可视化3D影像辅助下对肝脐裂静脉的认识

目的　借助可视化3D影像认识肝脐裂静脉(Umbilical fissure vein，UFV)的解剖。 方法　回顾性分析2017年6月-2018年12月期间60例有肝胆相关疾病患者的影像资料，在可视化3D影像下分析肝脐裂静脉的发生率、脐裂静脉的走形及汇入方式、脐裂静脉与Ⅳb段肝静脉的关系。 结果　55例病人发现了UFV静脉，发生率91.6%。UFV发自肝左静脉的有49例，发生率89.1%（49/55）；发自肝中静脉的4例，发生率7.3%（4/55）；发自肝中肝左共干的2例，发生率3.6%（3/55），17例发现肝Ⅳb段汇入UFV，发生率为30.9%（17/55）。 结论　可视化3D影像对于术前辨明UFV及其走行有很大的帮助，有助于避免手术中的副损伤。     

左肺上叶静脉解剖分型MSCT评价及临床应用

目的　应用多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对健康人左肺上叶肺静脉解剖及引流模式分型,为解剖性肺段切除术提供帮助。 方法　收集200例肺无异常胸部CT影像资料,通过容积重建（volume reconstruction,VR）获得静脉解剖及引流模式图,统计各静脉分型出现率;重建5 mm轴位最大密度投影（maximum density projection,MIP）图,辨识对应各分型。 结果 左肺上叶静脉根据共干情况不同可分为：V1+2型,V2+3型,及V1+2a V2+3bc型,其出现率分别为69%（138/200）、17.5%（35/200）、13.5%（27/200）。其特点为：V1+2为V1与V2共干,其各自发出属支相互无联系;V2+3型中V2与V3共干,V1与V2+3分别汇入左上肺静脉干;V1+2a V2+3bc型,此型主要是V2变异较大。左肺上叶舌段静脉V4、V5共干时,其属支各自无联系,V4存在与V3b共干的情况,并各自具有不同的引流特点。 结论 左肺上叶因舌段的存在,其静脉分型更为复杂,MSCT所得静脉解剖及引流模式图结合5 mm轴位MIP图可清楚显示肺静脉解剖分型,作为其解剖识别常规手段。     

肝门静脉左支分支分型的数字化研究及编码分析

目的　探究肝门静脉左支新的分型和研究方法，为肝数字解剖研究提供数据和参考。 方法　应用Hisense CAS对110例国人上腹部增强CT数据进行肝血管三维重建，准确显示肝门静脉左支的三维图像。分析肝门静脉左支分支的形态特点及分布规律，进行编码并统计分析。 结果　根据门静脉左支走行特点可分为6型：I型61例（55.45%），II型29例（26.36%），Ⅲ型13例（11.82%），IV型4例（3.64%），V型2例（1.82%），VI型1例（0.91%）。 结论　Hisense CAS能够准确地显示肝门静脉三维影像，方便进行肝内管道观察，为肝门静脉分支分型的数字解剖学研究提供了很好的工具；针对较大数据的观测，用编码的方法非常方便统计分析。     

头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉夹角对经头静脉入路PICC置管术的影响

目的　探讨头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉夹角对经头静脉入路上肢外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（peripherally inserted central catheters，PICC）操作的影响。 方法　解剖38具（76侧）捐献者遗体，测量和分析上肢外展0 °和90 °时男、女两侧头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉的夹角。 结果　头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉的前外侧壁，汇入处管径平均为（7.27±2.94）mm，95%可信区间为6.51~8.03 mm，夹角有锐角、直角和钝角3种类型。上肢外展0 °时，夹角平均为（47.14±27.02）°，95%可信区间为40.97°~63.32°；上肢外展90°时，夹角平均为（63.88±24.26）°，大于上肢外展0°时夹角，95%可信区间为53.96°~65.64°。上肢外展0°时，男、女夹角无明显差异，而上肢外展90°时男性夹角大于女性夹角。上肢外展0°和90°时，左、右侧夹角均无明显差异。 结论　经头静脉入路PICC术时，男、女两侧头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉的夹角不影响导管通过，但有少部分人夹角接近或大于90°，尤其男性上肢外展90°可能增加导管通过夹角的难度，操作中需加以注意。     

