瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病51例临床观察

目的探讨瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的临床经验。方法51例重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者行中、低温体外循环下阻断升主动脉手术,二尖瓣置换26例,主动脉瓣置换9例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣联合置换16例。结果无手术死亡;术后发生并发症19例,术后早期死亡3例,48例痊愈出院,随访心功能恢复到Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论加强围术期监测和管理可提高瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的疗效。     

儿童机械瓣膜置换术121例的疗效

目的探讨儿童机械瓣膜置换术的疗效。方法14岁以下病童施行心脏机械瓣膜置换术121例,先天性心瓣膜病89例,风湿性心瓣膜病29例,心内膜炎24例(其中21例为先天性或风湿性心脏病患儿)。行二尖瓣置换62例,主动脉瓣置换49例,三尖瓣置换6例,双瓣置换4例。共置换机械瓣膜125枚。术后患儿均接受华法林抗凝。术后随访通过问卷或门诊检查完成。结果住院死亡15例,病死率12．4％(15／121);失随访32例。74例平均随访时间10．5年,晚期死亡1例,再手术2例。大部分存活病人心功能(纽约心脏协会分级)Ⅰ级-Ⅱ级。结论大多数儿童可以植入较大规格的机械瓣膜,保证远期生长发育需要。儿童机械瓣膜置换住院病死率高,合理的抗凝治疗可能提高远期疗效。     

人工心脏瓣膜置换术297例分析

目的总结我院2001年1月至2007年1月297例心脏瓣膜置换手术临床经验。方法手术在全麻体外循环中度低温下进行，全组共297例，其中行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）152例、主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）46例（其中主动脉根部拓宽主动脉瓣置换8例）、双瓣膜置换术（DVR）97例、三尖瓣置换术（TVR）2例。合并三尖瓣关闭不全（’rR）者行DeVega或Kay成形术，术中同期行冠状动脉搭桥4例、行射频消融Maze手术治疗房颤1例。结果早期死亡10例，死亡率3．4％，其中MVR、AVR、DVR的死亡率分别为2．6％、6．5％和3．1％。结论瓣膜置换术是治疗心脏瓣膜病变的可靠、有效手段。加强围术期处理，选择恰当的手术时机，缩短手术时间，加强心肌保护，提高手术技巧，保留二尖瓣下结构，积极处理三尖瓣反流。主动脉瓣置换时，尽可能置入大一号的瓣膜，减少跨瓣压差，以利术后左室重构，可提高远期疗效，减少术后并发症、降低死亡率，对重症瓣膜病患者尤为重要。     

老年心脏瓣膜置换术特点分析

目的 分析老年心脏瓣膜病施行瓣膜置换术的围手术期特点。方法从2000年1月至2003年4月，共对16例老年患者(60～69岁)施行瓣膜置换术，其中行二尖瓣置换(MVR)10例，二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换(AMVR)4例，主动脉瓣置换(AVR)2例，同时行三尖瓣成形术(TVP)10例，冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)1例；16例患者均置换机械瓣。结果本组早期生存15例(93．8％)，死亡1例(6．2％)；出院后随访2～76个月，心功能恢复至Ⅰ级12例，Ⅱ级3例。结论随着心肌保护水平的提高，手术技巧和围术期处理的成熟完善，老年瓣膜置换术是安全有效的。     

生物瓣应用于老年心脏瓣膜置换术的临床总结

目的 探讨老年心脏瓣膜病患者应用生物瓣置换的价值.方法 对36例老年患者施行生物瓣膜置换术,其中行二尖瓣置换18例,主动脉瓣置换10例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换8例;同期行三尖瓣成形术12例,冠脉搭桥术6例.结果 本组围手术期死亡2例.出院后随访1～48个月,心功能恢复至Ⅰ级9例、Ⅱ级21例、Ⅲ级2例.结论 老年患者应用生物瓣具有良好的耐久性,并可避免因抗凝治疗出现的各种并发症,临床应用值得推广。     

