蒙特卡罗方法计算后装192Ir源散射校正因子研究

目的 研究一种方便、可行地推算医用后装192Ir源空气比释动能散射校正因子的方法,便于医院用指形电离室进行活度测量的QA工作的开展.方法 用指形电离室测量有铅挡块和无铅挡块192Ir源空气比释动能,根据国际原子能机构(IAEA)1079号报告,计算192Ir源散射校正因子.用蒙特卡罗(MC)方法模拟测量条件,计算192Ir源散射校正因子,并与实验结果进行比较验证,同时模拟几种不同电离室型号和房间尺寸,计算并给出不同192Ir源散射校正因子.结果 蒙特卡罗方法模拟192Ir源散射校正因子与实验测得的散射校正因子比较,相对误差为0.8%.利用蒙卡计算得散射校正因子推算出的源活度和用井型电离室测量推算出的源活度相差2.4%.MC模拟IAEA1079号报告中的两种球形电离室计算结果与报告中给出的结果比较,相对误差范围在0.3%～0.4%.模拟5种不同型号指形电离室,不同房间尺寸,相对误差范围在3%之内.结论 用蒙卡方法模拟计算后装192Ir源散射校正因子的方法是可行的,此方法方便了医院用指形电离室进行近距离治疗QA工作的开展.

Abstract：

Objective To facilitate activity measurement by using the thimble ionization chamber in hospitals,to obtain air kerma scatter correction factor of medical afterloading of 192Ir source by developing an available and convenient calculation method.Methods According to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1079 Report to calculate the scatter correction factor of 192 Ir source,to measure air kenna of 192Ir source with and without lead shield using thimble ionization chamber.Simulation measurement conditions were used to calculate scatter correction factor of 192Ir source and comparison was made between experimental results and literature records.At the same time,the different ionization chamber models were simulated at different room sizes to obtain scattering correction factor of 192 Ir source.ResultsComparison was made between the simulation scatter correction factors of 192Ir source and experiment by the shadow shield,and the relative deviation was 0.8%.The deviation of the 192 Ir activity calculated according to the simulated scatter correction factor and measured by well type ionization chamber was 2.4%.By comparison between the calculated results by using two kinds of spherical ionization chamber and those ones deduced by IAEA 1079 Report,the relative deviations ranged within 0.3%-0.4%.Five different types of thimble ionization chamber and different room sizes were simulated and calculated by MC simulation,with the relative deviation within 3%.Conclusions Monte Carlo simulation method for calculating afterloading 192 Ir source's scatter correction factor is feasible,and this method is convenient for use in the thimble chamber for brachytherapy QA work in the hospital.     

MatriXX射野角度剂量响应修正

Objective To characterize angular dependency of MatfiXX and develop a method for its calibration in order to verify treatment plan with original gantry angles.Methods Absolute dose calibration was carried with thimble ionization chamber on the linear accelerator.so as to make sure 1 MU=1 cGy at the depth of maximum dose(dmax).A MatriXX was put into a Mutlicube phantom,and the ionization chamber matrix was calibrated with absolute dose.In order to determine a correction factor CF as a function of gantry angle θ.open beam fields of 10 cm×10 cm size were irradiated for gantry angles θ=0°-180°(every 5°)and every 1°for lateral angles θ in the range of 85°-95°.CF was defined as the ratio of the dose measured with ionization chamber and the dose from MatriXX.Results Relatively large discrepancies in response to posterior VS.anterior fields for MatriXX detectors(up to 10%)were found during the experiment and relatively large variability of response as a function of gantry angle.The pass rate of treatment plan in lateral beams was lower than that of other beams.The isodose distribution of corrected MatriXX matched well with the outcome from the treatment planning system. Conclusions The angular dose dependency of MatriXX must be considered when it is used to verify the treatment plan with original gantry angles.     

