湖北地区9058例女性人乳头瘤病毒基因分型分析

目的:分析湖北地区人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染状况及基因型分布。方法:2012-03-2015-11在本院体检、门诊或住院9 058例女性宫颈脱落细胞,采用流式点阵仪/液态芯片分析系统检测其HPV基因分型,分析所有受检者HPV基因型分布及单一、多重感染分布,比较不同年龄、不同就诊途径及不同疾病组间HPV感染特点。结果:所有受检者中共检出HPV阳性2 524例,感染率27.86%。湖北地区最常见的四种HPV亚型为HPV16(7.37%)、52(5.05%)、58(4.03%)、18(2.27%)。单一基因型感染率最高(20.51%,1 858/9 058),二重-六重及以上感染逐渐减少。各年龄组HPV中低危型及高危型感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),混合感染率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中低危型感染以≤20岁组最高,高危型感染率以41-60岁组最高,同一年龄组内均以高危型感染为主。不同就诊途径受检者HPV各型感染率组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),各组中低危型感染率在体检组最高,明显高于其它两组(P<0.01);门诊组和住院组以高危型为主,明显高于体检组(P<0.01)。住院患者不同疾病组间中低危型HPV感染率差异无统计学意义(P>0.01);高危型HPV感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),恶性肿瘤组高危型感染率最高,其它组最低(P<0.01);各组高危型HPV感染率均明显高于中低危感染率(P<0.05)。结论:应加强湖北地区女性HPV的筛查力度,特别是HPV16、52、58、18四种最常见基因型的筛查,尤其针对41-60岁年龄组人群,可有效降低宫颈癌和由HPV引发的其它肿瘤或疾病发生率。     

三明地区不同年龄组女性生殖道人乳头瘤病毒不同基因类型感染状况分析

目的通过对三明地区不同年龄组女性生殖道感染人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)不同基因类型状况研究,为三明地区HPV流行病学研究提供科学依据。方法采用聚合酶多重核酸扩增(Multiplex PCR)荧光检测方法检测女性宫颈口脱落细胞进行13种高危型、5种低危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测和分型。结果在314例女性宫颈口脱落细胞标本中,HPV高危型和低危型阳性总检出率为18.78%(59/314),其中高危型检出率为12.74%(40/314);低危型检出率为6.05%(19/314)。不同年龄组:20~25岁、26~34岁、35~44岁、45~54岁、55~65岁,HPV高危型和低危型阳性总检出率分别为:40%(10/25)、13.23%(9/68)、17.18%(22/128)、22.80%(13/57)、13.88%(5/36)。其中20~25岁HPV高危型阳性检出率为20%(5/25)、HPV低危型阳性检出率为20%(5/25);26~34岁HPV高危型阳性检出率为7.35%(5/68)、HPV低危型阳性检出率为5.88%(5/68);35~44岁HPV高危型阳性检出率为11.71%(15/128)、HPV低危型阳性检出率为5.46%(7/128);45~54岁HPV高危型阳性检出率为21.05%(12/57)、HPV低危型阳性检出率为1.75%(1/57);55~65岁HPV高危型阳性检出率为8.33%(3/36)、HPV低危型阳性检出率为5.55%(2/36)。结论45~54岁组和20~25岁组的HPV高危型及20~25岁组低危型为三明地区女性生殖道人乳头瘤病毒感染的主要基因类型。     

5654例女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染情况分析

目的探讨本地区高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的感染情况、基因型分布和年龄分布特点,指导宫颈高危型HPV感染者早期筛查和诊疗,旨在为降低高危型HPV感染和宫颈癌的发生提供参考依据。方法分析2017年7月至2018年12月在我院行高危型HPV检测患者5654例,使用恒温扩增-荧光法进行高危型HPV的检测,统计HPV16型、18型及其他13种HPV亚型的感染率,分析HPV基因型分布和年龄分布特点。结果 5654例女性的HPV感染率为14.33%(810/5654)。其中HPV16感染138例,感染率为2.44%(138/5654);HPV18感染38例,感染率为0.67%(38/5654);其他13种感染634例,感染率为11.22%(634/5654).≤20和≥60岁年龄段感染率均高于其他年龄段。而30～39岁年龄段感染率最低。结论根据本院HPV感染、年龄分布情况,HPV 18感染所占比率较低,其他13种HPV感染所占比率高。需对各亚型感染进行细致分型以协助评估发病风险。同时我们应该重视对≤20岁和≥60岁女性高危HPV感染的早期监测,降低高危型HPV感染的发生。     

