大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离培养与鉴定

目的探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bMSCs)体外分离培养方法及其生物学特性。方法在无菌条件下取SD大鼠股骨、胫骨,采用差速贴壁法分离培养bMSCs,通过传代培养进一步纯化扩增。倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态及生长特征,绘制细胞生长曲线。流式细胞仪测定bMSCs表面标志。结果镜下bMSCs大小均一,呈梭形、多角形成纤维细胞形态,呈旋涡状生长。第3代bMSCs纯度可达97%以上,其细胞表型CD29,CD44,CD105和CD166呈阳性表达,CD34,CD80和CD86呈阴性表达。结论采用差速贴壁法分离培养的大鼠bMSCs纯度高、扩增迅速、生物学特性稳定,是一种较为理想的体外分离扩增bMSCs的培养体系。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性的研究

目的研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生长特性。方法在无菌条件下,取大鼠骨髓,采用密度离心法和全骨髓贴壁法联合培养并结合传代获取、纯化细胞,倒置显微镜观察其形态,流式细胞术检测其表面抗原CD29、CD90及CD34的表达。CCK-8法测定第1、3代细胞的增殖情况,并绘制其生长曲线。结果经全骨髓贴壁法和密度梯度离心联合培养,所得到的原代细胞形态呈椭圆形、圆形、三角形,接近融合状态时可呈现均一的长梭形,排列规则。传至第8代时,细胞的增殖能力减弱,其形态宽大畸形,呈树枝状。经流式细胞仪检测,所分离的细胞CD29的表达率为94.97%,CD90的表达率为88.50%,CD34的表达率为2.23%。CCK-8法显示第3代细胞有较强的增殖能力。结论体外培养的大鼠BMSCs是骨组织工程的优良种子细胞。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离与培养

目的 建立体外分离纯化及培养扩增大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的方法.方法 应用全骨髓贴壁培养法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,并进行细胞传代培养.倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态及生长特征,测定细胞生长曲线,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物,取第3代细胞分别加入成骨、成脂诱导剂并采用碱性磷酸酶染色及Von Kossa染色鉴定成骨能力,以油红O染色鉴定成脂能力.结果 获取的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞形态呈均一成纤维细胞样,并呈集落样生长.传至第3代细胞纯度可达97%以上,其细胞表型CD29、CD44、CD105、CD166呈阳性表达,CD34、CD80、CD86呈阴性表达.经成骨诱导后细胞碱性磷酸酶染色及Von Kossa染色呈阳性,成脂诱导后细胞油红O染色呈现阳性.结论 应用全骨髓贴壁法可以分离培养出高纯度的大鼠bMSCs,培养的细胞扩增迅速、生物学特性稳定,是一种较为理想的体外分离扩增bMSCs的培养体系.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的培养、扩增与鉴定

目的:建立大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分离及培养的方法,探讨体外培养MSCs的生物学特性.方法:采用密度梯度离心法和贴壁筛选法纯化MSCs,镜下连续观察细胞的形态变化.流式细胞仪鉴定其表面抗原CD29、CD34、CD44和CD45的表达情况.结果:原代MSCs呈集落状生长,细胞呈梭形、纺锤形,呈放射状排列.传代后大都均匀分布生长,细胞生长迅速,倍增时间约45.5 h.流式细胞术鉴定表明,培养的第3代和第5代MSCs CD44、CD29阳性,CD45和CD34阴性.结论:采用密度梯度离心法结合贴壁筛选法可成功分离和培养大鼠的骨髓MSCs,MSCs可以作为组织工程中种子细胞的来源.     

骨髓间充质干细胞与β-磷酸三钙多孔陶瓷体外复合培养实验研究

目的:研究犬骨髓间质干细胞(BMSCs)与β-磷酸三钙多孔陶瓷(β-TCP)的体外复合培养。方法:体外培养BMSCs作为种子细胞,β-TCP作为组织工程支架,制备β-TCP-BMSCs复合物,倒置显微镜下观察骨髓间充质干细胞培养传代过程中细胞形态变化及细胞在材料孔隙区的贴附及生长情况,流式细胞仪鉴定骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原CD44、CD45表达情况。结果:相差倒置显微镜下观察:原代、第2代、第3代及第4代培养的细胞形态,贴壁细胞逐渐由成纤维细胞样向多形化方向转化(三角形、菱形等),最终重叠生长形成结节状;将细胞接种于材料上进行培养,见孔隙间有大量交叠细胞生长增殖。扫描电镜下观察:在材料表面细胞呈梭形,并融合成片状,表面见丝状突起,在孔隙边缘的细胞有大量胶原和细胞外基质分泌。流式细胞仪测定骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原CD44阳性表达率(89.12±1.57)%,CD45阳性表达率为(2.32±0.45)%。结论:β-TCP与细胞有较好的亲和力,能够为基质细胞增殖、分化和成骨提供自然的三维空间,可作为组织工程的支架材料应用于骨和软骨缺损的修复。     

