酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜重金属含量的测定及健康风险评估

目的 了解酒泉市戈壁设施种植的番茄、葫芦、黄瓜、辣椒、豆角中铅、砷、汞、镉的污染状况,评估人体摄入后的健康风险。方法 利用国家标准检验方法,在酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区采集检测274份主栽蔬菜中铅、砷、汞、镉含量,结合单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数法对蔬菜受重金属污染的程度进行评价,利用靶标污染系数法对蔬菜中重金属对人体的健康风险进行评估。结果 274份蔬菜中铅、砷、汞和镉的含量范围分别为0～0.050 1 mg/kg、0～0.053 8 mg/kg、0～0.001 0 mg/kg和0～0.048 8 mg/kg,平均含量分别为0.010 3、0.010 3、0.000 2和0.008 7 mg/kg,均未超出国家标准规定的食品中污染物限量。5种蔬菜中4种重金属的污染指数均低于0.7,靶标危害系数均小于1。结论 酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区主栽的5种蔬菜受铅、砷、汞、镉污染程度较轻,属于清洁水平,处于安全级别,膳食摄入风险较低。对比其它地区蔬菜,酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜中重金属含量总体不高,与有机设施蔬菜基地结果接近。     

Arsenic contamination in food-chain: transfer of arsenic into food materials through groundwater irrigation

Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh has become an additional concern vis-à-vis its use for irrigation purposes. Even if arsenic-safe drinking-water is assured, the question of irrigating soils with arsenic-laden groundwater will continue for years to come. Immediate attention should be given to assess the possibility of accumulating arsenic in soils through irrigation-water and its subsequent entry into the food-chain through various food crops and fodders. With this possibility in mind, arsenic content of 2,500 water, soil and vegetable samples from arsenic-affected and arsenic-unaffected areas were analyzed during 1999-2004. Other sources of foods and fodders were also analyzed. Irrigating a rice field with groundwater containing 0.55 mg/L of arsenic with a water requirement of 1,000 mm results in an estimated addition of 5.5 kg of arsenic per ha per annum. Concentration of arsenic as high as 80 mg per kg of soil was found in an area receiving arsenic-contaminated irrigation. A comparison of results from affected and unaffected areas revealed that some commonly-grown vegetables, which would usually be suitable as good sources of nourishment, accumulate substantially-elevated amounts of arsenic. For example, more than 150 mg/kg of arsenic has been found to be accumulated in arum (kochu) vegetable. Implications of arsenic ingested in vegetables and other food materials are discussed in the paper.     

Arsenic and cadmium in food-chain in Bangladesh--an exploratory study

Arsenic contamination of tubewell water is a major public-health problem in Bangladesh. In the recent years, the use of shallow and deep tubewell water for irrigation and the use of excess amount of cheap fertilizers and pesticides containing cadmium pose a serious threat of contamination of arsenic and cadmium in food. In an exploratory study, arsenic and cadmium were measured in foods from Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, that is extensively affected by arsenic and the economy is agriculture-based. Raw and cooked food samples were collected from village homes (households, n=13) and analyzed to quantify concentrations of arsenic and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Washing rice with water before cooking reduced the concentration of arsenic in raw rice by 13-15%. Rice, when cooked with excess water discarded, showed a significant decrease in arsenic concentration compared to that cooked without discarding the water (p<0.001). In contrast, concentration of cadmium did not decrease in cooked rice after discarding water. Cooked rice with discarded water had significantly lower concentration of arsenic compared to raw rice (p=0.002). Raw rice had higher concentration of arsenic compared to raw vegetables (p<0.001); however, no such difference was found for cadmium. Compared to raw vegetables (e.g. arum), concentration of arsenic increased significantly (p=0.024) when cooked with arsenic-contaminated water. Thus, the practice of discarding excess water while cooking rice reduces the concentration of arsenic but not of cadmium in cooked rice. However, water generally not discarded when cooking vegetables to avoid loss of micronutrients consequently retains arsenic. The results suggest that arsenic and cadmium have entered the food-chain of Bangladesh, and the cooking practices influence the concentration of arsenic but not of cadmium in cooked food.     

