肾移植术后巨细胞病毒肺炎的临床研究

目的:探讨肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎的临床特点及诊疗对策。方法:回顾34例肾移植术后CMV肺炎患者临床资料,总结临床特点和治疗措施。结果:34例患者,治愈30例,占88.24%,死亡4例(其中放弃治疗后死亡2例)。治愈患者除1例出现移植肾排斥反应外,其余功能均正常。高剂量更昔洛韦联用糖皮质激素组,在需使用呼吸机几率和死亡率方面均低于未使用糖皮质激素的常规剂量更昔洛韦组(P=0.045和0.010)。结论:早期及时诊断,适时适量应用激素,足剂量长疗程抗病毒治疗,及早进行高流量给氧或辅助呼吸等综合治疗是提高治愈率、降低病死率的关键。     

更昔洛韦与还原型谷胱甘肽联合治疗巨细胞病毒肝炎患儿的疗效及其对外周血T淋巴细胞水平的影响

目的 探讨应用更昔洛韦联合还原型谷胱甘肽治疗巨细胞病毒肝炎患儿的疗效及其对外周血T淋巴细胞水平的影响。 方法 2015年1月~2016年1月我院收治的巨细胞病毒肝炎患儿74例,按照随机数字表法分为两组,给予37例对照组患儿还原型谷胱甘肽治疗,37例观察组患儿在对照组治疗的基础上联合应用更昔洛韦抗病毒治疗。采用荧光定量PCR法检测尿CMV DNA,使用EpiceXL型流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。 结果 两组治疗前肝功能指标比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）;经过2~3 w治疗,两组血清ALT、AST、GGT、TBIL水平均恢复正常,单观察组尿CMV DNA阴转时间和肝功能恢复时间均显著短于对照组,并发症发生率也较低;治疗前,两组外周血T淋巴细胞亚群无统计学差异（P>0.05）,经过2~3 w治疗,两组外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值均恢复正常。 结论 应用更昔洛韦联合还原型谷胱甘肽治疗巨细胞病毒肝炎患儿能加速肝功能恢复,无不良反应发生。     

干扰素和更昔洛韦治疗婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎疗效分析

目的探讨干扰素和更昔洛韦治疗婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎疗效分析和对免疫功能的影响。方法将90例呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎患儿随机分为两组,对照组45例给予干扰素治疗,观察组45例给予更昔洛韦治疗,比较两组疗效。婴幼儿患者T淋巴细胞亚群百分率、IL-2R的百分率、IL-2水平。结果观察组的临床总有效率达95.6%,明显高于对照组(86.7%),P0.05;两组在治疗RSVP前后,免疫指标大小有明显的差异,P0.05,但两组在治疗RSVP后,两组免疫指标大小并无明显差异,P30.05。结论更昔洛韦对于治疗婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病肺炎毒疗效更佳。     

辅助性T细胞17在人类免疫缺陷病毒合并结核感染致病中的作用

目的 观察HIV合并结核感染患者IL-17的表达情况,探讨Thl7细胞在HIV合并结核感染致病中的作用.方法 将54例确诊的HIV感染患者,分为单纯HIV感染组、HIV合并潜伏结核感染组和HIV合并结核感染组,采用全血胞内细胞因子染色方法,使用BD FACSCanto流式细胞仪检测各项指标,FACSDiva软件分析CD4+ IL-17+T淋巴细胞及CD4+ IFNΥ+T淋巴细胞表达情况,组间比较采用独立样本配对t检验.结果 3组患者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数及病毒载量无明显区别;CD4+ IL-17+T淋巴细胞表达百分比单纯HIV感染组为(1.40±1.01)％,HIV合并结核潜伏感染组为(1.29±0.86)％,两组比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.336,P＞0.05),但均显著高于合并结核感染组的(0.58±0.43)％(t=3.680,t=2.516,P＜0.05);3组患者之间CD4+IFNγ+T淋巴细胞表达百分比分别为(32.8±24.0)％、(40.3±21.9)％和(46.1±31.2)％,3组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.939,t=-1.602,t=-0.646,均P＞0.05).结论 HIV合并结核感染患者出现明显的Th17应答下调,Th17细胞可能在HIV合并结核感染中起着重要的抗结核免疫保护作用.     

干扰素和更昔洛韦治疗婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎疗效分析简

目的 探讨干扰素和更昔洛韦治疗婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎疗效分析和对免疫功能的影响.方法 将90例呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎患儿随机分为两组,对照组45例给予干扰素治疗,观察组45例给予更昔洛韦治疗,比较两组疗效.婴幼儿患者T淋巴细胞亚群百分率、IL-2R的百分率、IL-2水平.结果 观察组的临床总有效率达95.6%,明显高于对照组（86.7%）,P＜0.05;两组在治疗RSVP前后,免疫指标大小有明显的差异,P＜0.05,但两组在治疗RSVP后,两组免疫指标大小并无明显差异,P3＞0.05.结论更昔洛韦对于治疗婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病肺炎毒疗效更佳.     