宫颈上皮内瘤样病变患者高危型HPV感染基因分型分析

目的了解宫颈上皮内瘤变患者的高危型HPV的感染及其分型和不同程度宫颈病变的主要感染型别情况。方法应用型特异PCR检测宫颈癌前病变的患者的主要高危型HPV-16、18、33、58的感染及其分型情况的相关性研究。结果在本研究宫颈上皮内瘤变患者98例中,4种高危型HPV的总阳性例数为73例,HPV总的感染率为74.5%,存在多重感染。其中HPV-16、18、33、58的总感染率分别为53.1%、38.7%、17.3%和30.6%。CIN的Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ3组患者的4种高危型HPV的感染率分别为42.9%、61.1%和93.2%。结论主要高危型HPV在宫颈上皮内瘤变患者中感染的主要型别依次为HPV16、HPV18、HPV58、HPV33,主要为HPV16和HPV18型;不同程度CIN的高危型HPV的总感染率不同,随病变程度的加重而增加。     

23296例女性宫颈高危型HPV感染情况分析

目的研究民航总医院就诊女性宫颈高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high risk-human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)感染情况及分型特点。为北京地区预防HPV感染和防治宫颈癌提供科学依据。方法选择2016年10月至2019年4月于民航总医院妇产科就诊并行高危型HPV检测的女性23296例,对其结果进行回顾性分析,分析高危型HPV感染情况,比较不同年龄组、不同亚型HPV感染情况。结果高危型HPV感染率为17.21%。其中单一HPV感染率13.00%,多重HPV感染率4.21%。HPV亚型感染率的前四位依次为HPV52型(感染率3.68%)、HPV16(感染率3.07%)、HPV58(感染率为3.04%)、HPV51(感染率1.89%)。HPV的感染率呈现反抛物线分布,在<20岁的女性中HPV的感染率最高,后逐渐下降,到30~45岁的感染率到达最低点,后逐渐升高,到>60岁到达第二高峰。结论1.本研究HPV感染率总体处于中等感染水平。2.<20岁人群是HPV感染的高危人群,建议在性生活前注射HPV疫苗,可以最有效的阻断HPV感染。3.应重视45岁后患者的HPV感染,尤其是持续性HPV感染,应积极行阴道镜检查,早期发现子宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌变。     

湖北襄阳地区女性宫颈高危型HPV感染分布情况及危险因素探讨

目的 分析高危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomaviruses,HPV)在湖北襄阳地区妇女中的感染率及感染年龄分布情况,以及危险因素.方法 以2012-2014年间在本院就诊的4689例患者为研究对象,采用cervista酶切信号放大法检测14种高危型的HPV.其中感染高危型HPV阳性病例则进一步分析HPV感染年龄分布情况以及其在子宫颈上皮非典型增生(CIN)、宫颈癌、宫颈炎患者中的感染情况,并结合病例资料分析HPV感染危险因素.结果 4689例患者中有950例感染高危型HPV,感染率为20.26％.HPV在宫颈癌患者中的感染率最高,其次为CIN,宫颈癌相较于其他两类患者感染率对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).HPV以≥55岁者的感染率最高.初次性行为年龄过早、宫颈癌家族史、多产史、经常熬夜等均是HPV感染的影响因素.结论 湖北襄阳地区HPV感染率与LARC国际癌症研究协会公布的亚洲常见HPV感染率一致.在不同年龄段中,感染率最高的年龄组为55岁以上及25岁以下,宫颈癌、CIN患者HPV感染率较高,而经常熬夜、有宫颈癌家族史、初次性行为年龄过早等因素属于HPV感染危险因素.     