苏南农村地区土壤、大米和井水重金属污染现状

摘要:目的 了解苏南农村地区土壤、大米等重金属污染情况。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,在苏南农村东、南、西、北、中5个方位及市区采集环境及食物样品,用ICP-MS检测其中重金属含量。结果 18份土壤样品重金属Cd、As、Pb平均含量为（1.150±0.860）mg/kg,（46.232±40.313）mg/kg,（55.855±32.690）mg/kg,超标率分别达77.78%、38.89%和27.78%,Cr、Hg含量均低于限值;内梅罗污染指数评价显示,苏南农村土壤整体达轻度污染,其中2、5号点土壤达重污染,1号点达中污染,其余各点土壤重金属污染已处警戒范围。井水、大米中重金属低于GB5749-2006和GB2715-2005标准限量。结论 苏南农村地区井水、大米尚未受Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Hg 5种重金属污染,但土壤已不同程度受到Cd、As、Pb污染,Cd＞As＞Pb,应引起重视。     

Arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.): human exposure through food chain

Although human exposure to arsenic is thought to be caused mainly through arsenic-contaminated underground drinking water, the use of this water for irrigation enhances the possibility of arsenic uptake into crop plants. Rice is the staple food grain in Bangladesh. Arsenic content in straw, grain and husk of rice is especially important since paddy fields are extensively irrigated with underground water having high level of arsenic concentration. However, straw and husk are widely used as cattle feed. Arsenic concentration in rice grain was 0.5+/-0.02 mg kg(-1) with the highest concentrations being in grains grown on soil treated with 40 mg As kg(-1) soil. With the average rice consumption between 400 and 650 g/day by typical adults in the arsenic-affected areas of Bangladesh, the intake of arsenic through rice stood at 0.20-0.35 mg/day. With a daily consumption of 4 L drinking water, arsenic intake through drinking water stands at 0.2mg/day. Moreover, when the rice plant was grown in 60 mg of As kg(-1) soil, arsenic concentrations in rice straw were 20.6+/-0.52 at panicle initiation stage and 23.7+/-0.44 at maturity stage, whereas it was 1.6+/-0.20 mg kg(-1) in husk. Cattle drink a considerable amount of water. So alike human beings, arsenic gets deposited into cattle body through rice straw and husk as well as from drinking water which in turn finds a route into the human body. Arsenic intake in human body from rice and cattle could be potentially important and it exists in addition to that from drinking water. Therefore, a hypothesis has been put forward elucidating the possible food chain pathways through which arsenic may enter into human body.     

南宁市主要食品中砷污染及居民健康风险评估

目的了解南宁市主要食品中砷污染情况,评估本市居民摄入砷造成的潜在健康风险。方法于2013-2018年期间采集南宁市市售主要食品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法及原子荧光光谱法对总砷(无机砷)含量进行测定,运用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评估模型对本地居民平均消费水平和高端消费水平暴露于砷的健康风险进行评估。结果本研究共检测2 009份食品,砷(无机砷)检出率为47.83%(927/2 009),酒类、大米、豆类、肉类、水产及真菌类砷检出率均超过50%;水产类食品总砷含量最高,为0.425 mg/kg;各类食品按平均消费水平和高端消费水平暴露于砷的日均暴露剂量(ADD)总和分别为0.868和2.695μg/kg.bw,其中大米、水产类及蔬菜暴露贡献率占总暴露量的88.07%。平均消费水平和高端消费水平非致癌风险分别为2.895、8.985,大于1;个人年均致癌风险分别为1.706×10^-5/a、5.296×10^-5/a,处于(1.0×10^-6～1.0×10^-4)/a之间。结论南宁市主要食品中存...     