肝脏IVa、IVb亚段间分界的临床影像解剖学研究

目的通过研究在体肝脏的CT重建图像,确定肝脏左内侧叶IVa、IVb亚段间的分界及走行在两亚段之间的肝静脉属支。方法采用容积再现(volume rendering,VR)和最大密度投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)两种方法,对49例在体肝脏CT扫描图像进行肝内血管的三维重建,寻找肝脏左内侧叶IVa、IVb两亚段间分界及走行在段间裂内的肝静脉属支及其汇入部位。结果在VR和NIP两种重建图像上,作为两亚段分界标志的肝静脉属支出现率分别为14.29%和87.75%,因此采用MIP法重建出的三维图像对于寻找肝内细小血管分支更适用。该支肝静脉属支的汇入部位可分为以下3种情况:①汇入肝中静脉主干有24例,占55.81%;②汇入肝中静脉左根有16例,占37.21%;③汇入肝左静脉有3例,占6.98%。结论通过CT三维重建图像可以确定肝脏IVa、IVb两亚段间分界,并且走行在该分界位置的肝静脉属支可作为两亚段间的分界标志,结果为临床上涉及肝脏左内侧叶IVa、IVb亚段的肝脏外科手术提供形态学依据。     

3D和超声引导经皮肝Ⅰ期造瘘联合硬镜治疗复杂肝胆管结石的临床价值

目的　探讨三维可视化（3D）技术和超声（US）技术引导经皮肝Ⅰ期造瘘联合硬镜靶向碎石治疗复杂肝胆管结石的价值。 方法　选取65例复杂性肝胆管结石患者，随机分2组，观察组（3D+US组）：3D和US技术引导经皮肝Ⅰ期造瘘联合硬镜治疗的患者33例；对照组（US组）：US引导经皮肝Ⅰ期造瘘联合硬镜治疗的患者32例。比较两组患者的手术时间、手术出血量、结石清除率、术后住院时间、术后并发症。 结果　观察组的手术时间（65.6±12.9 min vs 74.5±13.6 min，t=2.686，P=0.009）短于对照组，差异性比较具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；两组的手术出血量（22.2±5.4 ml vs 25.7±10.2 ml，t =-1.748，P=0.085）、结石清除率（93.9% vs 90.6%，χ2=0.251，P=0.616）、术后住院时间（6.8±2.1 d vs 7.2±2.4d，t=0.751，P=0.456）、并发症发生率（9.1% vs 12.5%，χ2=0.196，P=0.658）等，差异性比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论　3D和超声引导经皮肝Ⅰ期造瘘联合硬镜靶向治疗复杂肝胆管结石是一种微创、安全、高效的方法，具有一定的应用前景。     

双下腔静脉的MSCT表现及临床意义

目的　探讨双下腔静脉（inferior vena cava,IVC）的多层螺旋CT（multi-slice spiral CT,MSCT）表现及临床意义。 方法　收集经腹部MSCT多期增强扫描发现的18例双IVC患者,采用MPR、MIP和VR等血管成像技术显示IVC解剖,回顾性分析患者临床及影像学资料,结合文献讨论双IVC影像学特征、胚胎学机制及临床意义。 结果　18例双IVC的MSCT表现为3种类型。Ⅰ型83.33%（15例）表现为左侧IVC上行至左肾静脉汇入,再以左肾静脉正常方式经主动脉前方右行,汇入正常的右侧IVC。Ⅱ型11.11%（2例）表现为右侧IVC上行达腰2椎体平面,经腹主动脉后方左行汇入左侧IVC,后者再上行延续为半奇静脉,然后经奇静脉和上腔静脉汇入右心房;右肾静脉主要汇入右侧肾上段IVC,但存在侧支与右侧肾下段IVC相连。Ⅲ型5.56%（1例）表现为右侧IVC全程行径正常,左侧IVC垂直上行接收左肾静脉汇入后,于主动脉后方向右上走行与奇静脉连接。 结论　双IVC有多种复杂的变异类型,对于腹膜后手术及下半身静脉血栓治疗具有重要的临床意义。     