鄂中地区8136例妇女HPV感染导流杂交法亚型检测的临床意义

目的 分析鄂中地区人群HPV感染基因型别.方法 采集8 136例鄂中地区2009年8月至2010年7月武汉市商业职工医院门诊与住院患者宫颈口及颈管脱落上皮细胞,应用导流杂交法进行HPV分型检测.结果 HPV阳性感染1 437例(17.66 %),其中高危型感染检出1 189例(占82.67 %),低危型感染检出141例(占9.74 %),中国人群常见亚型感染检出305例(占21.16 %),多重感染检出369例(26.68 %).单一感染者中高危型833人(57.97 %),低危型感染者72人(5.01 %),中国人群常见亚型感染者163人(11.34 %).根据年龄分层,＜25岁组HPV感染率相对较高,为21.17 %(P＜0.05);HPV高危型感染组中＜25岁比例较高,达17.80 %.在1 437例HPV阳性感染者中,单一感染者共1 068例(74.32 %),二重感染占18.72 %.最常见的交叉感染是高危型+中国人群常见亚型合并感染(8.28 %).结论 导流杂交法HPV基因型分型检测可为宫颈疾病流行病学及早筛早治提供重要线索,对于发现HPV 感染的高危人群、积极控制HPV 感染、具有重要意义.     

三明地区人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染FQ-PCR检测与宫颈病变的关系

目的通过对三明地区妇女感染HPV情况的调查,为三明地区妇女感染HPV的预防提供科学依据。方法采用聚合酶多重核酸扩增荧光检测方法检测女性宫颈口脱落细胞进行13种高危型,5种低危型人乳头瘤状病毒（HPV）检测和分型。结果在129例正常组女性宫颈口脱落细胞标本中,HPV高危型和低危型阳性总检出率为29.5%（38/129）,其中高危型检出率为31%,低危型为69%。421例各种不同宫颈病变总检出率为89.3%（376/421）。其中宫颈炎症高危型检出率52%,低危型为48%;CINⅠ高危型为74%,低危型为26%;CIN Ⅱ高危型为84%,低危型为16%;CIN Ⅲ高危型为92%,低危型为8%;宫颈鳞癌高危型为100%;宫颈腺癌高危型为100%;宫颈湿疣高危型为94%,低危型为6%。结论随着宫颈病变的加重,CIN级别的增加,HPV感染率上升,在较高级别的宫颈病变中,大多为高危型HPV感染。     

901例女性人乳头瘤病毒感染状况及基因型分布的调查

目的 探讨高低危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)在不同年龄段的感染情况,为防治宫颈癌、尖锐湿疣等HPV相关疾病提供理论依据.方法 收集有HPV感染临床检测指征(宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌)的女性标本901例,利用导流杂交基因芯片技术对阴道分泌物进行HPV分型检测.结果 901例标本HPV阳性率为41.73％,其中单纯高、低危型HPV和高低危型HPV混合感染率分别为60.90％ (229/376)、23.67％ (89/376)和15.43％(58/376);高危型HPV感染各个年龄段的感染率为26.39％～42.19％,低危型HPV感染各个年龄段的感染率为8.96％～39.19％,各型均呈现“U”型趋势.结论 各年龄段主要感染型别为HPV16.低年龄段以高低危型HPV混合感染为主,≥55岁以单纯高危型HPV感染为主,单纯高危型HPV感染率随年龄增长而上升.     

高危HPV感染与宫颈病变的相关性分析

目的研究高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papilloma virus,HR-HPV)感染与宫颈病变的相关性,为患者早期防治以及临床及时诊断提供有效依据。方法从2018年4月-2019年3月本院就诊患者中共检出946例高危型HPV感染患者,回顾性分析其中121例患者 HR-HPV与宫颈病变的关系。结果 121例研究对象中,分别有高危HPV16、高危HPV18、其他13种高危型HPV单一感染或多重感染,其中感染所占比例依次为:19.01%、8.26%和72.73%;宫颈CIN病变的发生与感染HPV的基因型有关,其中HPV16型、HPV18型感染导致宫颈CIN病变的发生率与其他13种HPV型别比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);宫颈活检结果中慢性宫颈炎所占比例为75.21%(91/121),鳞状上皮乳头瘤样增生占15.70%(19/121),CIN Ⅰ占4.96%(6/121),CIN Ⅱ 0.83%(1/121),CIN Ⅲ占3.31%(4/121)。结论 HR-HPV感染与宫颈病变关系密切,应加强对女性 HPV 感染的检测和筛查。     