Hair and toenail arsenic concentrations of residents living in areas with high environmental arsenic concentrations

Surface soil and groundwater in Australia have been found to contain high concentrations of arsenic. The relative importance of long-term human exposure to these sources has not been established. Several studies have investigated long-term exposure to environmental arsenic concentrations using hair and toenails as the measure of exposure. Few have compared the difference in these measures of environmental sources of exposure. In this study we aimed to investigate risk factors for elevated hair and toenail arsenic concentrations in populations exposed to a range of environmental arsenic concentrations in both drinking water and soil as well as in a control population with low arsenic concentrations in both drinking water and soil. In this study, we recruited 153 participants from areas with elevated arsenic concentrations in drinking water and residential soil, as well as a control population with no anticipated arsenic exposures. The median drinking water arsenic concentrations in the exposed population were 43.8 micro g/L (range, 16.0-73 micro g/L) and median soil arsenic concentrations were 92.0 mg/kg (range, 9.1-9,900 mg/kg). In the control group, the median drinking water arsenic concentration was below the limit of detection, and the median soil arsenic concentration was 3.3 mg/kg. Participants were categorized based on household drinking water and residential soil arsenic concentrations. The geometric mean hair arsenic concentrations were 5.52 mg/kg for the drinking water exposure group and 3.31 mg/kg for the soil exposure group. The geometric mean toenail arsenic concentrations were 21.7 mg/kg for the drinking water exposure group and 32.1 mg/kg for the high-soil exposure group. Toenail arsenic concentrations were more strongly correlated with both drinking water and soil arsenic concentrations; however, there is a strong likelihood of significant external contamination. Measures of residential exposure were better predictors of hair and toenail arsenic concentrations than were local environmental concentrations.     

石门雄黄矿地区居民砷暴露研究

目的：研究砷污染地区居民砷暴露水平的分布特征。方法：分析污染区和对照区环境样品和居民头发砷含量。结果：污染区三个村土壤砷含量８４．１７～２９６．１９ｍｇ／ｋｇ。河水砷含量达０．５～１４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，井水、自来水、食物含砷量一般符合国家卫生标准。砷摄入量１９５～１１２９μｇ／ｄ。居民头发砷含量中位数为０．９７２～２．４５９μｇ／ｇ。发砷值随年龄增加而增加。结论：石门雄黄矿附近地区河水砷污染严重，以河水为饮用水源的居民砷暴露水平达到甚至超过国内外重大慢性砷中毒案例的暴露水平，应引起重视     

2008年广西铅锌矿区周边农村环境铅污染现状调查

目的 了解2008年广西铅锌矿区周边农村铅污染现状.方法 于2008年8至12月,采集分布于3条河流流域(涉及6个铅锌锡矿开采、冶炼区)的4县28村的食用农作物(大米101份、稻谷30份、蔬菜等59份)190份、家禽肉及内脏45份、鱼5份、地表水(河水、灌溉水、稻田水)27份、地下水12份、生活饮用水末梢水13份、耕种土壤样品29份检测铅含量,对人群开展膳食铅摄人调查.结果 食用农作物53.68%(102/190)铅含量超标,以大米(47.52%)、叶菜(100%)超标严重;鸡蛋5份、花生2份、鲜玉米13份铅含量未超标;36%(18/50)的禽肉及内脏铅超标,以肝、肠铅含量较高.村民仅通过进食大米、蔬菜其每周铅摄入量已达4.55 mg,超出耐受量0.52倍.结论 本次调查区域的村民主要通过进食受铅污染的大米、蔬菜及家禽等动植物食品摄人铅,必须采取措施,控制当地的铅污染.

