老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床特点与预后

目的探讨老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌临床特点及预后。方法回顾性总结5例老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌患者的临床资料．分析免疫组化、前列腺特异抗原（PSA）值、前列腺癌病理（Gleason评分）分级、出现激素非依赖时间等指标的相互关系及与患者生存的关系。结果5例前列腺癌活检标本均有嗜铬素A、神经特异性烯醇化酶、突触素不同程度的表达．符合前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌诊断;4例患者确诊时有转移;5例中1例1个月死亡,1例6个月死亡,3例3年内死亡。患者5年生存率（0）明显低于同期不伴有神经内分泌分化的前列腺癌患者（67％）。确诊时（未治疗）PSA值（4．10-18．25ng／ml）均高于正常．但并非随疾病进展而升高。患者最初对全雄激素阻断治疗有效,但很快出现激素非依赖情况。小细胞前列腺癌神经内分泌分化表达水平与前列腺癌病理（Gleason评分）分级相关。结论老年前列腺小组胞神经内分泌癌患者预后差,前列腺癌神经内分泌分化相关的免疫组化和Gleason积分等指标有助于早期诊断前列腺小细胞神经。内分泌癌及判断预后。     

前列腺癌患者凝血和纤溶功能指标检测及意义

目的探讨前列腺癌患者凝血和纤溶功能的变化及其临床意义。方法采用SYSMEX CA-7000全自动血凝分析仪测定104例前列腺癌患者，83例前列腺增生患者及56名健康体检者的血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（AFIT）、血浆凝血酶时间（TT）、血浆纤维蛋白原含量（Fib）和D-二聚体（D-dimer）水平，同时测定前列腺癌患者血清总前列腺特异抗原（TPSA）水平。结果前列腺癌患者的血浆Fib及D-dimer水平与正常健康体检者和前列腺增生患者相比均显著增高（P〈0．05），而FT、APIT、TT水平无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。血浆Fib、D-dimer水平和血清TPSA水平与前列腺癌Gleason评分有关；GS低分化癌组（Gleason 8～10分）的血浆Fib及D-dimer水平均明显高于GS中高分化癌组（Gleason≤7分）（P〈0．05）；GS低分化癌组（Gleason 8～10分）的血清TPSA水平明显高于GS高分化癌组（Gleason 2—4分）（P〈0．05）。前列腺癌患者血浆D-dimer水平与血清TPSA水平呈明显相关性（R=0．826，P〈0．01）。前列腺增生患者的5项凝血指标与正常健康体检者之间无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论前列腺癌患者存在一定程度的凝血和纤溶系统的激活；血浆D-dimer水平可作为前列腺癌病情诊崩、瘸程进展、临床分期的指标之一。     

人N-myc下游调节基因与前列腺癌分化程度及转移的关系

目的探讨人N-myc下游调节基因（NDRG1）在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其与分化程度和转移的关系。方法用免疫组化LSAB法检测86例不同Gleason级别的前列腺癌和30例良性前列腺增生组织中NDRG1的表达情况。结果NDRG1在前列腺癌和良性前列腺增生组织中均呈高表达，阳性率分别为73．3％和70．0％，两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；前列腺癌Gleason分级从2～4分→6～7分→8～10分，NDRG1的表达逐渐下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；NDRG1的阳性表达率在有淋巴结或骨转移的前列腺癌组织低于无淋巴结或骨转移的前列腺癌组织，两者呈负相关；NDRG1的表达与患者的年龄无关（P〉0．05）。结论NDRG1参与了前列腺癌的发生发展，并与前列腺癌的分化程度相关，有望成为一个早期预测肿瘤转移及预后的有用标志物。     

