元凋亡。结论NO介导了Glu毒性神经元凋亡,ASS可能通过抑制NO的释放及其神经毒性作用,拮抗Glu引起的神经元凋亡。     

海马神经元兴奋性毒性模型的建立及其意义

目的探讨不同浓度谷氨酸对海马神经元的损伤作用,流式细胞仪在建立理想的兴奋性毒性模型中的应用。方法在体外原代培养10d的海马神经元中分别加入不同浓度的谷氨酸(100、200、400、600、800μmol/L),24h后相差显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,用MTT法检测存活率和流式细胞仪检测凋亡率以评定谷氨酸对海马神经元的损伤程度。结果不同浓度的谷氨酸组与对照组的细胞存活率差异有显著性(P<0.01),并呈浓度依赖性,随着谷氨酸浓度的升高,神经元的存活率降低;谷氨酸终浓度(100、200、400μmol/L)组的细胞凋亡率与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);600和800μmol/L谷氨酸组的细胞凋亡率与对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),但细胞凋亡率随着谷氨酸浓度的增加而降低。结论过高浓度的谷氨酸导致细胞急性坏死而非迟发性凋亡,运用流式细胞仪检测体外培养海马神经元凋亡率是一种特异性高的检测方法,值得推广。     

一氧化氮在缺氧复氧性神经元凋亡中的作用

目的观察神经元缺氧复氧损伤时NO的动态变化及其与神经元凋亡的关系。方法取孕13~15d ICR小鼠,无菌条件下对胎鼠大脑皮质神经元进行原代分离培养,建立缺氧复氧诱导的皮质神经元凋亡模型。用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,用硝酸还原酶法测定细胞培养上清液中NO的含量,用MTT测定细胞活性,并在电镜下观察细胞形态学变化。结果经缺氧复氧处理的神经元,随着缺氧时间延长细胞存活率逐渐下降,神经元凋亡率呈时间依赖性升高,NO含量逐渐升高,至缺氧8h复氧24h达到高峰,与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。细胞超微结构呈现凋亡样改变。结论NO介导了缺氧复氧性神经元凋亡过程。     

NGF对烧伤大鼠血清引起纹状体神经元细胞毒性的影响

观察NGF对烧伤大鼠血清引起神经毒性的影响。初步探讨NGF对烧伤后神经元损伤的保护作用及其机制,测定烧伤大鼠纹状体组织NO和LDH含量;给予原代培养纹状体神经元不同浓度NCF24h后,加入不同浓度烧伤大鼠血清,测定细胞存活率及培养液中NO含量,大鼠烧伤后,纹状体组织NO和LDH含量明显升,烧伤大鼠血清可引起卢培养的纹状体神经元存活率下降,培养液中NO含量升高,NGF能降低纹状体组织中NO和LDH的含量,提高培养的纹状体神经元的存活率,减少培养液中NO含量,其作用呈剂量依赖性,NGF对神经元存活率的影响与NO含量呈显著负相关,NGF对烧伤大鼠血甭引起的纹状体神经元损伤有保护作用。其作用机制可能是通过抑制NO的神经毒性。     

氯通道在一氧化氮诱导离体大鼠海马神经元凋亡中的作用

目的 观察氯通道阻断剂SITS和DIDS对NO诱导的大鼠离体海马神经元凋亡的效应,探讨氯通道在缺血性脑损伤中的作用。方法 离体培养12天的SD大鼠海马神经元,随机分为正常对照组、NO处理组、NO处理后使用氯通道阻断剂组,对各组神经元分别在相应的时间点进行Hoechst荧光染色观察凋亡细胞数和MTT实验定量检测神经元的存活率,western blot 分析凋亡信号分子caspase-3的变化。结果 SITS和DIDS呈剂量依赖性地抑制NO诱导的神经元损伤,并能抑制损伤所引起的caspase-3的激活,提高神经元的存活率。结论 氯通道阻断剂对NO诱导的大鼠海马神经元凋亡有一定的保护作用。     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽减轻一氧化氮介导的谷氨酸神经毒作用