Abstract：

Objective To know the environmental lead pollution status of rural areas around the mining area in Guangxi,2008.Methods From August to December,2008,the survey was carried out in 28 villages of 4 counties,which were located in basin of three rivers and their tributaries.Six lead-zinc-tin mines were situated in the investigated area.The local samples were collected,including 101 rice samples,30 paddy samples,59 vegetable samples and 45 samples of meat,viscera of poultry,5 fish samples,and 27 surface water samples,12 ground water samples,13 drinking water samples,29 crepland soil samples.The lead content of them were determined.the dietary survey on lead intake was performed among the residents living near the mining area also.Results 53.68%(102,190)of the crop samples revealed higher lead contents,which were over the standard limit,especially for rice(47.52%)and leafy vegetables(100%).The lead contents for five eggs samples,two peanuts samples and thirteen fresh corns were qualified.36%(102/190)of the samples of meat and viscera of poultry revealed higher lead contents,which were over the standard limit.especially for liver and chicken intestine.The lead intake only threugh rice and vegetables reached 4.55 mg in one week.which was over the tolerance dose by 0.52 times.Conclusion The lead intake of the residents living near the lead-zinc mining area are mainly from crop and vegetables and poultry.Environmental lead pollution is serious in the investigated area and must be controlled as possible as early.     

南宁市主要食品中重金属污染状况的调查

目的:调查南宁市主要食品中铅、砷、镉、汞重金属污染状况。方法:随机采集南宁市各超市及农贸市场出售的大米、米粉、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、猪肾、鲜蛋、蔬菜等,用国标法检测铅、砷、镉、汞指标。结果:在94份样品中,铅检出率19.1%,超标率1.06%;砷检出率26.6%,超标率10.6%;镉检出率52.1%,超标率7.45%;汞检出率17.0%,超标率5.32%。结论:南宁市主要食品的铅、砷、镉、汞重金属均有不同程度检出及超标,其中镉检出率最高,砷超标率最高。     

大同市饮水型地方性砷中毒病区环境生态中砷暴露水平调查

目的调查山西省大同市饮水型地方性砷中毒病区外环境中砷暴露水平。方法从山西省大同市某地方性砷中毒病区抽取85名常住人口作为调查对象,慢性砷中毒按照《地方性砷中毒诊断标准》进行诊断,并采集暴露人群的日常饮用水、土壤和瓜果蔬菜。日常饮用水和土壤通过原子荧光分光光度计定量检测其中砷含量,瓜果蔬菜中的总砷含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)测定。结果在抽取的85名居民日常饮用水中,水砷范围14.41~90.34μg/L,中位数为43.88μg/L。采集的瓜果蔬菜砷含量范围为0.001~0.771 mg/kg,均数为0.0598 mg/kg,超标率为43.04%,其中瓜果蔬菜中砷超标率呈现叶菜类>根茎类>果菜类的趋势。食用污染严重的叶菜类蔬菜中摄入砷引起的健康风险达到71.77%。本地方性砷中毒病区东南西北4个方向的土壤砷含量未超过国家标准。结论山西省大同市饮水型地方性砷中毒病区饮用水、自产瓜果蔬菜砷含量均高,饮用砷污染的水是引起慢性砷中毒的主要因素,通过食用自产瓜果蔬菜染砷这一途径也不可忽视。     

食品中亚硝酸盐允许限量的研究

依据我国食品中亚硝酸盐的含量及ＡＤＩ值和毒理学有关内容提出食品中亚硝酸盐允许限量的卫生标准为：粮食（大米、面粉和玉米）３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；蔬菜４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；鲜鱼类３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；鲜肉类３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；鲜蛋类５ｍｇ／ｋｇ；酱腌菜２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ；奶粉２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和精盐２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

2005-2006年清远市食品中铅镉含量调查

目的了解清远市食品中铅、镉污染的情况。方法对清远市2005—2006年食品污染物监测结果进行统计分析。结果各类食品中铅的平均值范围是0．021～0．74mg／kg。合格率为88．6％。其中1份大米、5份蔬菜、1份花生、2份家禽肉类和4份豆类铅超标。各类食品中镉的平均值范围是0．003～O．34mg／kg。合格率为97．5％。其中2份大米和2份蔬菜镉超标。结论清远市主要的食品中铅、镉污染情况仍存在,今后应加强监督管理。     