影响前列腺癌内分泌治疗有效时间的临床因素分析

目的 评估影响前列腺癌患者内分泌治疗有效时间的临床相关因素.方法 回顾性分析432例诊断为前列腺癌并接受单纯内分泌治疗患者的临床资料.研究终点定义为内分泌治疗失效,即前列腺特异抗原（PSA）从最低值连续2次增加,并超过0.2μg/L.纳入分析的变量包括年龄、临床分期、淋巴转移情况、骨转移情况、Gleason评分、初始PSA水平以及PSA最低值,通过Cox回归模型检测其与内分泌治疗有效时间的相关关系.结果 432例患者发病年龄57 ～88 （73.70±7.28）岁.初始PSA水平10.30～588.10（27.15±75.90）μg/L.内分泌治疗有效时间3～62（27.01±13.10）个月.单因素分析表明,初始PSA水平、临床分期、Gleason评分、PSA最低值、淋巴结转移和骨转移与内分泌治疗有效时间存在显著相关关系（P＜0.01）.多因素分析中,仅Gleason评分与内分泌治疗有效时间存在显著相关关系（P=0.001）.与Ghason评分≤3＋4分相比,≥4＋3分患者的内分泌治疗失效风险增加2.49倍,95％ CI 1.44～4.30.结论 在不同分期的前列腺癌患者中,Gleason评分与内分泌治疗有效时间具有显著的相关性,Gleason评分≥4＋3分患者显示出更短的内分泌治疗有效时间.     

安徽省立医院成功诊治1例罕见舌根部神经内分泌癌

近期,安徽省立医院口腔医学中心口腔颌面外科收治了1例“右侧舌根肿块伴对侧颈深上淋巴结肿大”患者,经活检病理证实为神经内分泌癌（术后病理行免疫组化检查确诊为小细胞神经内分泌癌伴对侧颈淋巴结转移）。     

前列腺癌患者血清PSA和总睾酮水平变化与病理Gleason评分和预后的相关性

目的 探讨前列腺癌患者血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和总睾酮水平变化与病理Gleason评分和预后的相关性。方法 选取2018年2月至2019年9月本院收治的前列腺癌患者53例(前列腺癌组),前列腺良性增生患者60例(良性增生组)。收集患者人口学特征,合并基础疾病情况(高血压、冠心病、糖尿病),前列腺体积,TNM分期,病理Gleason评分。采集患者空腹肘静脉血,检测血清PSA、总睾酮水平。对前列腺癌患者进行为期3年的随访,记录生存情况并分为生存组和死亡组。结果 前列腺癌组患者年龄、前列腺体积、血清PSA水平明显高于良性增生组,血清总睾酮水平明显低于良性增生组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);体质量指数、配偶情况、基础疾病情况在两组患者间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。53例前列腺癌患者随访期间生存40例(75.47%,生存组),死亡13例(24.53%,死亡组)。死亡组患者血清PSA水平、TNM分期、Gleason评分明显高于生存组,血清总睾酮水平明显低于生存组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);年龄、体质量指数、配偶情况、合并基础疾病情况、前列...     

前列腺特异性抗原在诊断前列腺癌中的临床意义

目的探讨前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）在诊断前列腺癌中的临床价值。方法选择84例直肠指检可疑前列腺癌的患者进行前列腺穿刺活检,其中确诊为前列腺癌的52例为观察组,确诊为良性前列腺增生的32例为对照组,分别对两组进行血清PSA检测．并计算PSAD及PSAD—TZ。结果观察组PSA、PSAD、PSAD—TZ水平均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。1KOC曲线AUC面积PSA〉PSAD〉PSAD—TZ,若以PSA≥4．38ng／mL为截点诊断前列腺癌,其敏感度为82．3％、特异性为54．2％：若以PSAD≥5．19ng×mL2来诊断前列腺癌,其诊断敏感度为61．5％、特异性为52．1％。结论PSA与PSAD联合能提高诊断前列腺癌的敏感度和特异性。     

前列腺癌病理分期的预测研究

目的评价年龄、前列腺特异抗原、Gleason评分、临床分期、内分泌治疗等临床指标对前列腺癌病理分期的预测价值。方法回顾分析107例行前列腺癌根治术患者的资料,比较局部局限肿瘤组和包膜侵犯肿瘤组之间各项指标的差异,通过Logistic回归分析筛选对病理分期预测有价值的指标,评价指标对前列腺病理分期的预测价值,应用受试者工作曲线评价该预测价值。结果包膜侵犯肿瘤组患者的年龄、血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、临床分期高于局部局限肿瘤组患者,Gleason评分及内分泌治疗在两组间无统计学差异。单因素分析中年龄、PSA、临床分期与病理分期有相关性,仅PSA对病理分期预测价值较好;多因素分析中前列腺特异抗原、Gleason评分对术后病理分期判断有意义,优于单独应用PSA。结论单因素分析中PSA是前列腺癌病理分期预测的最佳预测因素,PSA结合Gleason评分能对前列腺癌病理分期的预测提供较好的依据。     

子宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌临床病理分析

目的探讨宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌(small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix,SCNEC)的临床病理特征和免疫组化特点。方法对四川省妇幼保健院病理科和四川省人民医院病理科2006年1月至2014年6月诊治的8例宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌进行组织形态学、免疫组化观察,并对其临床资料进行整理分析。结果 8例患者平均年龄45.6岁,均以阴道不规则出血或宫颈接触性出血就诊。组织学显示肿瘤由大小较为一致的圆形、卵圆形细胞构成。其中单纯性小细胞神经内分泌癌7例,合并腺癌成分1例。免疫组化:所有病例癌细胞细胞角蛋白(CK)不同程度阳性,且均有两种以上神经内分泌标记阳性,其中6例突触素(Syn)和嗜铬素(Cg A)均阳性,4例神经细胞黏附分子(CD56)阳性。随访7例患者,死亡3例。结论宫颈小细胞癌作为一种少见的高度恶性肿瘤,进展快,预后差,免疫组化神经内分泌标志阳性有助于诊断。     

Twist蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达及预后关系

目的检测Twist蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达,探讨其在前列腺癌发生发展中的作用、与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学（Enlivion^TM）法分别检测Twist蛋白在70例前列腺癌、30例癌旁组织中的表达情况。结果（1）Twist蛋白在前列腺癌的表达高于癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义[61．4％（43／70）VS13．3％（4／30）,X^2=19．50,P〈0．01];Twist表达与前列腺癌的Gleason分级、临床分期、骨转移及组织坏死有关（P〈0．05）,与年龄无关（P〉0．05）;（2）Twist蛋白附性患者生存率明显低于阴性患者,其差异有统计学意义（X^2=9．52,P〈0．01）。结论Twist可能是前列腺恶性转变以及前列腺癌浸润转移的重要生物学标志,其高表达预示肿瘤侵袭性高及预后不良。     

Calcium intake and vitamin D metabolism and action, in healthy conditions and in prostate cancer

An association between Ca intake and the risk of prostate cancer has been reported in some but not all epidemiological studies. Assuming that a pathophysiological relationship would underlie this association, a favoured hypothesis proposes that relatively high Ca consumption could promote prostate cancer by reducing the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D; calcitriol), the hormonal form of vitamin D. The present review analyses the plausibility of this hypothesis by considering the quantitative relationships linking Ca intake to 1,25(OH)2D production and action in healthy conditions and in prostate cancer. Changes in the plasma level of 1,25(OH)2D in response to Ca intake are of very small magnitude as compared with the variations required to influence the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cells. In most studies, 1,25(OH)2D plasma level was not found to be reduced in patients with prostate cancer. The possibility that the level of 1,25(OH)2D in prostate cells is decreased with a high-Ca diet has not been documented. Furthermore, a recent randomised placebo-controlled trial did not indicate that Ca supplementation increases the relative risk of prostate cancer in men. In conclusion, the existence of a pathophysiological link between relatively high Ca intake and consequent low production and circulation level of 1,25(OH)2D that might promote the development of prostate cancer in men remains so far an hypothesis, the plausibility of which is not supported by the analysis of available clinical data.     