Prevalence and distribution of cervical human papillomavirus genotypes in women with cytological results from Sichuan province,China

The epidemiologic characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes vary by age, ethnicity, and geographic location, and the available data on HPV epidemiological characteristics with cytology results in Sichuan province are limited. Our research was conducted from June 2016 to July 2017. A total of 10 953 women getting HPV testing were enrolled. Liquid-based cytological and histological results were collected. The overall HPV infection rate was 24.1% in Sichuan province. The prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) was 19.9%. For hrHPV genotypes, HPV52 (15.5%) was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV16 (13.8%), HPV58 (13.3%), HPV51 (8.6%), HPV39 (8.1%), and HPV68 (7.8%). Among all HPV-positive women with a cytology or histology result, HPV16-positive women have the highest cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1)+ prevalence (11.1%), followed by HPV18 and HPV33; HPV16-positive women also have the highest CIN2+ prevalence (9.3%), followed by HPV58 and HPV18. To date, this is the largest study done in the Sichuan province for HPV prevalence and subtype distribution with normal and abnormal cytological results. The age-specific prevalence in patients at gynecology clinics and other clinics is different. Besides, patients at the same age also have a different hrHPV prevalence and lrHPV prevalence. Our result revealed that in every 10 HPV16-positive women, there is approximately one women with CIN2, CIN3, or cervical cancer. A higher oncogenic potential of HPV58 than that of HPV52 was observed.     

UK population based study to predict impact of HPV vaccination

BackgroundIn 2008 a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme for cervical cancer prevention was implemented in the UK. Surveillance of vaccine uptake, impact on prevalence of HPV infection and cervical cancer incidence were identified as key measures to evaluate the intervention.ObjectiveTo determine baseline HPV prevalence in unvaccinated women and predict impact of HPV vaccination on high-grade cervical disease (CIN2+).Study designA pseudo-anonymous prospective cohort was sampled on entry to the routine cervical screening programme between March 2009 and November 2010. In total, 13,306 eligible females were identified and high-risk (hrHPV) type specific status determined. Potential impact of prophylactic vaccination on CIN2+ was calculated by applying HPV vaccine clinical trial data to the baseline HPV type-specific data.ResultsOf 13,306 samples tested, 3545 (26.6%) were confirmed positive for at least one hrHPV type and 1325 (10%) were positive for low risk HPV. HPV16 was the predominant type detected in cases positive with either single or multiple hrHPV infection(s) (5.2% and 4.7%, respectively). Based on hrHPV type-specific data, Gardasil would have prevented 33.2% HPV16/18 unrelated CIN2+ compared to 47.1% for Cervarix. This difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionPrior to the introduction of the HPV vaccine, approximately one-quarter of young women were positive for hrHPV and one-tenth positive for HPV16. Post-vaccination, we anticipate a substantial absolute risk reduction in high-grade cervical disease associated with both targeted and non-targeted hrHPV types. There is no significant difference between the two commercially available vaccines in terms of clinical impact.     

Extended human papillomavirus genotype distribution in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer: Analysis of 40 352 cases from a large academic gynecologic center in China