某冶炼厂环境铅污染及其对人群健康影响的研究

目的　比较某冶炼厂 15年前后环境铅污染影响的变化 ,并为评价该厂扩建投产后污染变化提供依据。方法　选取 1980～ 1982年曾调查的污染区和对照区 ,于 1995～ 1997年再次调查两区稻米、蔬菜、饮水铅含量以及 7～ 14岁学龄儿童 (污染区 10 4名 ,对照区 6 8名 )的血铅及 δ- AL AD酶活力 ,并做比较分析。结果　米铅 (干重 )、菜铅 (湿重 )、学生血铅和 δ- AL AD酶活力的几何均值 :污染区分别为 2 6 .7± 1.6 5 mg/ kg、6 0 .4± 2 .6 7mg/ kg,2 0 6± 1.7μg/ L和 98± 1.3IU/ L;对照区分别为 13.2± 1.85 mg/ kg、44 .9± 2 .84mg/ kg、2 2 9± 1.3μg/ L和 2 2 5± 1.4IU/ L。污染区米铅显著上升而δ- AL AD酶活力显著性下降 (P<0 .0 1) ,污染区 2 2人 (占 2 1.2 % )血铅水平超过对照区最高值 (312 .9μg/ L) ,其中 8人高达 45 0～ 76 2 μg/ L;与 1980～ 1982年相比 ,污染区的稻米和蔬菜铅含量显著增加 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　该冶炼厂对污染区的铅污染有逐渐加重的趋势     

中国部分地区食品中无机砷的监测及其限量卫生标准

依据我国北京、广东、安徽、江苏、吉林、辽宁、浙江和湖北地区共 815份 17类食品中无机砷的含量监测 ,提出各类食品中无机砷的限量卫生标准 ,以总无机砷计 (mg kg) :大米 0 15 ,面粉 0 10 ,杂粮 0 2 0 ;蔬菜0 0 5 ;水果 0 0 5 ;畜禽肉 0 0 5 ;蛋类 0 0 5 ;奶粉 0 2 5 ;鲜奶 0 0 5 ;豆类 0 10 ;酒类 0 0 5 ;淡水鱼 (肌肉部分 ,鲜重计 ) 0 10 ;海水鱼 (肌肉部分 ,鲜重计 ) 0 10 ;藻类 (干重计 ) 1 5 0 ;贝类及甲壳类 (可食部分 ,鲜重计 ) 0 5 0 ;贝类及甲壳类 (可食部分 ,干重计 ) 1 0 0 ;其他海产食品 (可食部分 ,鲜重计 ) 0 5 0。我国一般人群每人每日从膳食中摄入无机砷为 75 45～ 88 5 8μg ,不超过WHO建议的安全摄入量 12 9μg。     

某矿区周边农村砷污染对村民健康的影响分析

目的了解某矿区周边2km砷污染对村民的健康影响程度,探讨预防控制措施。方法应用现场流行病学、卫生学、职业医学与实验室检测相结合的方法,对A、B2个村开展现场调查。结果2个村70．2％（450／641）的村民出现了尿砷超标,64．58％（93／144）出现头痛等神经症状,有消化道症状的占41．67％,发病村民大都饮用A村地下河自抽自来水,该水含砷2．58mg／L,村民水柜水砷为4．90mg／L。矿区停工2个月后,地下河水砷降低到0．001mg／L（正常限值）以下。驱砷2个疗程后,村民尿砷恢复至正常水平。结论调查村出现了地下水砷污染。建议加强矿区环保监管,加强饮水水质监测,保障村民健康安全。     

Strong Positive Associations Between Seafood, Vegetables, and Alcohol With Blood Mercury and Urinary Arsenic Levels in the Korean Adult Population