Épidémiologie de la nutrition entérale à domicile chez l’adulte en France

French epidemiological data regarding home enteral nutrition (HEN) are not well known and give rise to imprecise estimates. In a first study, and using health insurance data based on NED specific packages (installation package, follow-up packages), we were able to determine the overall incidence and prevalence of the global population (children and adults). This second study targets the adult population to obtain more accurate data especially by trying to determine the pathologies associated with the NED.Patients and methodsA retrospective and observational study covering the year 2012 (from 01/01 to 31/12/2012) has been carried out, with the data of the adult population aged over 15 years, by defining three age groups: 15–39 years, 40–64 years, over 65 years. The databases of the health insurance allowed to obtain on the one hand, the number of patients who started a NED and on the other hand, the number of patients followed in NED. The target population (health insurance beneficiary population) being known, these data allowed to calculate incidence and prevalence, respectively. The data were also crossed with the thirty long-term diseases file of health national insurance (ALD 30), allowing patients to be classified into five categories: cancer, neurology, chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, organ deficiency and others.ResultsData from 11 regions, totaling 21.8 million adults, were obtained. The average incidence and prevalence of NED was estimated at 29/100,000 hab/yr and 67/100,000 hab/yr, respectively. The main pathologies were cancer and neurology, but with variations depending on age groups. Inflammatory bowel diseases were the second cause of NED in the age range 15–39 years.ConclusionThis is the first reliable study on the epidemiology of NED in adults in France. The projection of these figures to the entire French adult population leads to an estimate of around 39,000 patients per year benefiting from national health insurance for HEN, mainly for cancer and neurological diseases.     

Racial differences in survival among men with prostate cancer and comorbidity at time of diagnosis

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of comorbidity at diagnosis on racial differences in survival among men with prostate cancer. METHODS: Clinical and demographic data were abstracted from records of 864 patients diagnosed at 4 Chicago area hospitals between 1986 and 1990. Comorbidity was scored on the basis of clinical information in the Charlson index. Cause-specific relative mortality adjusted for age, stage, differentiation, and treatment was compared across Charlson scores with Cox proportional hazards functions. RESULTS: Blacks had significantly greater mortality from prostate cancer and other causes (vs Whites, relative risk [95% confidence interval] = 1.84 [1.22, 2.79] and 1.69 [1.33, 2.29], respectively; P <.001). However, differences disappeared as initial comorbidity increased (1.75 [1.33, 2.31] vs 0.90 [0.59, 1.29] for scores = 0 and > or =5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Absence of a significant preexisting medical diagnosis is associated with a higher risk for excess mortality among Black men diagnosed with prostate cancer.     

The metabolic syndrome is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer

Diabetes is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer, but whether the metabolic syndrome is associated with prostate cancer is not established. The authors assessed this association in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, comprising 6,429 men in four US communities initially with no history of cancer and aged 45-64 years. Metabolic syndrome and other risk factors were assessed in 1987-1989. Follow-up for prostate cancer incidence (n = 385 through 2000) was accomplished through cancer registry and hospital linkage. At baseline, 1,871 men (29.5%) had the metabolic syndrome. After the authors adjusted for other risk factors, men with the metabolic syndrome (> or =3 components) were significantly less likely to develop prostate cancer (relative risk = 0.77, 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 0.98) than men without the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes was negatively associated with prostate cancer, although the confidence interval included 1 (relative risk = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.51, 1.05). When diabetic participants were excluded, the inverse association between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer incidence was slightly strengthened. In this study, the metabolic syndrome was associated with decreased prostate cancer incidence. The authors hypothesize that this finding reflects a decrease in bioavailable (free and albumin-bound) testosterone with the metabolic syndrome and a concomitant reduction in prostate cancer risk.     

NDRG1在前列腺癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨NDRG1在前列腺癌中的表达及其意义,以及NDRG1的表达与前列腺癌分化的关系。方法收集2002年1月～2011年12月广州市第一人民医院手术切除的前列腺癌标本154例,其中伴转移16例(骨转移标本9例,淋巴结转移的标本7例)。所有患者术前未行放疗和化疗。观察前列腺癌病理形态特征,并用免疫组织化学EnVison法检测NDRG1的表达。结果 NDRG1在前列腺癌中低表达,肿瘤的分化程度越低表达越低(p<0.05),在前列腺癌转移的患者中NDRG1的表达明显下降。结论 NDRG1在前列腺癌中低表达,并且随着肿瘤的发生发展,表达量明显降低。NDRG1可能对前列腺癌起着抑制作用,提示该基因可望作为一个候选的转移抑制基因和早期预测肿瘤转移的分子生物学指标之一,并对前列腺癌的预防和治疗提供一定的帮助。     