长疗程口服更昔洛韦预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒病

目的:探讨长疗程口服更昔洛韦预防肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(CMV)病的有效性及安全性。方法:2004年1月至2007年1月在本院进行首次肾移植的57例患者,分为预防组和对照组。预防组27例,术后即予更昔洛韦口服,每次1g,3次/d,维持用药3个月;对照组30例,不服用任何抗病毒药物。结果:长疗程预防性口服更昔洛韦能降低CMV病发病率(14.8%比20.0%),但未达到统计学差异(P>0.05);能明显推迟CMV病发病时间[(77.3±11.1)d比(63.2±14.1)d,P<0.05];降低CMV病发病时的严重程度,缩短病程[(11.5±2.2)d比(13.0±1.0)d,P0.05);预防组中2例发生不良反应。结论:长疗程口服更昔洛韦对CMV病的发病率无显著影响,但可降低CMV病的病死率,缩短病程。口服更昔洛韦的不良反应少。     

免疫功能正常婴儿巨细胞病毒肺炎临床分析

目的探讨免疫功能正常婴儿巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎的临床特征及抗病毒治疗的必要性。方法回顾性分析20例CMV肺炎的临床特征、治疗方案及预后。结果 20例CMV肺炎中,男性占17例(85.0%),低月龄(1～3月)占15例(75.0%);18例无发热(90.0%),均有咳嗽,气促13例(65.0%);均有肺部啰音;血清CMV-IgM阳性11例(55.0%),明确合并肺部细菌感染10例(50.0%),肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞比例升高19例(95.0%),肺部高分辨率CT提示渗出、实变或磨玻璃样改变17例(85.0%);17例(16例非危重症)未抗病毒,3例加更昔洛韦抗病毒治疗,20例均治愈。结论免疫功能正常婴儿CMV肺炎存在一定的临床特异性,有助于鉴别诊断;非危重症病例可能不必常规抗病毒治疗。     

更昔洛韦胶囊在造血干细胞移植患者巨细胞病毒血症中的应用

目的 探讨更昔洛韦(ganciclovir,DHPG)胶囊治疗造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后患者巨细胞病毒(CMV)血症的疗效和安全性.方法 选择2006年2月至5月在北京大学血液病研究所行HSCT的30例移植后CMV血症患者进行前瞻性研究.CMV感染预防采用更昔洛韦10 mg/(kg·d),分2次静脉滴注,移植前第9天至移植前第2天,连续8 d.移植后应用定量多聚酶链反应(PCR)定期进行病毒DNA检测,CMV-DNA定量＞6.0×102拷贝/mL或＜1×105拷贝/mL的患者应用更昔洛韦胶囊1 g每日3次治疗.结果 HSCT后发生CMV血症的中位时间为移植后42 d,诊断时CMV-DNA中位数4.626×103拷贝/mL.更昔洛韦胶囊治疗的总有效率为90%,14 d转阴率66.67%,转阴中位时间10 d.4例(13.3%)出现不良事件,程度为轻至中度,表现为血细胞计数减少3例,转氨酶升高1例.结论 更昔洛韦胶囊用于治疗HSCT后CMV血症患者安全有效.     

68例非HIV免疫抑制巨细胞病毒肺炎患者临床特点及预后分析

目的:分析非人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)免疫抑制患者罹患巨细胞病毒肺炎的临床特点以及对于预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月到2018年10月期间河北医科大学第二医院呼吸内二科病房收治的68例非HIV免疫抑制巨细胞病毒肺炎患者的临床资料,根据28 d病情转归情况将患者分为存活组和死亡组,比较临床资料并进行预后分析。结果:罹患肾脏疾病、风湿性疾病、血液系统疾病并接受糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂治疗的患者容易发生巨细胞病毒肺炎。与存活组比较,死亡组中急性生理与慢性健康Ⅱ评分、超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞计数最小值、中性粒细胞百分比较高( P值均<0.05),淋巴细胞计数、CD3 +T淋巴细胞、CD4 +T淋巴细胞较低( P值均<0.05);长疗程(≥3个月)糖皮质激素以及联合应用免疫抑制剂在死亡组更为多见( P值均<0.05);死亡组中基础疾病为皮肤疾病、合并多重耐药革兰阳性球菌感染、血流感染、需要接受机械通气治疗患者较多( P值均<0.05)。 结论:长疗程糖皮质激素以及联合应用免疫抑制剂、合并多重耐药革兰阳性球菌感染、血流感染、需要接受机械通气治疗的患者死亡率较高。     