研究垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)是否通过作用于一氧化氮(NO)代谢途径,减轻谷氨酸的神经毒作用.取新生SD大鼠海马,用B27无血清培养基培养神经元;重氮化反应法测定NO浓度,MTT法测定神经元存活率,PACAP能减少谷氨酸引起的海马神经元死亡;谷氨酸呈剂量依赖性地增加海马神经元培养液中NO的含量,PACAP能不同程度地减少NO的含量;分别给予2 mmol/L L-Arg,100 靘ol/L SNP和 200 靘ol/L SNAP处理后,海马神经元存活率明显下降,给予不同浓度的PACAP (10-9,10－11,10-13 mol/L)能增加神经元的存活率.上述结果提示,PACAP通过抑制NO释放及其神经毒作用,减轻谷氨酸引起的海马神经元损害.     

槲皮苷对过氧化氢诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的探讨槲皮苷对H2O2所致的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用及机制。方法 PC12细胞培养后,MTT检测细胞存活率的方法进行H2O2损伤模型的摸索和槲皮苷药物浓度的筛选,将PC12细胞分为对照组、模型组和不同剂量槲皮苷组。用400μmol H2O2刺激PC12神经元细胞使其发生凋亡复制阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型,MTT法检测PC12细胞存活率、硫辛酰胺脱氢酶催化的INT显色反应检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量和DAPI荧光核染色观察细胞凋亡形态学改变,Western blot方法检测Cytc和caspase-3表达的变化。结果 400μmol H2O2诱导PC12细胞损伤明显,与模型组比较,槲皮苷组PC12细胞存活率显著提高(P<0.01),凋亡率显著下降(P<0.01),LDH释放量和凋亡相关蛋白Cytc和caspase-3的表达显著减少(P<0.01)。结论槲皮苷可抑制H2O2诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,其机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡线粒体途径中凋亡相关蛋白Cytc和caspase-3的表达有关。     

一氧化氮及谷氨酸在内皮素-1诱导神经元凋亡中的作用

目的　观察一氧化氮 (NO)和谷氨酸在内皮素 (ET) 1诱导培养神经元凋亡中的作用。方法　神经元培养取自新生SD大鼠大脑皮质。培养 5天后分 4组 :对照组、ET 1组 (2 0nM)、ET 1 L NAME(N 硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯 ,NO合酶抑制剂 ,1 0 0mM)组和ET 1 APV组 (N 甲基 D 天冬氨酸型受体拮抗剂 ,1 0 0 μM)。培养 2 4h后 ,收集细胞用流式细胞仪定量检测凋亡率。上清液中NO水平通过硝酸还原酶法检测亚硝酸盐浓度反映 ,谷氨酸浓度测定用高压液相法。结果　 2 0nMET 1处理后 2 4h,培养神经元凋亡率较对照组显著增高 (P <0 0 0 1 )。L NAME和APV分别明显阻断ET 1诱导神经元凋亡的作用 ,与ET 1组比较 ,凋亡率降幅分别为 40 % (P<0 0 5)和 80 % (P <0 0 0 1 )。ET 1作用 2 4h后。神经元培养液中NO和谷氨酸浓度较对照组显著增高 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,L NAME完全抑制了ET 1引起的培养液中NO的升高。结论　NO和谷氨酸参与了ET 1诱导培养大鼠大脑神经元凋亡过程 ,其中谷氨酸更为重要     

谷氨酸致人神经母细胞瘤细胞兴奋性毒损伤的机制(英文)

目的探讨谷氨酸导致人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y cells)兴奋性毒损伤的机制。方法MTT法检测SH-SY5Y细胞存活率;测定乳酸脱氢酶释放量观察细胞损伤程度;DAPI染色法观察细胞凋亡形态学特点;钙流法检测胞浆钙离子浓度变化 ;以胞内谷胱甘肽、超氧化物歧化酶活性和胞外丙二醛含量检测谷氨酸引发SH-SY5Y细胞的氧化应激状态。结果谷氨酸导致SH-SY5Y细胞受损,包括存活率下降、乳酸脱氢酶释放量增多及形态结构发生改变;谷氨酸处理 20 min 后,胞浆钙离子浓度无显著改变,而处理 24 h 后,胞浆钙离子大量增加,且 MK801 (NMDA受体拮抗剂)及LY341495 (代谢型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂)均不能抑制钙离子内流的增多;谷氨酸可导致SH-SY5Y氧化损伤,包括胞内谷胱甘肽含量减少、超氧化物歧化酶活性降低、胞外脂质过氧化产物丙二醛水平升高等,而丹参酮IIA (一种抗氧化剂)可减轻这些氧化损伤。结论谷氨酸导致SH-SY5Y细胞兴奋性毒损伤可能是通过氧化损伤产生的,而不依赖于 NMDA 受体介导的钙稳态的破坏。     