A high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer

Experimental studies suggest omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress and n-6 PUFA promote prostate tumor carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic evidence remains inconclusive. The objectives of this study were to examine the association between n-3 and n-6 PUFA and prostate cancer risk and determine if these associations differ by race or disease aggressiveness. We hypothesize that high intakes of n-3 and n-6 PUFA will be associated with lower and higher prostate cancer risk, respectively. A case-control study comprising 79 prostate cancer cases and 187 controls was conducted at the Durham VA Medical Center. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations between n-3 and n-6 PUFA intakes, the dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids, and prostate cancer risk. Our results showed no significant associations between specific n-3 or n-6 PUFA intakes and prostate cancer risk. The highest dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 was significantly associated with elevated risk of high-grade (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.18-10.69; P_trend = 0.03), but not low-grade prostate cancer (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.43-2.17). In race-specific analyses, an increasing dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids correlated with higher prostate cancer risk among white men (P_trend = 0.05), but not black men. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a high dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of overall prostate cancer among white men and possibly increase the risk of high-grade prostate cancer among all men.     

基于SEER 数据库构建前列腺癌术后生存率预测模型

目的 探讨前列腺癌患者术后总生存率的影响因素,构建术后总生存率的列线图预测模型,预测患者术后1、3及6年总生存率,并进行该模型的临床获益分析 。方法 通过 SEER stat 软件提取Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results Program(SEER)数据库2012年1月至2017年12月经病理学诊断的48 486例前列腺癌患者一般临床资料和随访数据。将年龄、肿瘤转移情况、gleason评分、PSA、有无骨转移和肿瘤分化程度等6个因素纳入研究中,通过Cox回归,分析影响患者术后总生存率的因素,采用逐步回归法选择对总生存率影响最大的因素,并构建列线图。通过校准图、ROC曲线和C指数对模型进行评估。通过决策曲线对列线图预测模型的临床获益预测的准确性进行评估。结果 年龄(=3 535.714,P<0.001)、肿瘤分化程度(=2 127.478,P<0.001)、转移情况(=2 020.823,P<0.001)、有无骨转移(=33.409,P<0.001)、PSA(=3 197.936,P<0.001)和gleason评分(=9 257.727,P<0.001)等均是影响前列腺癌患者术后总生存率的独立危险因素,通过逐步回归法筛选出肿瘤分化程度、gleason评分、转移情况、有无骨转移和年龄与前列腺癌患者术后生存率关联最紧密,使用这些因素构建列线图预测模型。训练集和验证集的一致性指数分别为0.622(95%CI:0.618～0.625)和0.617(95%CI:0.614～0.620),训练集和验证集样本的1、3、6年ROC 曲线下面积(AUC)均为0.6左右。校准图表示该模型的预测值和实际值之间具有较好的一致性。结论 基于肿瘤分化程度、gleason评分、有无骨转移、转移情况和年龄5个因素构建的前列腺癌患者术后总生存率列线图预测模型具有一定的参考价值,有助于医师正确的评估患者的术后总生存率,对患者诊疗和预后评价提供参考依据。     

Determinants of mortality following a diagnosis of prostate cancer in Veterans Affairs and private sector health care systems

OBJECTIVES: We compared patterns of mortality among men with prostate cancer at 2 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and 2 private-sector hospitals in the Chicago area. METHODS: Mortality rates for 864 cases diagnosed between 1986 and 1990 were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models that incorporated age; income; cancer stage, differentiation, and treatments; and baseline comorbidity. RESULTS: Race tended to associate with all-cause mortality irrespective of health care setting (Blacks vs Whites: hazard rate ratio [HRR] = 1.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 2.67]; P <.001 in the private sector; HRR = 1.50 [95% CI = 0.94, 2.38]; P =.088 in the VA). However, comorbidity determined risk in the VA, whereas age and income predicted risk in the private sector. CONCLUSIONS: Determinants of all-cause mortality in men with prostate cancer vary according to health care setting.     

前列腺癌患者的生命质量研究

美国FDA提出．对肿瘤的治疗必须从存活率的提高和生活质量的改善两方面评价，如何评价癌症患者的生活质量已成为当今临床研究的新课题。本文根据欧洲肿瘤研治组织制定的前列腺癌生活质量量表，对102例前列腺癌患者进行了病例一对照研究。应用因子分析将量表分成日常生活起居、家庭社会生活、主观症状、不适和困倦、心理失衡和障碍、性生活等6个方面，结果表明．病例和对照各指标之间的差异均有非常显著性，该量表可以较好地评价前列腺癌患者的生活质量。