Relative Hazards to Radiation Workers in Various Classes o Diagnostic X-ray Procedures,with Special Reference to Ward and Theatre Radiography*

A classification of diagnostic X-ray procedures according to degree of radiation hazard to the radiation worker is presented. It is based on an analysis of published radiation injury cases, on theoretical considerations and on experience in routine radiation protection surveys. The classification is qualitative rather than rigorous and procedures are grouped and ranked according to the following basic protection situations: radiography with all staff excluded from the “radiation area”, radiography with staff in the radiation area, fluoroscopy, and dangerous obsolete techniques. A suggested code of practice for diagnostic X-ray work in wards and operating theatres is appended.     

Diabetes History and Gastric Cancer Risk: Different Results by Types of Follow-Up Studies

Objective: The previous systematic reviews evaluating the association between diabetes history and gastric cancer risk showed inconsistent results. The aim was to check through a meta-epidemiological study that the conclusions of systematic reviews evaluating the association between diabetes history and gastric cancer risk might differ by the type of follow-up study. Methods: The potential study subjects were follow-up studies selected from the seven systematic reviews obtained by searching PubMed using diabetes and gastric cancer keywords. The selection criterion was defined as a follow-up study for evaluating the association between the history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the incidence of gastric cancer. And the values of RR and its 95%CI, which adjusted for the most confounders in each paper, were extracted for meta-analysis. A random-effects model meta-analysis by types of the follow-up study and sex group was performed. Results: A total of 25 follow-up studies were finally selected for meta-analysis. They were classified into 16 retrospective and 9 prospective studies in types of follow-up study. The statistical significance between diabetes history and gastric cancer risk was found in retrospective studies (sRR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.02-1.34, I-squared =91.0%) but disappeared in prospective studies (sRR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.91-1.29, I-squared = 68.6%). Even in the analysis of subgroups by sex, statistical significance was not found in the prospective study, consistently. Conclusion: The main reason for the previous meta-analysis’s diverse results for the association between diabetes history and gastric cancer risk was that the type of follow-up study was not reflected. According to the meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, it could be concluded that there is no association between diabetes history and gastric cancer risk.     

不同体位固定技术在胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用比较

[目的]比较研究体表画线、体表纹身、热塑体膜及真空垫4种体位固定技术在胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗中的摆位误差,探讨其应用价值。[方法]对总共176例胸腹部肿瘤患者实施不同体位固定技术,通过电子射野影像装置（electronic portal imaging device,EPID）对患者左右、头足及前后3个方向的重复摆位误差进行测量计算。[结果]胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗的4种体位固定技术中,体表画线组的摆位误差最大,应用热塑体膜固定技术的摆位误差最小,在左右、头足及前后3个方向上误差均小于其他三组,与体表画线组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]在胸腹部肿瘤放射治疗过程中,应用热塑体膜固定技术可明显减小摆位误差,提高放疗精度。     

数字图像信息管理与web发布研究

本文研究了进行数字图像信息管理与web发布的原理、关键技术问题;结合遥感影像数据库的应用目标提出了一套基于小波压缩的技术实现方案,介绍了利用Oracle spatial构建图像数据库系统的实现方法。     

A Cohort Study to Address the Natural History of HPV and Cervical Dysplasia in Trivandrum,South India: Methodological Issues and Initial Results

Epidemiological studies, especially cohort studies have many limitations in countries like India. The presentpopulation based molecular epidemiolohgical cohort study was planned to address the prevalence, risk factors andnatural history of uterine cervical HPV infection in women in an area of suburban dwellings in South India.Epidemiological data, blood samples and cervical scrape smears were collected from women after obtaining aninformed consent. A compliance rate of 38% for the first round of screening was noted. More than 70% of womendemonstrated evidence of inflammation in their smears.     

Relationships between Body Image,Body Mass Index,and Smoking in Korean Adolescents: Results of a Nationwide Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey

Objective: This study assessed the association between subjective body image or objective body mass index(BMI) and the risk of daily smoking in Korean adolescents, with a purpose of identifying the most suitablemodels. Materials and Methods: Using the 2013 9th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data for72,435 students, odds ratios were calculated for daily smoking in the past month, according to the subjectivebody image and calculated BMI using a respective multiple logistic regression model. The combined effect ofthese two factors was also analyzed by pairing a BMI category with a subjective body image category, usingodds ratios for the same event within each sex group. Results: Among the surveyed students, 7.2% of boys and1.8% of girls were classified as daily smokers. Students who perceived themselves as being very obese tendedto be at lower risk of daily smoking (OR=0.61 in boys with 95% CI=0.47 to 0.79; OR=0.66 in women with 95%CI=0.47 to 0.93). In addition, boys within the obese or overweight BMI category showed a lower risk of dailysmoking (OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.96). Lean BMI was significantly associated with higher odds ratios for dailysmoking only in female students (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.02-1.52). When pairing these two objective and subjectivefactors, results suggested that subjective body image has a greater effect on daily smoking than BMI in bothboys and girls. Conclusions: In both male and female students, subjective body image had a greater effect ondaily smoking than body mass index. A model using the combination of BMI and subjective body image was thebest fit in girls, in contrast to the model using subjective body image only best suitable in boys, for the predictionof daily smoking. These results including several factors associated with daily smoking in Korean students,provide useful data for the development and implementation of smoking intervention and cessation programsfor adolescents.     

