肾移植术后早期消化道出血的危险因素分析及治疗

目的 研究肾移植患者术后早期发生消化道出血的危险因素及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析266例次肾移植术后1个月内消化道出血患者的临床资料,用单因素logistic回归分析发病的相关因素,并用多元逐步logistic回归方法分析导致肾移植术后消化道出血的高危因素.总结消化道出血的治疗方法.结果 本组术后消化道出血发生率为10.5%,多发生于肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）期间,甲泼尼松总量、肺部感染、肝素透析及直接血管穿刺是肾移植术后发生消化道出血的高危因素.出血组患者移植肾脏近期存活率显著低于未出血组患者.及时、持续的抑制胃酸分泌有利于消化道出血的治疗.结论 DGF是发生消化道出血的高危时期,导致发病的危险因素多,及时、彻底地控制出血,适当调整免疫抑制剂的用量,积极预防肺部感染,合理应用透析方法有助于患者安全.应用多元逐步logistic回归分析,有助于判断消化道出血发生风险,并进行针对性的临床干预.     

产后出血致胃肠功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的 探讨产后出血致胃肠功能障碍的相关因素.方法 收集87例产后出血患者的临床资料,分析产后出血致胃肠功能障碍的相关因素.结果 87例产后出血患者中发生胃肠功能障碍30例(34.5％),产后出血的影响因素为年龄、麻醉方式、出血量、合并感染(均P＜0.05).结论 产后出血可导致患者发生胃肠功能障碍.避免高龄妊娠,选择腰麻-硬膜外麻醉,做好产前、产时及产后的护理,建立预防产后出血预案及急救预案,预防和积极控制感染可以降低产后出血发生率,减少产后出血导致的胃肠功能障碍.     

Choroid plexus arteriovenous malformations.

Among 24 arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving the choroid plexus, 11 were plexal type AVMs predominantly located in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle, and 13 were parenchymal type AVMs mainly situated in the paraventricular cerebral parenchyma. 83% of all AVMs involved both the choroid plexus and the paraventricular cerebral parenchyma. Most cases presented with intracranial hemorrhage, particularly intraventricular hemorrhage. The most serious surgical problem was a small residual nidus unrecognized at the initial operation causing postoperative hemorrhage. Five parenchymal type AVMs presented residual niduses in the choroid plexus, causing death in two cases. Two plexal type AVMs resulted in residual AVMs supplied by the cisternal segment of the anterior choroidal artery, situated in the medial temporal lobe. To prevent postoperative hemorrhage from a small residual nidus, immediate postoperative angiography while the patient is still under general anesthesia should be performed to identify any residual nidus.     

Selective embolization for control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Transcatheter embolization using Gelfoam plugs or autologous clot is an alternative or adjunct to the conventional management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. During a 12 month period we successfully treated 10 patients who had massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage with selective embolization; 6 patients had upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 4 had bleeding from the colon. Most of these patients were critically ill and were poor surgical candidates. Hemorrhage was controlled by selective catheterization of the bleeding vessel, followed by injection of Gelfoam pledgets. Since the procedure was accomplished with ease and prolonged hemostasis obtained, we recommend it for gastrointestinal hemorrhage, especially in patients who are poor surgical risks or are unresponsive to vasopressin infusion, or both. Operative intervention for the primary disease could subsequently be performed electively, if necessary, days or weeks after transcatheter embolization.     

选择性腹腔动脉造影及介入栓塞在下消化道出血中的应用价值

探讨急性下消化道大出血的诊断和治疗方法。方法１９９５年１０月以来采用选择性腹腔动脉造影及介入栓塞来诊断及治疗急性下消化道大出血１３例。结果１３例病人经１４次选择性腹腔动脉造影,１２例发现出血动脉,阳性率９２％。     

Splenosis. A cause of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Splenosis is the autotransplantation of splenic tissue following surgery or trauma. While it has been reported to cause a number of complications, splenosis is most commonly an incidental finding at laparotomy or on imaging studies. In our study, a case of massive, acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred secondary to splenosis involving the small bowel. While there are several reports of self-limited gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to splenosis involving the gastric fundus, we are aware of no reports of massive, acute intestinal bleeding caused by this condition. Splenosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients who have experienced prior splenic trauma or splenectomy.     

Heterotopic pancreas as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn: Report of a case

We report herein a female infant in whom a heterotopic pancreas in the stomach caused gastrointestinal hemorrhage during the newborn period. Endoscopy was essential for ruling out other causes of hemorrhage and to follow the patient until the time of elective surgery at 6 months of age. Heterotopic pancreas should be borne in mind as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn when an unexplained gastrointestinal hemorrhage continues, and the lesion was discussed in relation to our experience of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and a review of the literature.     

Surgical therapy in two patients with pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurring as an appendage from the main hepatic parenchyma is a rare entity, of which two cases are herein described. Because proper surgical management of this tumor (pedunculated HCC) is unclear, the world's literature was reviewed to determine optimal therapy. Thirty-four cases were documented, including the two cases reported herein. Diagnosis was usually obscure, despite modern invasive and noninvasive methods, and laparotomy or autopsy were required for specific identification of tumor type. Sixteen resections were reported among 18 explorations. One patient had transarterial embolization. Fifteen received medical therapy only. Surgically treated patients usually died of metastatic disease, whereas most medically treated patients died of gastrointestinal or tumor hemorrhage. Pedunculated HCC may be more amenable to curative resection than ordinary HCC due to its unique localization and growth pattern.     

Severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the pancreas successfully controlled by transarterial embolization and adjuvant administration of Sunitinib Malate

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the pancreas rarely causes massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Management of patients who cannot undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy is difficult. Here, we report a case of severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage that was successfully controlled by combination therapy of transarterial embolization and Sunitinib Malate administration. Transarterial embolization was effective in controlling the acute phase of hemorrhage, and Sunitinib Malate effectively achieved long term control. We propose that such combination therapy is useful for hemorrhagic events due to renal cell carcinoma.     

消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血影响因素分析

目的探讨消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血的影响因素。方法收集笔者所在医院315例消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血患者为研究组;同期门诊选取656例消化性溃疡无上消化道出血并发症的患者为对照组。再根据研究组中HP阳性者根除HP后随访2年,观察上消化道再出血情况。所有入选患者均统计幽门螺杆菌检测结果、NSAIDs服用、性别、年龄、饮酒史、血小板计数等情况。结果 NSAIDs对消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;年龄对消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;合用不同种类NSAIDs对消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 NSAIDs增加消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血的风险;年龄与消化性溃疡合并上消化道出血相关,大于60岁的老龄消化性溃疡患者更易合并上消化道出血;合用不同种类NSAIDs较单用NSAIDs者消化性溃疡更易合并上消化道出血。     

Spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage secondary to retained intraperitoneal gallstones

We describe the first reported case of spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage as a result of retained gallstones in the region of Morison's pouch eroding into the liver parenchyma. The patient presented with acute right upper quadrant abdominal pain 7 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. She sustained an episode of limited spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage as noted by abdominal sonography, computerized tomography, and a 4-g/dL hemoglobin drop. Laparoscopic exploration revealed the source of hemorrhage to be an inflammatory source created by retained intraperitoneal gallstones.     

Upper digestive hemorrhage appearing after cephalic duodeno-pancreatectomy

The frequency of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage as a postoperative complication of cephalic duodenopancreatectomy remained constant for decades despite the overall decrease in the incidence of mortality occuring after cephalic duodeno-pancreatomy. It is the second most common complication after anastomotic fistulas, but more frequently fatal, especially when the pancreas is anastomosed with the stomach. The case presented here is of a patient of 55 years age, diagnosed in our clinic with vaterian ampuloma for which was performed cephalic duodenopancreatectomy and gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary continuity was restored by performing terminolateral pancreato-gastric anastomosis, termino-lateral hepato-jejunal anatomosis and termino-lateral gastro-jejunal anastomosis on a jejunal loop ascended transmezocolic. Postoperative evolution of the patient was marked by appearance of two episodes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, the first being solved by relaparotomy and the second benefiting from the contribution of an endoscopic intervention. From this case, we analyze risk factors for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage appearing after cephalic duodeno-pancreatectomy and its therapeutic modalities, starting from the fact that currently there is no consensus among experts on this matter.     

A rare cause of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding: mesenteric hemangioma

Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage accounts for approximately 20% of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The most common causes of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in adults are diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, benign anorectal diseases, intestinal neoplasias, coagulopathies and arterio-venous malformations. Hemangiomas of gastrointestinal tract are rare. Mesenteric hemangiomas are also extremely rare.     

Safety and efficacy of superselective angioembolization in control of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of angioembolization to control lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing angiography for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage from January 2000 to December 2002. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients with lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage underwent mesenteric angiography. Angioembolization was performed in 11 patients. Sixty-six patients were not embolized; 47 of these were treated medically and 19 surgically. Mortality rate was not significantly different in patients treated surgically (3 of 19, 16%) versus those managed medically (6 of 47, 13%; P = 0.746). Of the 11 patients who were embolized, 10 had immediate cessation of hemorrhage, 7 had gastrointestinal ischemia, and 6 died (55%). Overall mortality in non-embolized patients was 9 of 66 (14%; P = 0.002 versus mortality in embolized patients). CONCLUSIONS: Angioembolization, though effective at controlling hemorrhage, is associated with ischemic complications and a high mortality rate. Our data support surgical or medical management for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.     

Low incidence of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion.

OBJECT: Bleeding into the brain parenchyma or ventricles is an infrequently reported complication in adults who undergo insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. The purpose of this study was to establish the incidence of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to ventricular cannulation during shunting procedures. METHODS: Over a 24-year period, in a series of 125 adult patients with hydrocephalus, postoperative computerized tomography scans were obtained in every case within 48 hours of shunt surgery performed by the same neurosurgeon. The rate of delayed intracerebral hematoma or intraventricular hemorrhage after VP shunt placement was documented by routine neuroradiological follow up to be 4%. CONCLUSIONS: In adult patients with no coagulopathy or occult vascular lesions, the rate of bleeding after VP shunt insertion may be low if the procedure is uncomplicated by multiple attempts at perforation, puncture of the choroid plexus, or improper placement of the tubing within the parenchyma of the brain.     