Differential effects of natural polyphenols on neuronal survival in primary cultured central neurons against glutamate- and glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death

Neuronal injury in the central nervous system following ischemic insult is believed to result from glutamate toxicity and glucose deprivation. In this study, polyphenols isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, including baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, were investigated for their neuroprotective effects against glutamate/NMDA (Glu/NMDA) stimulation and glucose deprivation in primary cultured rat brain neurons. Cell death was accessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay for necrosis, and mitochondrial activity was accessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction activity assay. It was found that both baicalin and baicalein decreased LDH release of the cultured neurons after 24 h treatment, whereas wogonin profoundly increased LDH release after 2 h treatment and resulted in neuronal death after 24 h. Glu/NMDA treatment profoundly increased LDH release and moderately decreased MTT reduction activity in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner. Both baicalin and baicalein significantly reduced Glu/NMDA-increased LDH release, in which baicalein is much more potent than baicalin. Glu/NMDA-increased intracellular calcium was also significantly attenuated by baicalin and baicalein. Baicalin and baicalein did not affect glutamate receptor binding activity, but baicalein did moderately decrease Glu/NMDA-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. In the glucose deprivation (GD) study, baicalein but not baicalin showed significant protective effects on the GD-increased LDH release, without affecting the GD-induced NO production, in cultured rat brain neurons. These results suggest that baicalein is the most effective compound among three polyphenols tested in preventing neurotoxicity induced by both glutamate and GD, whereas baicalin was only effective in preventing glutamate toxicity. Wogonin might have a neurotoxic effect on the brain.     

Isoflurane and sevoflurane affect cell survival and BCL-2/BAX ratio differently

Depletion of calcium from the neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces apoptosis. Isoflurane depletes calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle, an analogue of ER in neurons, while sevoflurane maintains or increases SR calcium. We hypothesized that isoflurane, but not sevoflurane, induces apoptosis by depleting the ER calcium. Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and primary cortical neurons were treated with equipotent doses of isoflurane and sevoflurane. Isoflurane, but not sevoflurane, at equipotent doses induced cell damage determined by both LDH release and MTT reduction assays, dose and time dependently, in both types of cells. Isoflurane at 2.4% for 24 h induced cytotoxicity in both cell types, which was characterized by nuclear condensation and fragmentation and activation of caspases 3 and 9. Isoflurane cytotoxicity was suppressed by dantrolene, a ryanodine receptor antagonist that inhibits abnormal calcium release from the ER. Isoflurane decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio by as much as 36% (P < 0.05). However, sevoflurane did not cause neuronal damage by apoptosis nor did it decrease the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These results suggest that isoflurane and sevoflurane differentially affect the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and cell survival. At equipotent concentrations, isoflurane, but not sevoflurane, induces cytotoxicity in both PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons and decreases the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.     

Neuroprotection by cord blood stem cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis is mediated by Akt pathway