130例重症瓣膜置换术的治疗体会

目的　总结 130例重症心脏瓣膜置换术的治疗体会。方法　 130例重症瓣膜置换术中 ,男性 73例 ,女性5 7例 ,年龄 2 0～ 6 2岁 ,平均 45岁。心功能Ⅲ级 83例 ,Ⅳ级 47例 ,均在全麻中低温体外循环下手术。术前均进行强心、利尿、扩血管药物、营养支持和高压氧等治疗。在置换二尖瓣时均保留其部分大瓣及其主腱索和全部小瓣及其瓣下结构 ,细小主动脉根部替换主动脉瓣时 ,先采用切开无冠瓣替换 ,失败后可经右冠状动脉开口左侧切开主动脉瓣环 ,右室流出道及室间隔扩大主动脉瓣环 ,再用涤纶片或人工血管修复室间隔 ,右室流出道 ,能够充分扩大主动脉瓣环以置换人工瓣。结果　全组病人有 117例心脏自动复跳 ,13例电击除颤复跳 ,4例出现顽固性低心排死亡。 1例死于凝血机制障碍致创面广泛大出血 ,死亡率 4% (5 /130 ) ,余均治愈出院。结论　重症心脏瓣膜病变者 ,特别是联合瓣膜病变 ,术前心功能均较差 ,应重视围术期处理 ,主动脉瓣环过小 ,可采用扩大瓣环方法 ,在置换二尖瓣时 ,保留二尖瓣瓣下结构。合并中度或以上三尖瓣关闭不全患者应行Devega环缩术。     

心脏瓣膜病巨大左心室病人的瓣膜置换

目的：探讨瓣膜病巨大左心室病人的临床特点，及影响手术疗效的主要因素，提高瓣膜置换术后的疗效。方法：共47例瓣膜病巨大左心室病人行瓣膜置换术，其中主动脉与二尖瓣双瓣置换35例，二尖瓣置换5例，主动脉置换7例，同时行三尖瓣成形42例，左房折叠4例。结果：术后早期并发症14例(349／6)，死亡2例(4．259／6)，影响瓣膜置换手术早期疗效的主要因素是严重左室扩大，严重左室收缩功能下降，射血分数(EF)＜0．40，左室短轴缩短率(FS)＜0．25和严重低心输出量综合征，和围术期室颤。结论：掌握合适手术时机，注意心肌保护措施，最大限度地保留心内结构是巨大左心室病人瓣膜置换手术成功的重要因素。     

二尖瓣置换术中保留后瓣及瓣下结构对左心功能的影响

目的评价保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构对二尖瓣瓣膜置换患者左心功能的影响。方法64例二尖瓣置换患者随机分为两组,保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构组（MVRP组）34例,全瓣膜切除瓣膜置换组（MVRC组）30例;术前、术后15d和术后3个月分别应用彩色超声多普勒监测MVRP组、MVRC两组左心功能指标。结果MVRP组左心室舒张末期内径、收缩末期内径、左室功能较MVRC组改善显著（P〈0．05）。结论二尖瓣置换术中保留后瓣及瓣下结构有利于改善瓣膜置换术后左心室功能。     

心脏瓣膜病巨大左心室病人的瓣膜置换

目的探讨瓣膜病巨大左心室病人的临床特点,及影响手术疗效的主要因素,提高瓣膜置换术后的疗效. 方法共47例瓣膜病巨大左心室病人行瓣膜置换术,其中主动脉与二尖瓣双瓣置换35例,二尖瓣置换5例,主动脉置换7例,同时行三尖瓣成形42例,左房折叠4例. 结果术后早期并发症14例(34%),死亡2例(4.25%),影响瓣膜置换手术早期疗效的主要因素是严重左室扩大,严重左室收缩功能下降,射血分数(EF)＜0.40,左室短轴缩短率(FS)＜0.25和严重低心输出量综合征,和围术期室颤. 结论掌握合适手术时机,注意心肌保护措施,最大限度地保留心内结构是巨大左心室病人瓣膜置换手术成功的重要因素.     

二尖瓣置换术中保留后瓣及瓣下结构对左心功能的影响

目的 评价保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构对二尖瓣瓣膜置换患者左心功能的影响.方法 64例二尖瓣置换患者随机分为两组,保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构组(MVRP 组)34例,全瓣膜切除瓣膜置换组(MVRC 组)30 例;术前、术后15d和术后3个月分别应用彩色超声多普勒监测MVRP组、MVRC两组左心功能指标.结果 MVRP组左心室舒张末期内径、收缩末期内径、左室功能较MVRC组改善显著(P＜0.05).结论 二尖瓣置换术中保留后瓣及瓣下结构有利于改善瓣膜置换术后左心室功能.     

大左室心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的:以回顾性研究总结大左室心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法:84例大左室心脏瓣膜病患者行外科手术治疗,二尖瓣置换术55例,主动脉瓣置换术7例,二尖瓣置换+主动脉瓣置换术22例。术前充分准备,术中采用低温冷血停搏液灌注,加强心肌保护,注意保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构,术后积极防治并发症。结果:本组术后早期发生并发症(低心排,肺部感染,肝肾功能不全等)22例,治愈出院62例。结论:大左室心脏瓣膜病患者行外科手术治疗风险大,术后并发症多;全面综合的外科治疗是大左室心脏瓣膜病患者顺利康复的关键。     