生物医学图像信息技术的应用和发展

生物医学图像信息技术是将生物医学和计算机技术结合进行研究的边缘学科 ,它是医学信息学中的一个分支 ,它围绕生物体通过不同光源应用不同的设备所呈现的各类图像 ,通过现代信息处理技术收集、整理、储存、分析、检索、传播和利用这些信息。生物医学图像信息技术包括生物医学图像成像技术、生物医学图像处理技术、生物医学图像分析技术、生物医学图像管理技术和生物医学图像传输技术。     

Ependymoma: Results,Prognostic Factors and Treatment Recommendations

Purpose: To review the University of Florida experience in treating ependymomas, analyze prognostic factors, and provide treatment recommendations.Methods and Materials: Forty-one patients with ependymoma and no metastases outside the central nervous system received postoperative radiotherapy with curative intent between 1966 and 1989. Ten patients had supratentorial lesions, 22 had infratentorial lesions, and 9 had spinal cord lesions. All patients had surgery (stereotactic biopsy, subtotal resection, or gross total resection). Most patients with high-grade lesions received radiotherapy to the craniospinal axis. Low-grade intracranial lesions received more limited treatment. Spinal cord lesions were treated using either partial spine or whole spine fields.Results: Of 32 intracranial tumors, 21 recurred, all at the primary site; no spinal cord tumors recurred. Overall 10-year survival rates were 51% (absolute) and 46% (relapse-free); by tumor site: spinal cord, 100%; infratentorial, 45%; supratentorial, 20% (p = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, tumor site was the only factor that influenced absolute survival (p = 0.0004); other factors evaluated included grade, gender, age, duration of symptoms, resection extent, primary tumor dose, treatment field extent, surgery-to–radiotherapy interval, and days under radiotherapy treatment.Conclusions: Patients with supratentorial or infratentorial tumors receive irradiation, regardless of grade. Craniospinal-axis fields are used when spinal seeding is radiographically or pathologically evident. Spinal cord tumors are treated using localized fields to the primary site if not completely resected. Failure to control disease at the primary site remains the main impediment to cure.     

Clinical Results of 99mTc Labelled Bleomycin Scintigraphy in Various Malignant and Benign Diseases: Comparison with 67Ga Citrate Scintigraphy

Scintigraphy after ^99mTc bleomycin (BLM^*) administration wasperformed on 390 patients suspected of having malignancy. Inmost of the cases scintigraphy after 67Ga citrate (Ga^*) administrationwas performed simultaneously. These results were analyzed accordingto the location of the lesion, clinical diagnosis, histologicalfindings, size of the lesion and effect of treatment. In 239 malignant cases, BLM^* scintigraphy gave 193 (81%) positiveresults, while Ga^* scintigraphy gave 114 positives in the 176examinations (65%). BLM^* scintigraphy was found favorable fortumors located close to the body surface, and excellent resultswere obtained in tumors of the thyroid, breast, extremitiesand face, while poor results were found in tumors of the abdominaland pelvic regions and in malignant lymphomas. On the otherhand, Ga^* scintigraphy gave useful information on malignantlymphomas but poor accumulation was observed generally in adenocarcinomas.Such different characters of the two scintigraphies were consistentin metastatic lesions and in follow-up studies after varioustreatments. In 126 cases with various benign diseases, BLM^* gave 21 falsepositives (17%), but Ga^* scintigraphy gave 35 positives in 77cases (45%). Of note was that BLM^* gave 23% positives in 53cases with inflammatory and granulomatous changes, while Ga^*gave a high 73% figure in these cases. In 25 various brain lesions,BLM^* scintigraphy gave better results than ⁹⁹mTc pertcchnetatescintigraphy in metastatic brain tumors and tumors located inthe brain basis or the occipital region. In conclusion, BLM^* scintigraphy was considered much more reliablethan Ga^* scintigraphy in differentiating malignant from benigndiseases. However, the two materials were also found to havedifferent characters and they were considered rather compensatoryto each other. Therefore, the selection of suitable materialor parallel study by both materials was considered to be commendable. ^*Part of this study has been supported by the research fundfor radiopnarmaceutical cancer diagnosis from the Japanese Ministryof Weifare, and has been reported in preliminary forms.     

Treatment Experiences,Information Needs,Pain and Quality of Life in Men with Metastatic Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer: Results from the EXTREQOL Study

Aims

Delaying progression, ameliorating symptoms and maintaining quality of life (QoL) are primary aims of treatment for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Real-world rather than clinical trial data about symptoms and side-effects are sparse. In EXTREQOL, patients' QoL, pain and information needs were recorded during treatment.