测量后装近距离放射治疗192Ir源参考空气比释动能方法学研究

目的 用NE2570剂量仪,2571指形电离室,测量 ¹⁹²Ir源空气比释动能支架,测量1m处 ¹⁹²Ir源参考空气比释动能。 方法将测量支架放在离墙、地面1m处,指形电离室插入有机玻璃测量支架夹具中,源中心距电离室中心的最佳距离是16cm, 源通过后装机的传输系统传输到施源器中,测量源参考空气比释动能。根据 ⁶⁰Co γ射线,250 kVΧ射线空气照射量刻度因子换算为空气比释动能刻度因子,再由内插公式计算 ¹⁹²Ir源空气比释动能刻度因子。对墙、地、空气、测量支架的散射校准因子,通过阴影屏蔽实验得到;对初始光子减弱校准因子;电离室壁产生的电子非均匀校准因子,均由IAEA的1079号报告(近距离放射治疗源的刻度)中查表得到。 结果在相同环境条件下,使用2种测量方法,指形电离室测量 ¹⁹²Ir源空气比释动能,经转换系数计算源外观活度为1.584×10¹¹Bq;井型电离室测量 ¹⁹²Ir源空气比释动能强度,经转换系数计算源外观活度为1.561×10¹¹ Bq,2个结果的相对偏差为 1.4%。结论指形电离室测量源空气比释动能,该物理量与源的结构、尺寸、壳材料、电离室形状、材质和尺寸无关,测量源空气比释动能与源的空气照射量比较,不确定度误差小。     

Reduction of contamination risks during clinical studies with Technegas

During patient studies with the Technegas equipment in our department, we regularly detected small to considerable contaminations of the operator and in the area surrounding the apparatus. These contaminations were found to be of different origin: residual activity in the tubing from the apparatus to the patient which diffuses after deconnection, residual activity and small particles of the destroyed carbon crucible in the apparatus which are dispersed during opening of the door of the gas preparation chamber, leakage at the patient site during studies in uncooperative patients and a dysfunctioning valve inside the apparatus. To reduce the contamination risks, we made some adaptations to the apparatus. In the first place, the dysfunctioning valve was replaced. In addition, a powerful air exhaust pump with an efficient filter was installed. It was connected with (1) a newly installed transparent box in front of the door of the gas preparation chamber, (2) a dome on a flexible arm which can be positioned above the patient’s face during the examination and (3) a nipple on which the mouthpiece can be placed after the study. After these adaptations, a study showed the absence of measurable contamination on the clothing of the personnel handling the apparatus. Occasionally, considerable contamination was still measured on the gloves worn during filling of the carbon boat with generator eluate, but only small contaminations (up to 9.25 kBq) were measured on the mouthmask worn by the operator during administration of the Technegas. This results in a maximum effective dose equivalent fromactivity deposited in the lungs of 0.008 μSv per study. The total body dose of the operator from external radiation for one Technegas examination was determined to be 2 μSv. The highest dose rate was measured during filling of the crucible (0.2 mSv/h). Received 15 May and in revised form 3 June 1999     

Rapid measurement of 210Po in seafood with large area grid ionization chamber α spectrometry

Objective To develop a rapid and reliable method for determination of ²¹⁰Po using large-area grid ionization chamber α spectrometry. Methods Samples were digested using a microwave digestion system. After preparation of sample source, the concentration of ²¹⁰Po in clam was detected by large-area grid ionization chamber (φ 25 cm). ²⁰⁹Po tracer was used to obtain the recovery. Results Large-area grid ionization chamber could achieve better counting and α spectrum resolution when the optimized thickness was 250 μg/cm². By spiking ²⁰⁹Po tracer in clam, the minimum detectable activity was 9.870×10^-4 Bq and the recovery of ²¹⁰Po was 98%. Conclusions Compared with the traditional method, the developed method can avoid separation process, using less quantity of sample (0.2-0.5 g dry) and simplify the measurement process. This method may be has broad application prospects.     

