中国维、汉、哈族成人不同腰围切点代谢综合征的患病率

目的分析我国维吾尔族、汉族及哈萨克族成人不同腰围切点下的代谢综合征（Ms）患病率,探讨不同民族采用适合本民族特点的腰围切点诊断MS的可行性。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对新疆乌鲁木齐市、和田地区及阿勒泰地区维、汉、哈族20～74岁人群进行MS横断面调查。MS诊断以国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）定义为基础,腰围切点根据不同民族区分。结果当腰围切点均为男≥90em和女≥80cm时,维、汉、哈族MS粗患病率分别为42．1％,16．7％和9．5％;年龄标化患病率分别为28．3％,10．5％和5．9％。调整腰围切点为维吾尔族男≥93cm,女I〉89cm;汉族男I〉85cnl,女I〉80cm;哈萨克族男≥99cm,女≥88cm,维、汉、哈族MS粗患病率分别为25．6％,20-3％和6．9％;标化患病率分别为17．6％,13．4％和4．5％。结论根据各民族自身特点调整腰围切点可减少维吾尔族和哈萨克族MS的误诊率,减少汉族MS的漏诊率,维吾尔族与汉族和哈萨克族之间的MS患病率差距缩小。     

血清sTNFR2与肥胖度的关系

为了解血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体 2 (sTNFR2 )与肥胖度的关系。应用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定 45名男性和 42名绝经期前女性的sTNFR1、 2水平。发现肥胖男、女组sTNFR1与非肥胖男、女组相近 ,而其sTNFR2高于非肥胖男、女组 (P<0 0 5 )。所有男性血清sTNFR1和sTNFR2水平高于女性 (P <0 0 1) ,其中非肥胖男性的sTNFR1和sTNFR2均高于非肥胖女性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而肥胖男性仅sTNFR2高于肥胖女性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其sTNFR1与肥胖女性相近。相关分析示sTNFR2与BMI(r=0 4 8,P <0 0 1) ,WHR (r=0 38,P <0 0 5 ) ,%Fat(r=0 13,P >0 0 5 ) ,性别 (r2 =0 2 6 ,P <0 0 5 )正相关。sTNFR1与上述指标无相关性。多元逐步回归分析示BMI、WHR为影响sTNFR2显著因素 ,回归方程达最优 (r2 =0 4 1)。所以在人类TNF系统对肥胖的影响可能主要通过TNFR2起作用。     

The Schizophrenia and Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Nursing Management

目的 调查精神分裂症患者代谢综合征的患病率及危险因素,探讨预防和控制代谢综合征的护理管理措施.方法 503名住院精神分裂症患者和60名健康自愿者接受调查,收集人口学资料和痛史资料,测量相关生理和生化指标,按IDF标准诊断代谢综合征(MS).结果 精神分裂症患者MS的患病率为28.4％,显著高于对照组(x2=24.275,P=0.000),女性患者患病率(39.8％)高于男性(22.3％)(x2=17.120,P=0.000),40岁以上患者的患病率(30.9％)高于39岁以下患者(22.1％)(x2=3.421,P=0.064);血脂异常(TG增高和HDL-C降低)、肥胖(BMI和腰围)和血糖增高是最重要的危险因素(OR值＞6.0),总胆固醇增高、血压增加、LDL-C增高、尿酸增高、女性、在婚和偏执型也是重要的危险因素(OR值＞2.0),年龄、教育、首发年龄和蛋白质等也有一定影响.结论精神分裂症患者具有较高MS患病率,血脂异常、肥胖和血糖增高是最重要的危险因素和预测指标.护理管理可以在MS的预防、早期识别和疾病控制中发挥重要作用.     