附脐静脉的解剖学观测

观察并直接测量32例成人附脐静脉。结果表明两条附脐静脉附着肝圆韧带两侧缘左、右对称走行,于肝圆韧带汇入门静脉的基部附近汇入肝门静脉左干囊部。其起点至附于肝圆韧带侧缘处距离40.64±9.27mm。起始端直径0.58±0.15mm。汇入端直径1.23±0.31mm。     

256排螺旋CT三维重建右半肝门静脉和肝静脉及其解剖关系的临床应用研究

目的 应用256排螺旋CT行上腹部血管造影,描述右半肝门静脉与肝静脉的CT表现、两者解剖关系和肝分段的再定义,探讨其临床意义。方法 随机收集100例受检者CT平扫及三期增强扫描图像,观察三维重建后右半肝门静脉分支、肝静脉属支的分布情况,并对相关数据进行统计学分析。结果 门静脉分布情况：S5段分为4型,A型66%,B型10%,C型8%,D型16%;S6段分为6型,A型56%,B型15%,C型4%,D型17%,E型4%,F型4%;S7段分为3型,A型73%,B型23%,C型4%;S8段分为5型,A型67%,B型3%,C型2%,D型8%,E型20%。肝静脉分布情况：肝左静脉、肝中静脉、肝右静脉分别汇入下腔静脉有45%,肝左静脉与肝中静脉形成共干汇入下腔静脉有55%;36%出现肝右下后静脉,11%肝右静脉细小,由发达的肝中静脉代偿性引流右半肝;15%肝中静脉主干位于门静脉主干分叉处上方,41%肝中静脉位于Rex-Cantlie线右侧。肝静脉与门静脉解剖关系分为4型,以A型最多,占64%,D型最少,占3%。结论 右半肝肝静脉和门静脉解剖形态复杂多样,门静脉主干变异时肝静脉与门静脉空间分布也随之发...     

基于CT图像对人体肝副裂的观察研究

目的 总结分析肝副裂的CT影像,以期提高对肝副裂的认识,避免误诊及手术损害。方法回顾性分析2020年9月至12月东莞康华医院1449例上腹部CT,观察肝副裂的检出率及影像表现,记录其分布及形态。结果 1449例CT中共检出205例具有肝副裂,其CT发现率为14.1%(205/1449),其中男性125例（61%）,女性80例（39%）,不同性别肝副裂检出率无统计学差异（χ2=0.592,P>0.05）;所检出肝副裂分布以肝右前叶下段发生率最高（55%）;随着年龄的增长,肝副裂的数目、长度、宽度随之增加,且具有统计学差异（P<0.05）;肝副裂CT影像可表现为波浪型（24例）、膈褶型（5例）、楔型（107例）、沟型（68例）及不规则型（1例）。结论 肝副裂在人群中分布广泛,多排螺旋CT可有效地观察到肝副裂的存在,了解其形态、分布特点,有助于减少对肝副裂的误诊。     