MatriXX射野角度剂量响应修正

目的 对MatriXX探头不同角度剂量响应进行刻度,从而以实际治疗角度对治疗计划进行剂量验证.方法 首先用指形电离室对直线加速器进行绝对剂量校准,使在最大剂量点深度处1 MU=1 cGy.将MatriXX放置在Mutlicbue模体里,并对电离室矩阵进行绝对剂量刻度之后,机架从0°开始每隔5°(在侧野方向间隔1°)对加速器出束测量,记录MatriXX电离室矩阵中心点的剂量.按相同的步骤用电离室测量固体水模体中相同深度处中心点的剂量.电离室测量的剂量和Matrixx测量中心点剂量的二者比值即是MatriXX对不同射野角度的剂量响应修正系数.结果 射野角度剂量响应修正因子随机架角度缓慢的变化,但在侧向角度变化的梯度比较大,从前后到后前方向时,最大变化达10%.治疗计划在侧野方向上的通过率相对其他角度射野要低.MatriXX矩阵经过角度修正后的测量结果的γ通过率相比修正前有较大提高,经过修正后的MatriXX测量结果与计划系统生成的结果在等剂量曲线上吻合很好.结论 如果用MatriXX在不治疗角度不归0位进行治疗计划验证的时候,必须要考虑到角度修正系数,同时将角度修正系数叠加到测量结果再与计划比较的方法也是可行的.

Abstract：

Objective To characterize angular dependency of MatfiXX and develop a method for its calibration in order to verify treatment plan with original gantry angles.Methods Absolute dose calibration was carried with thimble ionization chamber on the linear accelerator.so as to make sure 1 MU=1 cGy at the depth of maximum dose(dmax).A MatriXX was put into a Mutlicube phantom,and the ionization chamber matrix was calibrated with absolute dose.In order to determine a correction factor CF as a function of gantry angle θ.open beam fields of 10 cm×10 cm size were irradiated for gantry angles θ=0°-180°(every 5°)and every 1°for lateral angles θ in the range of 85°-95°.CF was defined as the ratio of the dose measured with ionization chamber and the dose from MatriXX.Results Relatively large discrepancies in response to posterior VS.anterior fields for MatriXX detectors(up to 10%)were found during the experiment and relatively large variability of response as a function of gantry angle.The pass rate of treatment plan in lateral beams was lower than that of other beams.The isodose distribution of corrected MatriXX matched well with the outcome from the treatment planning system. Conclusions The angular dose dependency of MatriXX must be considered when it is used to verify the treatment plan with original gantry angles.     

人的认知可靠性模型在高剂量率后装机卡源应急响应中的应用研究

目的 研究高剂量率(HDR)后装治疗机卡源事件的应急响应操作中的人因可靠性,提出合理可行的安全对策措施,从而提高HDR后装治机的应用安全.方法 采用人的认知可靠性(human cognition reliability,HCR)模型,对HDR后装机卡源应急响应中的10个操作失误类型进行分析,寻找失误原因及其危害,明确允许响应操作的时间窗.通过人员模拟、观摩和记录获取响应操作的执行时间,估算应急响应操作的人因失误概率.结果 获得了HDR后装机卡源响应中,操作人员执行的操作动作、相应的允许时间窗和执行时间以及各个动作的人因失误概率,失误概率为0.04～0.27.结论 基于HCR模型的HDR后装机卡源应急相应中操作人员的人因失误模型是可行的,从而为降低潜在照射事故的发生或减轻事故后果提供重要参考依据.

Abstract：

Objective To put forward reasonable and feasible recommendations aiming at enhancing the application safety of afterloading unit, through studying the human reliability in the emergency response against the source blockage of afterloading unit.Methods Based on the human cognition reliability model, ten operation errors during the emergency response against the source blockage of afterloading unit were analyzed and permissible time widow of emergency response operation were determined.The human error probability was calculated with the execution time of emergency response operation obtained through simulation, observation and recording.Results The operation action, relevant permissible time window and execution time were obtained with the corresponding human error probabilities in the range 0.04 - 0.27.Conclusions The human error model in emergency response against the source blockage of afterloading unit based on HCRmodel is feasible, and provides important reference basis to reduce the occurrence of potential exposure and mitigate the consequence of potential exposure.     