西藏日喀则地区成年僧人体质状况与血压水平的相关性分析

目的:探讨西藏日喀则地区成年僧人体质状况与血压水平的相关性,为高血压的早期预防提供相关依据。方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法,对居住在西藏日喀则地区成年僧人155例的血压(BP)、身高、体质量、腰围(WC)、臀围进行测量,并计算体质指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)和腰身比(WHtR)。结果:155例检测者中高血压的患病率是29%,高血压组在年龄、BMI、WC、WHR和WHtR等方面均高于血压正常组。收缩压和舒张压均随着年龄的增加呈升高趋势;脉压亦随着年龄的增大而增大;高血压的患病率也随着年龄的增加而逐步增大。随着全身性肥胖指标BMI的增加,血压各水平和高血压患病率均升高。各中心性肥胖组的血压水平和高血压患病率均明显高于非肥胖组。Pearson线性相关分析显示,BMI、WC、WH-R和WHtR与收缩压、舒张压和脉压均呈正直线相关。以高血压为因变量进行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示,BMI、WC和WHtR是血压变化的独立影响因素。结论:西藏日喀则地区成年僧人血压水平与体质状况密切相关,高血压患病率和肥胖率均较高,应予以足够重视,积极控制全身性肥胖和中心性肥胖,从而防治高血压的发生。     

血清瘦素测定的初步临床应用

瘦素 (Ｌｐ)是ｚｈａｎｇ等于 1994年从遗传性肥胖小鼠 (Ｏｂ)的脂肪组织中采用位置克隆技术首次克隆出小鼠肥胖基因(Ｏｂ基因 )后 ,Ｌｓｓｅ等又克隆成功了人的肥胖基因。近年的研究发现 ,其血浆水平的变化与多种疾病关系密切 ,为了解和掌握其临床意义 ,本文对临床几种相关疾病进行了测定研究 ,现报道如下。对象和方法一、对象 :2型糖尿病 (ＮＩＤＤＭ )患者组 4 0例 (男 2 6 ,女14 ) ,年龄 2 5～ 72岁。单纯性肥胖组 32例 ,体重指数 (ＢＭＩ)≥2 5ｋｇ ｍ2 (男 2 0 ,女 12 ) ,年龄 18～ 5 4岁。高血压病患者组 36例 (男 2 6 ,女 10 ) ,年…     

关于肱骨滑车上孔的研究

目的　验证滑车上孔是否具有人种、性别和侧别差异 ,并探讨滑车上孔的成因。方法　本文观察肱骨 2 88副 (青岛 81,长春 49,通辽 77,广西 81) ,其中男 2 0 1副和女 87副 ;另随机观察青岛地区 10岁～ 80岁 177名健康人 (男 90 ,女 87)双肘正位X线片。结果　①滑车上孔出现率 :按人计为 15 5 0 %± 1 6 7% (男 11 30 % ,女 2 2 40 % ) ,按侧计为 10 6 0 %± 1 0 1% (男6 70 % ,女 17 2 0 % ) ;骨骼按人计为 19 40 %± 2 33% (男 13 90 % ,女 32 2 0 % ) ,按侧计为 12 80 %± 1 39% (男 8 40 % ,女2 3 0 0 % ) ;X线片按人计为 9 0 0 %± 2 15 % (男 5 6 0 % ,女 12 6 0 % ) ,按侧计为 7 14%± 1 43% (男 2 80 % ,女 11 5 0 % )。以上均具有明显的性别差异 (P <0 0 1) ,骨骼与X线片也存在明显的差异 ;②除长春地区外 ,全部侧别差异不显著 (u =0～ 1 0 2 ) ;③滑车上孔形状 ,以椭圆形最多 (6 1 80 % ) ,肾形次之 (2 0 0 0 % ) ,圆形最少 (18 2 0 % ) ;④滑车上孔孔径 :最大径为 (5 2 5± 0 0 5 ) (1～ 12 80 )mm ,最小径为 (3 72± 0 0 3) (1～ 8 5 )mm。X线片放大率孔径 (10 5 3± 0 76 )mm较骨骼 5 97± 0 46mm为大。结论　滑车上孔的种族差异非常显著 ,黑种人出现率最高 ,白种人最低     