老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病166例超声心动图分析

目的探讨老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病的超声心动图特点。方法采用美国HP5500及飞凡彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，观察166例老年退行性心脏瓣膜病患者的心脏结构及心功能变化。结果单纯主动脉瓣膜钙化者93例（56．0％），单纯二尖瓣钙化18例（10．8％），主动脉瓣和二尖瓣联合钙化为55例（33．1％）；左房扩大116例（69．9％），左心室舒张功能减退142例（85．5％）；136例导致心脏瓣膜功能障碍，其中主动脉瓣返流70例，占42．2％，主动脉瓣狭窄23例，占13．9％，二尖瓣返流20例，占12．0％，二尖瓣狭窄8例，占4．8％，主动脉瓣返流＋主动脉瓣狭窄10例，占6．0％，二尖瓣返流＋二尖瓣狭窄5例，占3．0％。瓣膜功能障碍检出率最高为主动脉关闭不全（42．2％），其次为主动脉瓣狭窄（13．9％），发病率最低为二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全（3．0％）。结论老年人退行性心脏瓣膜病缺乏特异的临床表现，随着年龄的增加，联合瓣膜钙化比例增加，瓣膜功能障碍中主动脉瓣关闭不全比例最高，左房扩大的比例也增加。     

急诊心脏瓣膜替换25例报告

目的:探讨急诊心脏瓣膜替换手术时机和围手术期处理措施。方法:1995年1月至2009年5月,对急性心脏瓣膜功能障碍致急性心肺功能衰竭施行急诊瓣膜置换25例,其中男性15例,女性10例,年龄12～64岁,术前心功能均为Ⅳ级。二尖瓣病变17例,其中二尖瓣机械瓣替换术后血栓形成致人工瓣膜功能障碍7例,人工瓣膜性心内膜炎并瓣周漏4例,感染性心内膜炎致急性二尖瓣腱索及乳头肌断裂并二尖瓣重度关闭不全5例,二尖瓣关闭不全并预激症1例。主动脉瓣病变8例,其中感染性心内膜炎并主动脉穿孔致急性心力衰竭(心衰)3例,血栓形成致人工瓣功能障碍2例,主动脉关闭不全并主动脉窦瘤破裂致急性心衰2例,外伤性主动脉瓣撕裂致主动脉瓣重度关闭不全1例。二尖瓣替换18例,其中再次心脏瓣膜替换11例,同时施行三尖瓣成形9例,异常传导束旁路切断1例。主动脉瓣替换8例。置入机械瓣22例,生物瓣3例。主动脉阻断时间34～80 min,转流时间70～160 min。结果:早期死亡1例,死于术后严重低心排综合征(低心排),其余病例术后恢复顺利,随访1～13年,心功能恢复良好。结论:及时、准确诊断,果断抉择手术时机,合理选择术式及良好围术期处理是进一步提高手术疗效的关键。     

Beh?et's disease associated with aortic and mitral regurgitation: report of two cases

Two rare cases of complicating valvular lesions in Beh?et's disease are reported. Case 1: A 45-year-old man with combined aortic and mitral regurgitation had perforation of both valves. Six months after aortic valve replacement (AVR) and mitral valvuloplasty, an aortic paravalvular leak developed again, and was treated by surgery using an artificial graft with a prosthetic aortic valve. Case 2: A 40-year-old man with congestive heart failure and inflammatory signs had aortic and mitral regurgitation. Although cardiac medications for heart failure and treatment with methylprednisolone were started, he eventually had successful aortic valve replacement. Valvular disease complicating Beh?et's disease is rare; only 15 cases, including our two, have so far been reported. Its rarity is partly because Beh?et's disease predominantly involves the venous system, not the arterial system.     

改良超滤在重症瓣膜病体外循环中的临床应用

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜病体外循环中使用改良超滤的临床经验,探讨提高早期生存率的措施。方法自2005年6月至2008年7月,对78例重症心脏瓣膜病行瓣膜置换术体外循环中加用改良超滤,其中单纯二尖瓣置换12例,二尖瓣置换十三尖瓣成形22例,单纯主动脉瓣置换8例,二尖瓣＋主动脉瓣置换＋三尖瓣成形35例,二尖瓣置换＋冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。复温开始超滤,在血液动力学基本稳定时,开始改良超滤,超滤时间和超滤量以红细胞压积来决定,根据患者的血容量、胶体渗透压、红细胞压积,选择超滤速度和滤出量。结果死亡6例,其中术后并发低心排血量5例,心室颤动治疗无效死亡1例,死亡率7．69％。随访53例,平均随访2．5年,死亡5例。结论改良超滤能高效超滤多余水分减少机体水肿和滤出炎症介质减少炎性反应,提高了左心室收缩功能及舒张顺应性,明显提高术后心指数、左室每搏功指数和每搏指数,减少术后早期尿量,缩短呼吸机辅助通气时间和重症监护时间,重症瓣膜病手术患者应用改良超滤会有效提高术后早期的预后。     