Our aim was to conduct a large epidemiologic analysis of the distribution of human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes associated with cervical neoplasias and cancers at a major Chinese gynecologic center. The pathologic database was searched for cervical histopathologic diagnoses with prior HPV genotyping from liquid cervical cytology specimens obtained ≤6 months before biopsy. HPV testing was performed by using the Tellgenplex HPV27 or YanengBio HPV23 genotyping assays. A total of 40 352 cases meeting study criteria were identified. High risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) was detected in 94.1% of squamous cancers compared to in only 83.3% of cervical adenocarcinomas. The prevalence of multiple HPV infections was highest in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) (33.8%) and decreased with increasing severity of squamous lesions. The distribution of HPV genotypes was similar between CIN1 and histopathologic-negative cases. HPV16 was one of the three most common hrHPV genotypes before all histopathologic abnormalities, ranging from 72.0% for cervical cancers, 38.7% for CIN2/3/AIS, 13.1% for CIN1, and 9.1% for biopsy-negative cases. HPV16 and HPV18 accounted for over 87.2% of detected hrHPV genotypes for all glandular intraepithelial neoplastic lesions and cancers, whereas squamous lesions did not show this pattern. 80.3% of cervical cancers were associated with genotypes covered by HPV16/18 vaccines and 89.6% with genotypes covered by 9-valent vaccination.     

Human Papillomavirus types prevalence and their association with cervical dysplasia among HIV and non-HIV infected women attending reproductive health clinics in Eastern Kenya

BackgroundHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) causes over 99% of all cervical cancer globally. In 2019; it was responsible for 3,286 deaths in Kenya. Understanding the epidemiological distribution of HPV genotypes by cervical dysplasia and HIV infection is important in designing prevention strategy and management of cervical cancer.ObjectiveTo determine HPV genotypes prevalence and their distribution by cervical dysplasia, social-demographic and risk factors associated with cervical cancer among HIV-infected women aged 18–48 years seeking reproductive healthcare in Eastern Kenya.MethodsCervical specimens were obtained for cytology, HPV-genotyping, histology while social-demographic factors were collected using a questionnaire and analysed using Pearson chi-square test.Results317 womencases: 161(50.8%); control 156(49.2%), mean age: 34.3, range 18–46 years were recruited. Thirteen HPV genotypes associated with cervical dysplasia were: CIN1{cases: HPV81[12(3.8%), HPV11[2(0.6%); control: HPV53 and HPV66[1(0.3%)}, CIN2 {cases: HPV11, HPV16, HPV661(0.3%), HPV816(1.9%) and single case1(0.3%) of HPV9, HPV11, HPV16, HPV44, HPV66, HPV81 HPV88, HPV53 and HPV58; control: HPV81[2(0.6%)} and invasive cancer {cases: HPV16[1(0.3%) and HPV81[3(0.9%); control: HPV16 and HPV66[1(0.3%).ConclusionsCervical dysplasia was associated with more mixed-lr/hrHPV genotypes among HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected women. The finding adds to the pool of knowledge the epidemiological data required in determining the population at risk for cervical cancer.     

Classical HLA alleles are associated with prevalent and persistent cervical high-risk HPV infection in African women

BackgroundPersistent cervical high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. However, the host genetic factors underlying its risk are not well understood. We hypothesized that immunogenetic variation plays a role in hrHPV infection and persistence. Therefore, we conducted a study of classical HLA alleles and their association with hrHPV infection and persistence among women.MethodsWe characterized HPV infection using SPF₁₀/LiPA₂₅ in Nigerian women at baseline and at 6 months follow-up visits in 2014. hrHPV infection was prevalent if at least one carcinogenic HPV genotype was detected at the baseline visit and persistent if at least one carcinogenic HPV genotype was detected at the baseline and follow-up visits. Classical HLA alleles were imputed from genotypes in the MHC region using the HLA genotype imputation with attribute bagging (HIBAG) algorithm. HLA association tests were conducted under additive genetic models.ResultsThe mean (±SD) age of the 517 study participants was 38 (±8) years, 48% were HIV negative, 24% were hrHPV positive at baseline and 10% had persistent hrHPV infections. In multivariate regression models adjusted for age, HIV status and the first principal component, DQA1*01:02 and DQA1*02:01 were positively associated with prevalent but not persistent hrHPV infections, while DQA1*05:01 was negatively associated with prevalent hrHPV but positively associated with persistent cervical hrHPV infections. Four haplotypes (A*30:01-DQA1*05:01, B*07:02-C*07:02, B*07:02-DQA1*05:01 and C*07:02-DQA1*05:01) were significantly associated with prevalent cervical hrHPV infections and several haplotypes that included the DQA1*05:01 allelic variant were significantly associated with persistent cervical hrHPV infections. Six amino acid positions on DQα1 were associated with prevalent but not persistent cervical hrHPV infections.ConclusionsIn this first study to investigate the association between HLA alleles and persistent hrHPV in African women, we identified important risk alleles that merit further investigation. Our findings provide new insights into risk factors for hrHPV infection in African ancestry women.     