国人正常肝静脉流出道及其毗邻结构的解剖学研究

目的 观察和测量国人正常肝静脉(HV)流出道及其毗邻结构,为临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法 2014年3月—2015年3月,对57例正常成人尸体标本进行解剖,观测肝左静脉(LHV)、肝中静脉(MHV)及肝右静脉(RHV)汇入下腔静脉(IVC)的开口类型、开口的水平位置关系、开口上缘与膈肌裂孔的位置关系,比较LHV、MHV及RHV开口直径的大小及其开口上缘至膈肌裂孔的距离;观察膈肌裂孔形态及其与IVC之间的组织结构,比较膈肌裂孔长径、短径的大小。两样本之间比较采用t检验;多样本之间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果 57例肝脏标本HV的开口类型有4种:IVC壁有2个HV开口(LHV+MHV,RHV)占73.68%(42/57),有3个HV开口(LHV、MHV、RHV)占17.54%(10/57),RHV开口旁存在直接开口于IVC的肝右上静脉占5.26%(3/57),RHV开口处被条索样结构分隔占3.51%(2/57)。LHV、MHV及RHV开口的直径分别为(9.25±1.84)mm、(8.94±1.52)mm及(14.29±2.84)mm,RHV直径大于LHV及MHV直径(P值均<0.01)。49例LHV或共干(LHV+MHV)开口上缘高于RHV,占85.96%(49/57);8例与RHV开口上缘等高,占14.04%(8/57)。39例RHV和37例LHV、MHV开口位于膈肌裂孔下方,2例LHV+MHV共干开口上缘位于膈肌裂孔上方。位于膈肌裂孔下方的LHV、MHV及RHV开口上缘至膈肌裂孔的最短距离分别为(3.19±0.74)mm、(3.62±0.81)mm及(9.03±3.02)mm,RHV开口上缘至膈肌裂孔的距离大于LHV、MHV至膈肌裂孔的距离,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。膈肌裂孔的长径和短径分别为(26.94±3.47)mm及(19.62±2.80)mm,裂孔长径大于短径(t=10.242,P<0.01),HE染色显示膈肌裂孔处的IVC管壁外分布大量纤维结缔组织。结论 正常成人HV汇入IVC的开口类型中以LHV及MHV共干最多见,其开口水平位置多高于RHV开口,少部分RHV开口被条索状结构分开;LHV及MHV开口至膈肌裂孔的距离更近,少部分LHV及MHV开口上缘位于膈肌裂孔上方;IVC与膈肌裂孔之间间隙由纤维结缔组织所充填,而非膈肌中心键直接附着。这些解剖特点将有助于HV流出道疾病的临床研究及治疗方案的选择。     

成人间体外劈离式肝移植中肝静脉分配方式的临床观察

 目的：分析成人间劈离式肝移植中肝静脉不同分配方式的利弊,探讨合理的临床分配方案。方法：回顾2007年1月至2011年10月间我院完成的12例成人间劈离式肝移植病例的肝静脉分配及重建方式,观察患者术后的肝静脉血管并发症及相关预后。结果：12例病人中使用右半肝的6例病人采取了4种静脉分配和重建方式：肝右+肝中+腔静脉1例;肝右+5、8段静脉重建+腔静脉2例;肝右+5、8段静脉重建2例;肝右+1/2肝中+腔静脉1例。相应的6例左半肝移植物亦得到4种肝静脉分配和重建方式：肝左+4段静脉重建1例;肝左+肝中静脉2例;肝左+肝中+腔静脉2例;肝左+1/2肝中静脉1例。术后1例左半肝采用肝左+4段静脉重建,患者因4段重建血管阻塞导致小肝综合征,最终死亡,其余11例病人未出现肝静脉相关并发症。结论：成人间劈离式肝移植的肝静脉分配和重建可有多种方式,在临床操作中应在满足移植物功能性肝体积足够的前提下,结合患者病情和外科操作的需要制定合理的个体化方案。     

Ramification pattern and topographical relationship between the portal and hepatic veins in the left anatomical lobe of the human liver.

Sixty-one human livers obtained from donated Japanese adult cadavers were dissected to reveal the ramification pattern of the portal and hepatic veins, and their topographical relationship in the left anatomical lobe. The segmental portal vein supplying S2 (P2) tended to form a single stem, whereas that of S3 (P3) was usually double. An intermediate branch between P2 and P3 was observed in 23.0% of livers. In spite of variation between livers, definite P2 and P3 were identified in 47 specimens. One tributary of the left hepatic vein (LHV) was usually present for drainage of S2, and two tributaries were present for S3 (sometimes also for S2 and/or S4). The latter two tributaries of the LHV and the two subsegmental branches of S3 showed three patterns of three-dimensional interdigitations. From these results, the portal vein system did not seem to have a two segmental composition (i.e., S2 and S3) in 23.0% of specimens, whereas the hepatic vein system did not have an intersegmental course in 23.4%. Thus, there were obvious limitations in using each system to determine the liver segment. Taking the overlapping cases into consideration, the left anatomical lobe of 41.0% of specimens did not seem to fit the definition of Couinaud's liver segment. In addition, four patterns of fissure vein (or scissural vein), > 5 mm in diameter at its terminal, were identified: (1) middle hepatic vein type (left median vein, 9.8%); (2) LHV type (left medial vein, 41.0%); (3) true fissure vein (3.3%); and (4) absent cases (45.9%). The former two types also suggested limitations of the hepatic vein system as an indicator of the segmental border.     