C57/BL6小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分离培养方法的改良和鉴定

目的 建立一种体外纯化及培养扩增C57/BL6小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的简单有效方法.方法 利用骨髓MSCs在体外培养皿中培养时具有贴壁生长的特性,采用全骨髓法分离培养C57/BL6小鼠MSCs,通过体外培养和连续传代达到纯化和扩增MSCs目的,并与以优化.倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态变化情况;利用四唑盐比色(MTT)法测定MSCs的生长曲线;流式细胞仪(FCM)鉴定MSCs膜抗原.结果 C57/BL6小鼠胫骨全骨髓细胞在分离后与含15％优质胎牛血清DMEM/F12培养基混合,约5～10 min后即可见大量有核细胞贴壁,细胞形态为圆形,24～48 h后可见贴壁细胞转变为椭圆形、多角形及短梭形,7～12 d时细胞呈长梭形并达到90％单层融合.通过传代细胞进一步纯化及扩增.细胞传代后2d内处于潜伏期,3d后进入生长期,5d后进入平台期.第4代MSCs进行FCM检测CD45、CD44、CD29和CD54阳性率分别为2.4％、83.2％、95.1％和94.1％.激光免疫共聚焦结果显示造血细胞表面标物CD34和CD45阴性,而CD44和CD105阳性.结论 C57/BL6小鼠全骨髓贴壁法能有效得到分离纯化的MSCs,用此方法培养的C57/BL6小鼠MSCs生长稳定,增殖能力活跃,具有MSCs的一般生物学特性,可以为组织工程提供理想的种子细胞.     

人脐血源性间充质干细胞的体外培养及生物学鉴定

目的 建立体外培养、扩增人脐带血间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法．初步鉴定其生物学特性。方法 无菌条件下取正常足月剖宫产的脐带血,用淋巴细胞分离液分离脐血的单个核细胞．以偏酸性的Mesencult^TM作为培养基进行培养和纯化获得贴壁细咆层,测定MSCs的生长曲线．用流式细胞技术分析细胞的表面抗原。结果 来源于脐血的单个核细胞存体外用合适的培养基培养,细胞贴壁后出现破骨样及间充质样的细胞。间充质细胞为成纤维样的细胞形态,并表达MSCs相关的抗原CD29、CD44、CD105。但不表达CD34、CD45、CD106和HLA-DR。这与源于骨髓的MSCs一致。结论 脐带血中含有的MSCs可在体外培养、扩增,能够为实验和临床的应用提供一种新的间充质干细胞来源。     

C57BL6小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养鉴定

目的建立一种简单实用的小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)体外分离培养方法,为BMSCs的进一步研究和应用提供实验材料和依据。方法采用直接贴壁法和分阶段更换培养基的方法分离纯化BMSCs,显微镜下观察其形态,应用流式细胞技术鉴定细胞表面标记。结果显微镜下BMSCs贴壁生长后呈梭形,形态均一,经流式细胞仪检测第2代BMSCs高表达CD34、Sca-1,不表达CD45。结论本实验方法能简单高效的获得高纯度BMSCs,且细胞生物学特性稳定,适用于对BMSCs的进一步研究和应用。     

人脂肪间充质干细胞分离培养及其生物学特性的实验研究

目的探索人脂肪间充质干细胞（adipose tissue—derived mesenchymal stem cells，ADMSCs）分离培养的方法及体外扩增的条件，观察ADMSCs的生物学特性。方法以腹部手术患者皮下脂肪组织为材料，采用I型胶原酶消化法及贴壁法分离培养ADMSCs，在含10％胎牛血清的低糖DMEM培养基中贴壁培养，倒置显微镜观察，流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标记CD29、CD44、CD105、CD31、CD34、CD106的表达，透射电镜及扫描电镜下观察ADMSCs超微结构，流式细胞仪测定细胞周期。结果原代和传代细胞呈梭形外观，生长增殖能力良好。CD29、CD44、CD105均呈阳性表达，阳性率分别为95.3％、98．6％和86．5％；而CD31、CD34、CD106阳性率分别为3．5％、2．6％、1．3％。透射电镜观察显示ADMSCs表现出早期幼稚细胞形态的特点，流式细胞仪检测显示84．8％的细胞处于G0/G1期。结论酶消化法能有效地从人脂肪组织分离培养人ADSCs，细胞生长稳定，增殖能力活跃，为今后ADMSCs的分离培养提供了更简单有效的方法。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养以及成骨诱导

目的:分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,研究其体外培养的生物特性。方法:获取骨髓间充质干细胞进行培养,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞生长情况,绘制生长曲线,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表面抗原。在地塞米松、β-甘油磷酸钠、抗坏血酸的作用下,进行成骨诱导分化。结果:原代和传代培养的体外培养细胞呈现梭形、多角形外观,具有较强的生长增殖能力;细胞CD29抗原呈阳性表达,CD34呈阴性表达。分化细胞表现成骨细胞特性,茜素红染色有橘红色磷酸盐胞外基质沉积。结论:建立稳定可靠的分离培养大鼠骨髓BM-MSCs方法,分离出的BM-MSCs具有干细胞的生物特性,可用于组织工程中的种子细胞。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.