The neurotransmitter glutamate mediates excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and spinal cord. In pathological conditions massive glutamate release reaches near millimolar concentrations in the extracellular space and contributes to neuron degeneration and death. In the present study, we demonstrate a neuroprotective role for human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCB) against glutamate-induced apoptosis in cultured rat cortical neurons. Microarray analysis shows the upregulation of stress pathway genes after glutamate toxicity of neurons, while in cocultures with hUCB, survival pathway genes were upregulated. Real time-PCR analysis shows the expression of genes for NMDA receptors after glutamate toxicity in neurons. The neuroprotection of hUCB against glutamate toxicity is similar to the application of the glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801. Cocultures of hUCB protected neurons against glutamate-induced apoptosis as revealed by APO-BrdU TUNEL and FACS analyses. Immunoblot analysis shows that apoptosis is mediated by the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in glutamate treated neurons. Cocultures with hUCB indicate the upregulation of Akt signaling pathway to protect neurons. Blocking of the Akt pathway by a dominant-negative Akt and using Akt-inhibitor IV, we confirm that the mechanism underlying hUCB neuroprotection involves activation of Akt signaling pathway. These results suggest the neuroprotective potential of hUCB against glutamate-induced apoptosis of cultured cortical neurons.     

MCPG在神经元氧糖剥夺模型中的抗凋亡作用

目的通过神经元氧糖剥夺模型研究Ⅰ组代谢型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂α-甲基-4-羧苯基甘氨酸（MCPG）对神经元损伤的保护作用,并初步探讨其机制。方法大鼠皮层神经元原代培养2w后,采用氧糖剥夺法建立损伤模型,通过乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性测定及碘化丙啶（PI）/Hoechst33342双染鉴定神经元损伤程度;加入Ⅰ组代谢型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂MCPG（1mmol/L）,通过脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测神经元凋亡情况,并采用蛋白印迹法研究凋亡相关因子caspase-3、细胞外信号调节激酶1/2（ERK1/2）、磷酸化ERK1/2（p-ERK1/2）的表达变化,讨论MCPG抗凋亡作用与ERK1/2信号通路的关系。结果 MCPG能抑制ERK1/2信号通路的活化并降低凋亡相关因子caspase-3的表达,减轻氧糖剥夺造成的神经元凋亡。结论 MCPG能够通过ERK1/2信号通路减轻氧糖剥夺造成的神经元凋亡。     

Glucose insufficiency alters neuronal viability and increases susceptibility to glutamate toxicity

Complete glucose deprivation has been shown to induce neuronal apoptosis, but the effect of moderate glucose deprivation under normal and pathological conditions is not fully understood. We investigated the effect of a restricted supply of glucose on neuronal vulnerability to glutamate by assaying cellular ATP levels (cellular energy production), 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction (mitochondrial function), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (cellular viability) and activation of caspase-3 (apoptosis) in rat hippocampal neurons cultured in media (1.7, 5 and 25 mM glucose) with or without 100 microM glutamate. Cellular ATP levels were significantly reduced in neurons cultured in 1.7 mM glucose, while addition of glutamate markedly lowered cellular ATP levels even at the normal glucose concentration. MTT reduction was also significantly inhibited by 1.7 mM glucose; however, unlike cellular ATP levels, glutamate inhibition of MTT reduction was glucose concentration dependent. The LDH assay suggested that neuronal survival declines with decreasing glucose concentration in media, and glutamate potentiates this effect. Since low glucose media caused a decrease in cellular ATP and cell viability, we investigated apoptosis-related changes in cultured neurons by examining activity of caspase-3. Low glucose media (1.7 and 5 mM glucose) increased caspase-3 activity, and glutamate potentiated this effect. Our results suggest that a low glucose supply in culture media activates an apoptosis mediator and markedly increases susceptibility to glutamate toxicity. Thus, even moderate glucose deprivation could be a serious risk factor that potentiates the pathophysiological consequences of certain neurodegenerative diseases.     

阿魏酸钠对培养神经细胞谷氨酸损伤的保护作用

目的 研究当归有效成分阿魏酸钠对谷氨酸引起的离体培养神经细胞损伤的保护作用。方法 运用体外原代胚胎大鼠皮层神经细胞培养技术建立神经细胞损伤的模型，采用台盼兰法测定细胞死亡率，细胞内LDH漏出率评价细胞损伤程度。观察阿魏酸钠对神经细胞死亡率和细胞内LDH漏出率的影响。结果 阿魏酸钠可拮抗谷氨酸介导的神经细胞损伤，神经细胞死亡率明显降低，LDH漏出率减小。结论 阿魏酸钠具有明显的抗缺血性脑损伤的作用。