Dosimetric properties of a commercial PTW 60019 synthetic diamond detector in small photon fields

Objective To investigate the dosimetric properties of PTW 60019 synthetic diamond detector in small photon beams. Methods A PTW 60019 synthetic diamond detector was tested under 6 and 10 MV photon beams, respectively. Linearity with dose, dose rate dependence and off-axis ratio were measured and compared to those measured by an IBA SFD. Percentage depth doses were measured and compared to those measured by an IBA SFD and a PTW 31010 semiflex chamber. Total scatter factors were measured and compared to those measured by an IBA SFD and a PTW 31016 PinPoint chamber. Results The dose response of a PTW 60019 synthetic diamond detector showed a good linear behavior as a function of dose, with observed deviations below 0.2% over a dose range from 100 to 1 000 MU. The dose rate response was almost independent, with deviations below 0.2% in the dose rate range from 37 to 614 MU/min. For the fields of 20-100 mm in diameter, there were dose differences in percentage depth doses within 1% as compared to an IBA SFD and a PTW 31010 semiflex chamber. For the 10 mm diameter field, the differences were up to 5.8% in the build-up region. Off-axis ratios measurements showed a good agreement among the involved detectors (<1%). The higher differences appeared in the penumbra region. A good agreement was also found in terms of total scatter factor measurements for the related detectors. Conclusions The observed dosimetric properties of the PTW 60019 synthetic diamond detector indicate that it is a suitable candidate for small photon beam dosimetry.     

踝关节本体感受器损伤与慢性踝关节不稳定关系的初步研究

Objective To analyze the effect of ankle joint proprioceptor injury on the functional ankle instability. Methods The study enrolled 18 ( 13 males) with chronic ankle instability treated with ligament reconstruction operation. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons (AOFAS)score was used for evaluation of the function before and after operation and the balance system evaluate the proprioception function. The two ankle ligament specimens from fresh frozen body and the tissue samples from operation were used for investigation of the structure and distribution of the sensory corpuscles by using histology and immunohistoehemical staining. Results The sections were evaluated with a microscope and an image analyzer. Labeled nerve endings were mapped, measured and categorized. Type Ⅰ ( Ruffini-like ending) , type Ⅱ ( Pacinin-like corpuscle ) and type Ⅳ- (noncorpuscular) nerve endings could be identified in all the lateral ankle ligaments, with majority of types Ⅰ and Ⅱ nerve endings.These receptors were distributed primarily over the superficial ligament and near the bony attachments.There was statistical difference between preoperative and postoperative sway distance as well as between preoperative and postoperative AOFAS score. Conclusions This study suggests that the longer history,severer symptoms and lower AOFAS score may lead to the severer injury of the mechanical proprioceptors.The proprioceptor injury is correlated with ankle joint instability and the ligament reconstruction is effective to avoid the repeated injury of the proprioceptor.     

富氧吸入对大鼠模拟急性高原肺水肿的防护作用

Objective To investigate the protective effects of oxygen enrichment inhalation on preventing acute high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) of rats and compare the effects of various oxygen inhalations. Methods Forty-four male Wistar rats were randomly and averagely divided into control, hypoxia, fulltime oxygen enrichment and nocturnal oxygen enrichment groups. Rats with various inhalations were exposed to simulated 6000 m in hypobaric chamber for 48 h except control group..The wet to dry ratio (W/D), protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF),nitric oxide (NO) content and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in serum and lung homogenate were measured, and lung histological change was determined. Results Comparing with control group, hypoxia group showed significantly increased W/D, BALF protein concentration and decreased NO level and NOS activity (P＜0.01). Interstitial pulmonary edema, haemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration were found in hypoxia group. W/D and BALF protein concentration both in fulltime oxygen enrichment and nocturnal oxygen enrichment groups were decreased compared with those in hypoxia group (P＜0. 05), while the level of NO and the activity of NOS were increased (P＜0. 01).Conclusions Oxygen enrichment inhalation has the protective effects on preventing HAPE by improving NO level and NOS activity. There is no significant different protective effect between fulltime oxygen enrichment and nocturnal oxygen enrichment groups.     