Blood mercury and urinary arsenic levels are more than fivefold greater in the Korean population compared with those of the United States. This may be related to the foods people consumed. Therefore, we examined the associations between food categories and mercury and arsenic exposure in the Korean adult population. Data regarding nutritional, biochemical, and health-related parameters were obtained from a cross-sectional study, the 2008–2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (3,404 men and women age ≥20 years). The log-transformed blood mercury and urinary arsenic levels were regressed against the frequency tertiles of each food group after covariate adjustment for sex, age, residence area, education level, smoking status, and drinking status using food-frequency data. Blood mercury levels in the high consumption groups compared to the low consumption groups were elevated by about 20 percents with salted fish, shellfish, whitefish, bluefish, and alcohol, and by about 9-14 percents with seaweeds, green vegetables, fruits and tea, whereas rice did not affect blood mercury levels. Urinary arsenic levels were markedly increased with consumption of rice, bluefish, salted fish, shellfish, whitefish, and seaweed, whereas they were moderately increased with consumption of grains, green and white vegetables, fruits, coffee, and alcohol. The remaining food categories tended to lower these levels only minimally. In conclusion, the typical Asian diet, which is high in rice, salted fish, shellfish, vegetables, alcoholic beverages, and tea, may be associated with greater blood mercury and urinary arsenic levels. This study suggests that mercury and arsenic contents should be monitored and controlled in soil and water used for agriculture to decrease health risks from heavy-metal contamination.     

济南市蔬菜中硝酸盐及重金属污染

目的 了解济南市蔬菜中硝酸盐和重金属含量。方法 于2003年在济南市主要蔬菜基地采集17种蔬菜样品采用紫外分光光度法测定硝酸盐含量,同时采集8种蔬菜样品采用原子吸收光谱法测定重金属(铅、镉、铜、锌)含量,并根据GB18406—2001进行评价。结果 17种蔬菜中硝酸盐含量最高的为芹菜(4895mg／kg),最低的为西红柿(23mg／kg),平均为1074mg／kg。8种蔬菜中铅、镉、铜、锌的含量分别为：0．007-0．037、0．002-0．033、0．28-2．00、0．39-3．80mg／kg。叶菜类中芹菜和小白菜硝酸盐含量超标率分别为100％和22％,其余均未超标;根茎类中萝卜硝酸盐含量超标33％,藕未超标;瓜果类中芸豆、菜花、茄子、豆角硝酸盐含量超标率分别为100％,40％,33％,8％,其余均未超标。绿叶菜类和根茎类重金属含量普遍高于瓜果类,8种蔬菜中重金属含量均未超出无公害蔬菜限量标准。结论 济南市蔬菜中硝酸盐污染应引起重视。     

背角无齿蚌软体组织与养殖场水和沉积物中砷含量测定

目的:测定背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana Lea)软体组织与养殖场中水、沉积物中砷的含量测定。方法:采用原子荧光分光光度法来测定背角无齿蚌养殖场中水、沉积物及体内的重金属元素砷的含量。结果:背角无齿蚌软体组织与养殖场中水、沉积物的砷含量分别为2.08 mg/kg,0.0053 mg/kg,10.04 mg/kg,养殖场沉积物中砷含量远高于背角无齿蚌软体组织的砷含量。结论:背角无齿蚌软体组织对养殖场中砷有很强的颗粒相吸收能力。     

Environmental lead contamination in the Rudnaya Pristan--Dalnegorsk mining and smelter district,Russian far East

A preliminary survey of a remote mining and smelting region of the Russian Far East (RFE) indicates significant soil lead contamination and a high probability of childhood lead poisoning. Lead concentrations in residential gardens (476-4310 mg/kg, Gmean=1626 mg/kg) and in roadside soils (2020-22900 mg/kg, Gmean=4420 mg/kg) exceed USEPA guidance for remediation. Preliminary biokinetic estimates of mean blood levels suggest that preschool children are at significant risk of lead poisoning from soil/dust ingestion with levels predicted to average 13-27 microg/dl. Samples of other pathways, such as air, water, paint, interior dust, and garden produce, and pediatric and occupational blood lead levels are needed. An assessment of the industry's ability to improve emissions controls and materials handling should also be undertaken. Global lessons in remediating contamination problems and preventing childhood lead poisoning must be applied in innovative ways to meet the logistical, social, and economic challenges in the RFE.