北京市城乡中年人高血压流行情况及危险因素分析

 目的 对比研究北京城市和农村高血压的流行情况及其危险因素。方法 于2005年采用整群抽样的方法,在北京市城市和农村的40～65岁人群中对3268人中进行问卷和体检。诊断标准依据2005年中国高血压防治指南。多因素分析采用Logistic回归方法。结果 农村高血压的患病率为55.58%,显著高于城市的42.91%(P<0.05)。城市男性和女性高血压的患病率为49.54%和38.52%,显著低于农村男性和女性的57.68%和54.17% (P值均小于0.05)。不同性别多因素分析显示,年龄、BMI、腰围、空腹血糖、文化程度为男性的危险因素,年龄、BMI、腰围、职业、甘油三酯为女性的危险因素。结论 农村人群高血压患病率快速上升。主要危险因素有体质指数和腰围。     

七种肿瘤标志物在胃良恶性疾病中的诊断价值

我们回顾性分析了 1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 5月间 ,我院有病理诊断的 315例胃良恶性疾病病人中的ＣＡ19- 9、ＣＡ72 -4、ＣＡ2 4- 2、ＣＡ12 5、ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ5 0、ＭＧ抗原的血清测定结果 ,以探讨对胃癌的诊断价值。材料和方法一、材料 :胃癌组 :6 5例 (男 44 ,女 11)年龄 46～ 78岁 ,均 5 8 .7岁。急性胃炎组 :40例 (男 2 7,女 13)年龄 2 7～ 6 5岁 ,平均 33.5岁。慢性胃炎组 12 0例 (男 72 ,女 48)年龄 32～ 70岁 ,平均 40 .5岁。胃溃疡组 :6 0例 (男 34,女 2 6 )年龄 18～ 6 0岁 ,年均 2 9.8岁。萎缩性胃炎组 :30例 (男 2 1,女 9)年龄 39…     

老年人脑梗塞的病因临床特征及防治

我院自 1992 - 1999年共收治脑梗塞患者 88例 ,均经CT证实 ,现分析如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料男 6 4例 ;女 2 4例 ;年龄 6 0 - 81岁 ,平均 71岁 ,患病高峰年龄男多在 6 5岁左右 ,女多在 6 0岁左右。1.2　病因及诱因既往患病高血压者 5 6例 (6 3.6 % ) ,糖尿病 2 2例(2 5 % ) ,高血脂 2 0例 (2 2 .7% ) ,在静态中发病 6 5例(73.8% ) ,动态中发病 2 3例 (2 5 .6 % )。1.3　临床表现头痛 12例 (13.6 % ) ,头晕 4 6例 (5 2 .3% ) ,恶心呕吐6例 (6 .8% ) ,意识障碍 14例 (15 .9% ) ,精神障碍 10例(11.4 % ) ,偏瘫 76例 (86 .4 % ) ,心电图…     

青春期逆反心理386例就诊者分析及处理

青春期逆反心理 ,虽未列入 CCMD,但由于相关家长、教师及学生本人均为此存在不同程度的苦恼 ,因而有必要对此问题进行分析和探讨。现将齐齐哈尔市第一医院心理咨询门诊 1996～ 2 0 0 1年5年间 ,386例青春期逆反心理就诊情况分析如下。1　一般资料　　年龄 :12～ 18周岁。性别 :男 2 0 1例、女 185例。就诊方式 :主动136例、被动 2 5 0例。2　主诉问题2 .1　不与家长交流　不与双亲交流 :男 82例 ( 4 7.6 %) ;女 35例( 18. 9%)。不与双亲中一方交流 :男 73例 ( 36 .3%) ;女 10 2例( 5 5 .1%)。2 .2　经常与老师冲突　男 112例 ( 5 5 .6 %) …     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.