Dosimetric consideration of individual 125I source strength measurement and a large-scale comparison of that measured with a nominal value in permanent prostate implant brachytherapy

Purpose We investigated the difference between measured and manufacturer's nominal source strength in a large sample of a single model of ¹²⁵I seeds. Physical characteristics of single seed measurement by the well-type ionization chamber were also investigated to provide dosimetric data. Materials and methods A well-type ionization chamber with a single seed holder was used to measure source strength of all 1935 ¹²⁵I seeds implanted in the initial 28 patients in our hospital. Physical characteristics including linearity of readings for different integral time intervals, reproducibility, isotropy, and axial positional sensitivity were assessed. To calculate the source strength, the integral charge during 30 s was measured and converted to air kerma strength. The nominal activity stated by the manufacturer was compared with the measured value. Results Linearity, reproducibility, and isotropy of the well-type ionization chamber were within 0.2%. Measured source strength was on average 2.1% (range −7.6% to +7.2%), lower than the nominal value. Standard deviation of all measured seeds was 2.0%. The maximum difference between the measured and the manufacturer's nominal source strength in each patient was −3.7%. The standard deviation averaged 1.6%. Conclusion The nominal source strength of the ¹²⁵I seeds agreed well with the measured value. Our study can be helpful as guidance for individual ¹²⁵I seed source strength measurement.     

免冲洗胶片法测量后装机192Ir放射源到位精度及步进距离精度

目的 研究使用免冲洗胶片测量后装机¹⁹²Ir放射源到位精度及步进距离精度的方法。方法 使用GAFCHROMIC^® EBT³型免冲洗胶片对1台国产后装机¹⁹²Ir放射源到位精度及步进距离精度进行测量。曝光后的胶片使用EPSON PREFACTION V700 PHOTO胶片扫描仪扫描成胶片分析软件要求的图像格式,然后用SNC Patient 5.2软件中的胶片分析软件对图像进行分析。 结果 以源活性中心为基准点,该后装机使用胶片法测量的¹⁹²Ir放射源到位精度为-0.75 mm。免冲洗胶片分析方法能够分辨2个驻留点间5 mm的步进距离精度,不能够分辨2个驻留点间2.5 mm的步进距离精度;2.5 mm步进距离精度可通过测量3个连续驻留点第1点和第3点间距离是否为5 mm的方法进行间接判断。该后装机使用胶片法测量的连续9个驻留点间的5 mm步进距离无偏差;2.5 mm步进距离精度间接判断结果无偏差。使用胶片法测量的后装机¹⁹²Ir放射源到位精度符合国家标准要求。结论 免冲洗胶片方法可以用于后装机¹⁹²Ir放射源到位精度及步进距离精度的测量。     

瓦里安高剂量率铱源剂量学参数的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

目的 采用美国医学物理师学会（AAPM）和欧洲放射治疗和肿瘤学会（ESTRO）推荐的蒙特卡罗方法对瓦里安GammaMed Plus HDR ¹⁹²Ir源的剂量学参数进行模拟研究。方法 基于EGSnrc蒙特卡罗软件,建立该型号¹⁹²Ir源精确的计算模型。采用公式推导、双线性插值及单位转换等方法,分别得到了单位活度空气比释动能强度、剂量率常数、径向剂量函数以及各向异性函数,并将结果与文献报道数据进行分析比较。结果 研究得到的单位活度空气比释动能强度为9.781×10^-8 U/Bq,剂量率参数为1.113 cGy·h^-1·U^-1,与文献报道的相差在0.4%以内。本研究的径向剂量函数、各向异性函数与文献数据能较好吻合。结论 基于EGSnrc蒙特卡罗软件能对¹⁹²Ir源剂量学特性进行定量研究,这将为进一步研究后装剂量分布,精确评价临床放疗剂量提供理论依据。     

192Ir γ射线球形石墨空腔电离室室壁修正系数的模拟计算

目的 研究¹⁹²Ir放射源参考空气比释动能率基准电离室(NIM-Ir-SG-100型)的室壁修正系数。方法 利用蒙特卡罗程序计算经过放射源包壳和辐照器模型的光子光谱和电离室室壁修正系数,并对影响室壁修正系数结果的光子能量、壁厚和电离室内径进行了模拟。结果 经计算,球形石墨空腔电离室室壁修正系数模拟结果为1.037 7。控制单一变量,光子能量(0.3~1.3) MeV、壁厚(0.2~0.5) cm、电离室内径(0.5~15) cm对室壁修正系数结果的最大偏差分别为1.62%、3.30%、2.86%。结论 自制球形石墨空腔电离室性能良好,室壁修正系数k_wall值在合理范围内。室壁修正系数的完成为测量¹⁹²Ir放射源的参考空气比释动能率,建立计量基准完成重要的一步。     