Can the left hepatic vein always be safely selectively clamped during hepatectomy? The contribution of anatomy

The minimization of blood loss is the main objective during hepatic resection to minimize perioperative mortality and morbidity. Selective clamping of the hepatic veins, combined with pedicle clamping, may make it possible to spare the non-resected territories from ischemia. These clamping procedures are particularly useful in the treatment of hepatic metastases of colorectal cancers, because preoperative chemotherapy may temporarily alter the hepatic parenchyma, increasing its susceptibility to ischemia. During left lobectomy or left hepatectomy, extraparenchymatous control of the left and median hepatic veins (the LHV and MHV, respectively) and of the common trunk (CT) requires exact knowledge of this anatomical region. Biometric analyses were carried out on extraparenchymatous portions of the LHV, MHV and CT of 20 fresh cadavers and 10 living subjects, to assess the feasibility of selective clamping without liver mobilization. Fourteen of the 20 cadaveric subjects (70%) had a common trunk between the LHV and the MHV. The extraparenchymatous portion of the LHV was between 4 and 13 mm long, depending on the presence or absence of a CT. The angle between the sagittal plane of the inferior vena cava and the LHV was about 18.3° on average, in the absence of liver mobilization. Selective clamping of the left hepatic vein was possible only when the extraparenchymatous portion of this vein was at least 6 mm long. The selective clamping of this vein is, therefore, less straightforward than that of the right hepatic vein, given the high frequency of a common trunk shared with the median hepatic vein and of a short extraparenchymatous segment.     

肺静脉解剖变异的多层螺旋CT研究

目的 应用多层螺旋CT描述肺静脉的解剖变异并分型,为房颤射频消融术和心胸外科手术提供解剖依据。方法 回顾性分析250例应用MSCT行冠状动脉CTA检查的患者,通过多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度成像（MIP）和容积重建（VR）观察肺静脉解剖结构,对其分型并统计出现频率。结果共同静脉出现率38.8%,副肺静脉出现率14.8%,均无性别差异。左心房-肺静脉连接方式可分4型：标准型最常见,有130例（52%）;共干型83例（33.2%）,是最常见的变异类型;副静脉型23例（9.2%）;混合型14例（5.6%）,最少见。两侧肺静脉引流模式的变异率为54%,右侧26.8%,左侧42%,均无性别差异。结论肺静脉具有较大变异性,MSCT可详细显示肺静脉,是研究其解剖结构的有效手段。     

基于肝内肝门静脉解剖的肝脏右前叶分段新概念

目的根据肝内肝门静脉的走形分布,提出肝脏分段的新概念,为影像学和肝脏外科提供资料。方法采用60例正常的活体肝移植供肝影像资料,研究右前叶肝内肝门静脉的走形和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围,10例Mevis三维软件重建图像,探讨两者之间的关系。结果 Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段门脉支可大致分为腹侧支和背侧支,最多可达4支;约90%的背侧支越过肝右静脉分布到Couinaud分段中的VII段。V段的门脉分支大多来自右前叶或Ⅷ段门脉的腹侧支。因此,可将右前叶分为腹侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的腹侧段(S8v)和V段(S5)背侧段:Couinaud分段中的Ⅷ段的背侧段(S8d)两个部分。结论新的划分方法不仅有利于肝内病变的精确定位,而且便于肝脏外科实施新的、更安全的术式。     

Intrahepatic venous anastomoses with a focus on the middle hepatic vein anastomoses in normal human livers: anatomical study on liver corrosion casts

Purpose

The aim of this study is to present the anatomical data about intrahepatic venous anastomoses found in normal human livers. The focus is on the middle hepatic vein (MHV) anastomoses, because their existence or non-existence could be of crucial importance in tumour resections as well as in split or living donor liver transplantations.