成人Still病合并肺孢子菌肺炎和巨细胞病毒肺炎5例临床分析

目的:回顾性分析中日友好医院,成人Still病(AOSD)合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)及巨细胞病毒肺炎患者的临床表现和实验室检查结果,探讨AOSD合并PCP及CMV肺炎的高危因素、临床特点和诊断治疗措施。方法:回顾分析2015年1月至2017年4月,AOSD合并PCP和CMV肺炎患者5例的临床资料。结果:5例患者平均年龄(40.2±12.0)岁,均明确诊断AOSD,在激素减量过程中经支气管肺泡灌洗液检出Pc病原体的特异性基因片段,同时结合临床特征而诊断。5例患者同时合并CMV感染。均口服复方磺胺甲基异恶唑片(TMP-SMZco)联合静脉更昔洛韦治疗。4例患者氧合指数300mmHg(1mmHg=0.133k Pa),分别根据低氧程度接受经鼻高流量吸氧、无创正压机械通气、有创正压通气等呼吸支持治疗,并最终成功撤离。结论:接受糖皮质激素等药物治疗的AOSD患者处于免疫抑制状态,是PCP及CMV肺炎好发人群。混合感染非常常见。支气管肺泡灌洗检查可作为免疫抑制患者获得病原学诊断的首选方法,合并呼吸衰竭症状者应早期应用正压机械通气治疗。     

Nosocomial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia

Patients with nosocomial pneumonia have evidence of immunosuppression. The most obvious defect in immunity is the loss of mechanical barriers with an endotracheal tube. Only a third of colonized patients on ventilators develop pneumonia, however, suggesting that altered immunity is more extensive. This subgroup of patients tends to get multiple synchronous and sequential infections. The exact mechanisms of this compromise of immunity remain to be fully elucidated. Both a temporary immunocompromised and a specifically predisposed subpopulation, however, can explain the clinical pattern. A temporary immunoparalysis clearly occurs and is associated with increased risk of infections. An underlying genetic predisposition may lead to a predisposed population. Genetic polymorphisms in pathogen recognition molecules increase the risk of nosocomial infections. Genetic variability in immune mediators increase severity of infections and mortality but have not been demonstrated as consistently to lead to infections. Adequate treatment of an initial infection is required for reversal of the temporary immunoparalysis, whereas specific immunomodulatory therapies can reverse the markers of immunoparalysis and may decrease the risk of infection.     

53株临床分离肺炎球菌耐药性分析

目的：研究肺炎球菌对青霉素和其他常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法：将肺炎患者痰标本中分离的53株肺炎球菌,以微量板倍比衡释法测定其对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果：肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感度为37．7％,耐药率为62．3％,除万古霉素外,肺炎球菌对其他各种抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,耐药率为5．7％－100％,许多菌株为多重耐药。结论：E为球菌对青霉素和其他抗菌药耐药性增加,必须对每一分离菌株必须作药敏测量,避免治疗失败。     

Parasitic pneumonia

With few exceptions, the parasitic pneumonias most commonly encountered in the Western Hemisphere are diseases of compromised hosts; patients with AIDS are at particular risk. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurs eventually in 80% of AIDS patients; bronchoalveolar lavage is quite sensitive in establishing this diagnosis. Toxoplasma gondii pneumonia, seen most often in the patient with AIDS, is characterized by multisystem involvement. Strongyloides stercoralis infection is endemic in the Southeastern United States. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis is seen in patients receiving glucocorticoids or chemotherapy, and in patients with AIDS or other causes of T cell dysfunction. Larvae may be seen on Gram's stains or wet mounts of sputum. Ascaris and hookworm infections may present with pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia during the larval migration phase. Dirofilaria, Paragonimus, and Entamoeba histolytica involvement of the lung are less common and require a good epidemiologic history and clinical suspicion for diagnosis.     

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarises some of the notable papers on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) from January 2003 to October 2004. RECENT FINDINGS: Ventilator-associated pneumonia remains an important drain on hospital resources. All population groups are affected, but patients with VAP are more likely to be older, sicker, and male, with invasive medical devices in situ. Early VAP diagnosis is desirable to reduce VAP mortality and to retard emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes. This may be possible using preliminary culture results or intracellular organism in polymorphonuclear cells. In most intensive care units, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii are the commonest organisms isolated in VAP. However, causative organisms vary between and within hospitals. Consequently, individual intensive care units should develop empirical antibiotic policies to target the pathogenic bacteria prevalent in their patient populations. Preventative strategies aimed at reducing aerodigestive tract colonisation by pathogenic organisms, and also their subsequent aspiration, are becoming increasingly important. Educating medical staff about these simple measures is therefore pertinent. To reduce the occurrence of multidrug-resistant organisms, limiting the duration of antibiotic treatment to 8 days and antimicrobial rotation should be contemplated. Empirical therapy with antipseudomonal penicillins plus beta-lactamase inhibitors should be considered. If methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus VAP is a possibility, linezolid may be better than vancomycin. SUMMARY: Prevention remains the key to reducing VAP prevalence.     

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia can occur in immunocompromised individuals, especially hematopoietic stem and solid organ transplant recipients and those receiving immunosuppressive agents, and is the most common opportunistic infection in persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The Pneumocystis genus was initially mistaken as a trypanosome and later as a protozoan. Genetic analysis identified the organism as a unicellular fungus. Pneumocystis jiroveci is the species responsible for human infections. A slow indolent time course with symptoms of pneumonia progressing over weeks to months is characteristic in HIV-infected patients. Fulminant respiratory failure associated with fever and dry cough is typical in non-HIV-infected patients. Definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological testing of sputum, induced or sampled by fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage. The first-line drug for treatment and prevention is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.