Calibration coefficient of reference brachytherapy ionization chamber using analytical and Monte Carlo methods

A cylindrical graphite ionization chamber of sensitive volume 1002.4 cm³ was designed and fabricated at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for use as a reference dosimeter to measure the strength of high dose rate (HDR) ¹⁹²Ir brachytherapy sources. The air kerma calibration coefficient (N_K) of this ionization chamber was estimated analytically using Burlin general cavity theory and by the Monte Carlo method. In the analytical method, calibration coefficients were calculated for each spectral line of an HDR ¹⁹²Ir source and the weighted mean was taken as N_K. In the Monte Carlo method, the geometry of the measurement setup and physics related input data of the HDR ¹⁹²Ir source and the surrounding material were simulated using the Monte Carlo N-particle code. The total photon energy fluence was used to arrive at the reference air kerma rate (RAKR) using mass energy absorption coefficients. The energy deposition rates were used to simulate the value of charge rate in the ionization chamber and N_K was determined. The Monte Carlo calculated N_K agreed within 1.77 % of that obtained using the analytical method. The experimentally determined RAKR of HDR ¹⁹²Ir sources, using this reference ionization chamber by applying the analytically estimated N_K, was found to be in agreement with the vendor quoted RAKR within 1.43%.     

Calibration of a Microselectron HDR iridium 192 source

A method for the calibration of the output, in terms of an air kerma rate, of the high activity miniature iridium 192 sources used in the Microselectron HDR afterloading unit is described. An air kerma rate is measured using a calibrated thimble chamber in an "in-air" calibration jig. The results are compared with an air kerma rate derived from the manufacturer's test certificate. In some cases, the ionization chamber measurements have been followed by a further calibration check using thermoluminescent dosimetry. Other checks carried out when a new source is received are also briefly described.     

HDR brachytherapy well chamber calibration and stability evaluated over twenty years of clinical use

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to establish, using a retrospective analysis of existing hospital records, the long-term stability and accuracy of a high-dose-rate brachytherapy well chamber. This should be assessed to determine reliability and appropriate calibration frequency. The accrual of long-term data that demonstrates the stability of our chamber may inform others of the performance they might expect from similar equipment.Methods and MaterialsWe evaluated air kerma strength measurements made with the PTW 32002 (Nucletron 077.091) high-dose-rate well chamber on 72 ¹⁹²Ir sources over an 18-year period and the seven calibrations of that chamber which span a 27-year period.ResultsConsecutive air kerma strength measurements agreed within 0.01% on average. The chamber measurement agreed with the source specification within 0.02% on average, but was up to 1.4% during some calibration periods. The chamber calibration coefficient varied by a maximum of 5% over seven chamber calibration measurements.ConclusionsThe constancy of the well chamber current compared with the source manufacturer suggests that our chamber has been stable to better than 2% over a period of 18 years. Although the chamber has received different calibration coefficients over time, these coefficients are within the combined uncertainties of any two calibrations and are consistent with the chamber being stable. The agreement we have observed between clinical measurements and the source manufacturer would justify an action level for further investigation of 1%, for this specific chamber.     

测量近距离治疗源活度的井型电离室研制

目的研制井型电离室,测量近距离源空气比释动能强度,与国际标准测量物理量接轨,改善源活度的测量精确度,促进国内近距离剂量学的发展。方法吸取国外先进经验,结合本国国情,设计方案,绘制图纸,对井型电离室所有材料进行筛选,加工,组装,并开展性能实验。结果用国外进口的井型电离室和研制的井型电离室在相同条件下比对,结果:井型电离室长期稳定性为0.4%,技术指标为2%;电离电荷复合率为0.9995,技术指标0.9996;井型电离室重复性为0.02%,技术指标为0.5%。井型电离室的最佳驻留位置在平坦峰值区范围内灵敏度固定没有变化,进口井型电离室的最佳驻留位置在平坦峰值5mm范围内灵敏度变化为0.1%。结论该电离室优点:测量快速准确,同时可以测量192Ir,125I和103Pd等放射源活度。测量范围从3.7MBq～7.4×105MBq。该井型电离室将填补我国现场检测仪器的空白,并能形成我国有自主知识产权的产品。