The presence of high-risk HPV combined with specific p53 and p16INK4a expression patterns points to high-risk HPV as the main causative agent for adenocarcinoma in situ and adenocarcinoma of the cervix

Adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS) and adenocarcinoma (AdCA) of the cervix are frequently missed in population-based screening programmes. Adding high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing to cervical cancer screening might improve the detection rate of ACIS and AdCA. Since the exact proportion of AdCAs of the cervix that can be attributed to hrHPV infection is still a matter of debate, a comprehensive study was performed of hrHPV presence in ACIS and AdCA of the cervix. Archival formalin-fixed specimens of indisputable ACIS (n=65) and AdCA (n=77) of the cervix were tested for hrHPV DNA by GP5+/6+ PCR-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and type-specific E7 PCR for 14 hrHPV types. Further immunostaining for p16INK4A and p53 was performed to assess alternative pathways of carcinogenesis potentially unrelated to HPV. hrHPV DNA was found in all (100%) ACISs and 72 (94%) cervical AdCAs, whereas none of 20 endometrial AdCAs scored hrHPV-positive. HPV 18 was most prevalent and found as single or multiple infection in 68% of ACISs and 55% of cervical AdCAs. Diffuse immunostaining for p16INK4a, a potential marker of hrHPV E7 function, was significantly more frequent in hrHPV-positive cervical AdCAs (19/20; 95%) than in those without hrHPV (1/5; 20%; p<0.001). Immunostaining for p53, pointing to stabilized wild-type or mutant p53 protein, was significantly more frequent in hrHPV cervical AdCAs negative for hrHPV (p=0.01). No difference in p16INK4a and p53 immunostaining was found between hrHPV-negative cervical AdCAs and endometrial AdCAs. Hence, only a minority of cervical AdCAs displayed absence of HPV DNA and immunostaining profiles suggestive of an aetiology independent of HPV. Since all ACISs and nearly all cervical AdCAs were hrHPV-positive, the incorporation of hrHPV testing in cervical cancer screening programmes is likely to decrease markedly the incidence of cervical AdCA.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus,human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Togo: a national cross-sectional survey

ObjectivesSub-Saharan Africa is a region with high incidence of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cervical cancer. We conducted the first national study in Togo to assess prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSW).MethodsA multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted among FSW recruited in hot spots (clubs, streets) in four Togolese cities. HPV and STIs were tested from cervical and anal swabs. HIV and syphilis were screened with rapid tests.ResultsIn all, 310 FSW were recruited; HIV and cervical high-risk HPV (hrHPV) prevalence were 10.6% (33/310) and 32.9% (102/310), respectively. The most frequent hrHPV types were HPV58 (13.6%, 19/140), HPV35 (12.9%, 18/140), HPV31 (12.1%, 17/140) and HPV16 (10.7%, 15/140). Prevalence of hrHPV and multiple hrHPV infections showed higher rates in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative FSW (48.5% versus 31.0%, p 0.04 and 21.2% versus 9.0%, p 0.03; respectively). Prevalence of hrHPV was higher in cervical than anal swabs (34.1% versus 20.7%, p 0.0004). High-risk HPV anal infections were more frequent among HIV-positive than HIV-negative FSW (51.9% versus 17.3%, p 2 × 10⁻⁵). Concomitant anal and cervical hrHPV infections were present in 43.2% (41/95) of hrHPV-positive FSW. Overall prevalence in the cervix of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis were 4.2%, 6.1%, 5.5% and 6.5%, respectively.ConclusionsThis first African study on paired cervical and anal samples showed a high prevalence of genital HPV infections with a rather high rate of concomitant HPV infections but low type concordance. We report an unusual distribution of hrHPV types. These findings highlight the critical need for implementation of a national HPV vaccination strategy.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in various histological subtypes of cervical adenocarcinoma: a population-based study.