Materials and methods

The frequency of livers with intrahepatic venous anastomoses was determined on 164 corrosion casts and the diameter of each anastomosis was measured. Additionally, the type of connection and the position within the liver (liver segment) was determined for each MHV anastomosis.

Results

Intrahepatic venous anastomoses were found in 46 % (75/164), whereas MHV anastomoses were found in 28 % (44/164) of liver casts. Most commonly (39/44), MHV had anastomotic connections with the right hepatic vein (RHV), and also with the inferior RHV, the left hepatic vein and the short subhepatic vein. In more than three quarters of liver casts, MHV–RHV anastomoses were found in liver segment 8; in 45 % of cases, there was more than one anastomosis in this liver segment. The diameter of MHV–RHV anastomoses found in segment 8 was ≥1 mm in 90.6 % of cases.

Conclusion

As MHV anastomoses were present in more than a quarter of all examined liver casts, we believe that detailed anatomical data presented in this article, together with up to date radiologic technics which enable even 3D reconstruction of venous anastomoses in the liver, could contribute to the clinician’s decisions when planning surgical procedures.     

Identification of segments VI and VII of the liver based on the ramification patterns of the intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins

We describe the pattern of intrahepatic vessel ramification in the right posterior hepatic sector in a population of 197 adults. Each specimen was dissected from its visceral (inferior) surface in order to demonstrate variations in the distribution of the portal vein branches to the hepatic segments of the right lobe, especially to segments VI (S6) and VII (S7) as described by Couinaud. We also examine whether three hepatic veins, i.e., the right hepatic vein (RHV), middle hepatic vein (MHV), and the short hepatic vein (SHV), aid the identification of segmental portal branches in the lower posterior sector. Four major patterns of branching of the posterior sectorial trunk of the portal vein system are described. In group A (32.0%) a single posterior trunk formed an arch‐like pattern sending multiple branches to S6 and S7 (P6 and P7). We named the multiple branches to the apparent S6 the inferoposterior portal branches. It was difficult to identify which of these branches were equivalent to P6. In group B (27.9%), the posterior sectorial trunk bifurcated to form P6 and P7. In most of the specimens in this group, therefore, we were able clearly to identify both S6 and S7 based on the portal vein system. In group C (6.6%), the trunk trifurcated to form P6, P7, and an intermediate branch, which supplied both segments or a gray zone between them. Group D (33.5%) included variations of the anterior segmental branches, and in specimens of this group, the anteromedial border of the sector was difficult to identify. Notably, the three‐dimensional interdigitating topographical relationship of the hepatic veins and the portal branches was not evident in the lower posterior sector, since tributaries of the RHV and the portal branches followed similar courses and paralleled each other in the region and since the territory of the SHV was usually restricted to the superficial parenchyma near the inferior surface. In group A, tributaries of the RHV/SHV (>3 mm in diameter) passed between the inferoposterior portal branches in only 22.2%/14.3% of the specimens. Thus the hepatic veins often did not reveal which of the multiple inferoposterior branches was P6. Moreover, in the subset of Group B in which the segments were identified based on the portal vein ramification, tributaries of the RHV/SHV (>3 mm in diameter) showed the intersegmental interdigitating arrangement in only 32.0%/6.0% of the specimens. In addition, a thick tributary of the MHV, sometimes arising from S6, did not run along, but penetrated the S5/S6 border plane from the lateral to the medial side. Therefore, the three hepatic veins (RHV, SHV, MHV) often did not aid the identification of the liver segments in the region. Consequently, the less than ideal combinations of irregular configurations of the portal and hepatic venous systems suggest that the right posterior segments cannot be conclusively identified anatomically in 30–40% of cases. Other means of identification, such as the conventional proportional manner (the upper and lower halves of the posterior sector roughly correspond to S6 and S7) may be required. Clin. Anat. 12:229–244, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.