腹腔镜联合ECT诊治小儿消化道出血的临床价值

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合ECT诊断与治疗小儿消化道出血的临床价值。方法：34例患儿术前均行ECT检查,其中阳性32例,2例显示阴性且保守治疗（止血、输血等）效果欠佳,术前行胃镜、肠镜检查,排除上消化道出血及结肠病变,34例患儿均行腹腔镜探查。结果：经腹腔镜探查,28例为美克尔憩室,4例为肠重复畸形,1例为B细胞型淋巴瘤浸润回肠,1例探查阴性。ECT检查阳性32例,其中1例为消化道肿瘤,1例经腹腔镜探查结果阴性,经保守治疗未再出现便血;2例ECT检查阴性,行腹腔镜探查发现美克尔憩室。腹腔镜探查阳性的患者均同时行手术治疗,术后均恢复顺利,未见出血。结论：腹腔镜联合ECT诊治小儿消化道出血是安全、可行的,可提高小儿消化道出血的诊断率,值得广泛应用于临床。     

Haemobilia from Pancreatic Cystadenoma

Haemobilia from a pancreatic source is a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Most of the reported cases have arisen from haemorrhage into a pancreatic pseudocyst, which is frequently fatal. This report describes a patient with gastrointestinal hemorrhage arising from a pancreatic cystadenoma.     

肝豆状核变性患者消化道出血的治疗

目的评价贲门周围血管断流及脾切除术治疗肝豆状核变性患者消化道出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析贲门周围血管离断术、脾切除术治疗合并严重肝病、消化道大出血的肝豆状核变性患者15例资料。结果15例中急诊手术2例。手术方式包括贲门周围血管离断及脾切除术12例,单纯脾切除术3例。术前铜离子络合剂驱铜治疗至少3个月。手术指征是食管下段和胃底静脉曲张破裂,消化道大出血反复发作和严重的脾功能亢进。术后消化道出血停止,白细胞、血红蛋白和血小板明显升高。术后继续驱铜治疗,经(4.2±3.0)年随访,未见消化道出血复发,神经系统症状改善,可正常生活。结论在有效驱铜治疗的同时,对合并食管下段和胃底静脉曲张破裂、消化道出血的肝豆状核变性患者行贲门周围血管断流及脾切除术是安全、有效的,是药物驱铜治疗肝豆状核变性的重要辅助措施。     

动物奶油低密度CT造影剂的制备及其在消化道出血中的应用

目的 利用简单易得的原料制备一种新型的胃肠道低密度造影剂,从而实现对消化道出血的准确显示及定位。方法 以可食用淡奶油和黄原胶为原料,在约7℃的温度条件下,经搅拌机以160~260转/分搅拌约5分钟后制得低密度造影剂。然后在不同温度下测试其稳定性、在CT扫描图像上观察其均匀性并测量CT值、比较其与血凝块的密度差异,最终利用猪小肠、盐水袋和混入肝素的血浆模拟消化道出血,比较其与水对出血灶的显示及定位效果,从而探究该低密度造影剂在消化道出血中的应用价值。结果 该低密度造影剂在室温（25℃）、冰箱冷藏室温度（2℃~4℃）下均表现出良好的稳定性;由CT扫描图像观察到其均匀性较高,测得CT值范围为-500~-700 Hu,与血凝块的密度差异明显;与水相比,该低密度造影剂对出血灶的显示、定位有明显的优势。结论 以可食用淡奶油和黄原胶制得的胃肠道低密度造影剂具有良好的稳定性和较高的均匀性,可以准确显示并定位出血灶,对于消化道出血的诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

Use of technetium-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy in the detection and management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage

The effectiveness of technetium 99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy in localizing hemorrhage, directing surgical intervention, and screening patients for arteriography was determined in 103 patients. The radionuclide scan result was compared to the bleeding site determined by arteriography, endoscopy, or surgery. Eighty-five patients had a bleeding site identified; 18 patients did not and were excluded. Thirty-one scans were performed in 29 patients for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Five positive scans incorrectly localized an upper gastrointestinal bleeding site, although two scans localized the site, for a scan sensitivity of 8%. Fifty-nine scans were performed in 56 patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Fifteen scans were positive, three incorrectly localizing the hemorrhage. Seventy-four percent of the patients with lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage documented by arteriography, endoscopy, or surgery had negative scans for bleeding. The radionuclide scan sensitivity for lower gastrointestinal bleeding was 23%. Surgery was required in 18 patients for bleeding, 11 of whom had negative scans for bleeding. In seven surgical patients with positive scans, in no instance did the scan direct the surgical intervention. Eighteen patients underwent scintigraphy and arteriography; nearly one half of the patients with negative scans for bleeding had positive localizing arteriograms, although almost one half of the patients with positive scans for bleeding had negative arteriograms. Scintigraphy failed to localize hemorrhage in 85% of the patients. Technetium 99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy did not direct surgical intervention, nor did it adequately screen patients for arteriography.