Results of singular valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis or bioprosthesis in valve diseases with advanced myocardial failure

Surgery may prolong survival in some patients in advanced cardiac failure due to valvular heart disease refractory to digitalo-diuretic and vasodilator therapy. The operative risk is high and myocardial dysfunction after surgery is also a problem. However, in some cases, surprising improvement is observed. An analysis of the principal publications in the literature on the natural history of valvular heart disease and the results of surgery in the last ten years show that: In chronic aortic valve disease complicated by congestive heart failure, the natural prognosis does not exceed 2 to 3 years in either aortic stenosis or regurgitation. On the other hand, prosthetic valve replacement is associated with a 57% 4 years survival in aortic regurgitation, and a 70% 5 years survival in aortic stenosis, but with an operative mortality of 20 to 27%. Surgery is even more valuable in acute aortic regurgitation due to endocarditis, leading to a 60% 2 years survival compared to only 6% with medical therapy alone. In chronic mitral valve disease with advanced cardiac failure, the natural prognosis does not exceed 4.5 years in mitral regurgitation, 8 years in mitral stenosis and an intermediate period in mixed mitral valve disease. On the other hand, prosthetic valve replacement with an operative risk of 21 to 26% is associated with a life expectancy of 56 to 60% at 5 years, and 46% at 10 years, operative mortality included. The surgical results depend on good myocardial protection and intensive pre-, per- and post-operative care using positive inotropic agents, vasodilators and, when necessary, intra aortic balloon pumping.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Heart valve surgery in China: yesterday and today

The past 20 years have seen rapid development in heart valve surgery in China. By the late 1990s, there were 6000 heart valve operations performed each year. Statistical analysis has shown that rheumatic heart disease is still the leading cause of valvular damage leading to surgery, as it had been 40 years before. The progressive fibrosis, sclerosis and calcification of the mitral valve that characterises rheumatic heart disease caused high mortality for all forms of mitral valve surgery in China in the 1960s. At that time, the introduction of closed mitral commissurotomy, initially highly effective in alleviating symptoms, was later found to result in re-stenosis in a significant cohort of patients. This was progressively replaced with open mitral commissurotomy. Today, mitral valve replacement represents 60-70% of valvular replacement procedures, followed by double-valve (mitral and aortic) replacement (20-25%). It has been shown both in China and elsewhere that careful selection of patients for an absence of mitral calcification leads to higher success rates for surgery. Heart valve replacement surgery in China now attains international standards in terms of the numbers of cases and surgical outcomes. Further long-term data collection and analysis are essential to aid the further development of the field.     

The risk of reoperative heart valve procedures in Octogenarian patients

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The authors' experience is reported of cardiac reoperations for valvular heart disease in octogenarian patients. METHODS: The records of 22 consecutive patients (10 men, 12 women) aged > or =80 years (mean age 82.4+/-2.3 years) who underwent cardiac reoperation for aortic and/or mitral valvular heart disease at the authors' institution between 1991 and 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Indications for reoperation were structural dysfunction of a previously implanted bioprosthetic valve in 11 patients (50%), new valvular heart disease in six (27%), progression of rheumatic valvular heart disease in four (18%), and prosthetic valve infective endocarditis in one patient (5%). Fourteen patients (64%) underwent isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR), two (9%) had AVR plus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), one patient (5%) had aortic root replacement plus CABG, three patients (14%) had isolated mitral valve replacement (MVR), one patient (5%) had MVR plus ascending aorta replacement, and one (5%) had AVR plus MVR. Postoperative complications occurred in 18 patients (82%). The hospital mortality rate was 32%. Actuarial survival estimates at one year, and at three and five years were 62.6%, 56.3% and 40.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cardiac reoperations for valvular heart disease in octogenarians carry a high postoperative morbidity and mortality. These findings must be taken into account in the management of associated mild or moderate valvular heart disease, and in the choice of heart valve prosthesis at the initial operation in younger patients.     

儿童心脏人工瓣膜置换术16例报告

本文报告儿童心脏人工瓣膜置换术16例,其中慢性风湿性心脏瓣膜病13例,先天性心瓣膜发育不全或畸形3例,16例中死亡1例(6.2%),长期存活15例,随访3个月至5年,其效果良好者12例(80%),满意者1例,差者1例,脑栓塞偏瘫1例。作者提出了对儿童心脏瓣膜置换术的病例选择、换瓣技术特点与要求的一些看法,并总结了一些教训和经验。