The role of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the development of cervical carcinoma is well established, however, the prevalence of HPV DNA in cervical adenocarcinoma varies from study to study. It appears to be caused by a number of factors, one of which is that cervical adenocarcinomas comprise a heterogeneous group of multiple subtypes. To clarify the impact of HPV infection on the development of cervical adenocarcinoma with diverse histological subtypes, we performed a population-based study in Korean women from 15 different institutes for the status of HPV infection in adenocarcinoma of uterine cervix. A total of 432 cervical adenocarcinomas from 1997 to 2001 were reviewed and classified according to the modified WHO classification. For 135 cases, HPV typing was performed with HPV DNA chip (82 cases) and PCR HPV typing (53 cases), using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue. The overall prevalence of HPV infection in cervical adenocarcinoma was 90%. The infection of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 accounted for 78% of HPV-positive adenocarcinomas. Multiple HPV types were found in 13% of the cases. The HPV DNA was rarely detected in minimal deviation adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, HPV 16 was a predominant type in endometrioid and villoglandular types, whereas HPV 16 and HPV 18 were detected with equal prevalence in other subtypes. In conclusion, HPV infection, mostly HPV 16 and HPV 18, is highly associated with most of the cervical adenocarcinomas, whereas endometrioid and villoglandular type have a different pattern of HPV infection status. Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma does not seem to be related with HPV infection.     

Two years outcome of women infected with high risk HPV having normal colposcopy following low‐grade or equivocal cytological abnormalities: Are HPV16 and 18 viral load clinically useful predictive markers?

Management of patients infected with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) despite normal colposcopy following abnormal cytology remains a clinical challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate if, in that specific population, initial HPV 16 and HPV 18 viral loads are predictive of infection clearance over a 24-month follow-up. A total of 67 women infected with hrHPV having normal colposcopy following equivocal or low-grade cytological abnormalities were recruited and attended regular follow-ups based on repeat colposcopies and HPV testing. HPV16 and HPV18 infection were diagnosed in 36 (53.7%) and 7 (10.4%) cases, respectively. Viral load was quantified using the quantitative duplex real-time PCR method. Although this was not observed for HPV 18, initial HPV 16 viral load was highly associated to HPV 16 infection outcome (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, area under curve: 0.90). Thus, women who had cleared their HPV 16 infection had significantly lower median initial HPV 16 viral load than those with persistent HPV 16 infection: 1.5 × 10(3) copies per million cells (CPMC) versus 3.8 × 10(6) CPMC, respectively (P = 0.006). The best prediction of HPV 16 clearance was obtained with an initial HPV 16 viral load of <7.5 × 10(4) CPMC: 86.7% specificity and 85.7% sensitivity. Finally, six patients were diagnosed with grade 2 or 3 cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Although all had a persistent hrHPV infection, neither HPV 16 nor 18 viral loads were found to be predictive of the risk of cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV16 viral load quantitation could represent a clinically useful marker in that very specific population.     

Detection of HPV DNA in cervical carcinomas by PCR and hybrid capture assay

HPV DNA was detected in exfoliated cervical cells of 73% (85/116) cervical cancer patients by PCR using HPV consensus primers and by hybrid capture assay (HC II) (Digene Corp., USA) in 77 of the 85 cases found HPV positive by PCR. Presence of HPV 16/18 DNA were investigated in the 79 cases by PCR using type specific primers. HPV 16 was detected in 31 (39%) patients, HPV 18 in 7 (8.8%), both HPV 16 and 18 in 19 (24%) and HPVs other than 16/18 in 22 (27.8%) cases. Age and clinical stages had no significant effect on HPV prevalence. Double infection of HPV 16 and 18 was significantly (p<0.05) high in the older patients (56 years or more) compared to younger group. Results indicated that cervical cancers in India are strongly associated with high-risk type HPV infection. HC II assays and PCR results for detection of HPV in cervical smears were comparable.