视神经脊髓炎脑部异常的MRI表现及相关危险因素分析

目的 分析视神经脊髓炎(NMO)脑部异常的MRI表现及特征,探讨脑内病灶发生的相关危险因素.方法 对符合2006年Wingerchuk诊断标准的54例NMO患者行脑部MR检查,分析脑部MRI异常患者病灶的分布及信号特点.采用Logistic回归分析评估脑内病灶发生的相关危险因素.结果 54例NMO患者脑部MRI正常24例(44.4%),MRI表现异常30例(55.6%),以多发的皮层下和皮髓质交界区白质小病灶最常见(13/30,43.3%).典型的NMO脑内病灶位于胼胝体、脑室室管膜下、下丘脑及脑干等部位,表现为斑点、斑片及线状异常信号.16例脑部增强检查均未见异常强化病灶.Logistic回归分析显示病程以及合并自身免疫病或前驱感染史与脑部MRI异常有关联(OR=3.519,P＜0.05).结论 NMO患者脑部MRI出现异常信号较常见并有较特异的好发部位.合并系统性自身免疫病或有前驱感染史的NMO患者容易出现脑部MRI异常.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the MRI features of the brain in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and to evaluate the correlation between the brain abnormalities and related risk factors.Methods Fifty-four patients with definite NMO according to 2006 Wingerchuk diagnosis criteria were enrolled in this study. MRI scanning of the brain was performed in these patients. Distribution and signalfeatures of all the lesions were analyzed. A Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors of brain abnormalities. Results Twenty-four NMO patients (44. 4%) showed unremarkable findings and thirty (55.6%) showed abnormalities on brain MRI. Multiple and non-specific small lesions in the subcortical white matter and grey-white matter junction were the most frequent abnormalities on brain MRI (13/30, 43. 3%). Typical lesion locations included corpus callosum, subependyma of ventricles,hypothalamus and brain stem. The lesions showed punctate, patchy and linear abnormal signals. Postcontrast MRI showed no abnormal enhancement in 16 cases. Logistic regression analysis showed that coexisting anto-immune disease or infection history had correlations with abnormalities of the brain on MRI (OR=3.519,P ＜0.05). Conclusions There was a high incidence of brain abnormalities in NMO.Subependymal white matter, corpus callosum, hypothalamus and brain stem were often involved in NMO.NMO patients with coexisting anto-immune disease and infection history had higher risk of brain abnormalities.     

骨原发性淋巴瘤影像分析

目的 分析原发性骨淋巴瘤(PLB)及"浮冰征"的影像表现和病理基础.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实且临床资料齐全的41例PLB患者的临床与影像特征.41例全部行X线检查,20例行CT检查,12例行MR检查(3例同时行增强扫描).结果 41例PLB中位于扁骨12例,脊柱8例,长骨17例,其他不规则骨4例.发病最多的部位是股骨(10例,24.4%),其次为髂骨(8例,19.5%).长骨病变位于骨干干骺处者11例.41例中无骨膜反应者37例(90.2%).CT显示骨质破坏轻微而出现软组织肿块者12例,伴有明显软组织肿块者9例,出现"浮冰征"者4例.12例MR检查结果中,10例显示软组织肿块,MRI显示病变范围全部大于CT所显示病变范围,其中1例MRI显示大范围骨质异常,但平片及CT显示骨质破坏不明显.结论 (1)骨质破坏轻而软组织肿块明显,或MRI显示骨质异常范围明显超过平片及CT所见,或MRI显示骨质异常而平片及CT显示骨质破坏较轻或未见明显骨质破坏者提示PLB.(2)"浮冰征"是PLB较为特殊的一种征象,其出现对淋巴瘤的诊断具有一定提示意义.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the imaging features of primary lymphoma of the bone,and discuss the special feature of the "floating ice sign". Methods Forty-one cases of primary lymphoma of the bone in our unit from 1963.1-2009.6 were retrospectively studied. All 41 patients underwent X-ray examination, and 20 patients underwent CT examination, 12 patients underwent MR examination (3 cases simultaneously with enhancement).Results Involvement of the flat bone was seen in 12 cases. Vertebral column was affected in 8 cases, and 17 cases showed lesions in long bones and irregular bones were involved in 4 cases. The most common location was the femur(10, 24.4%), followed by the ilium(8, 19.5%). Lesions were found in the metaphyses of the long bone in 11 cases (64.7%). "Floating ice sign" was showed in the calcaneus of 2 patients and in the lumbar vertebra of 2 cases respectively, accounted for 9.8% of all cases. Slight bone destruction with soft tissue mass on CT image could be found in 12 cases, while obvious soft tissue mass was found in 9 cases. No periosteal reaction was found in 37 cases (90.2%). MRI examinations of 12 patients revealed soft tissue mass in 10 patients, and the extent of the lesion was larger in MR than CT. One case showed extensive bone destruction on MR but inconspicuous bone destruction on X-ray plain film and CT scan. Conclusion Slight bone destruction with conspicuous soft tissue mass, conspicuous bone destruction on MR but slight or inconspicuous bone destruction on X-ray film and CT,could strongly imply the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the bone. "Floating ice sign" was a special imaging feature of primary lymphoma of the bone, which could be used as a clue for the diagnosis of lymphoma.     

Contrast ultrasound in hepatocellular carcinoma at a tertiary liver center: First Indian experience

AIM: To assess the role of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the first Indian tertiary liver center. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examinations over 24 mo for diagnosis, surveillance, characterization and follow up of 50 patients in the context of HCC was performed. The source and indication of referrals, change in referral rate, accuracy and usefulness of CEUS in a tertiary liver center equipped with a 64 slice dual energy computer tomography (CT) and 3 tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were studied. Sonovue (BR1, Bracco, Italy, a second generation contrast agent) was used for contrast US studies. Contrast enhanced CT/MRI or both were performed in all patients. The findings were taken as a baseline reference and correlation was done with respect to contrast US. Contrast enhanced MRI was performed using hepatocyte specific gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA). Iomeron (400 mg; w/v) was used for dynamic CT examinations. RESULTS: About 20 (40%) of the examinations were referred from clinicians for characterization of a mass from previous imaging. About 15 (30%) were performed for surveillance in chronic liver disease; 5 (10%) examinations were performed for monitoring lesions after radiofrequency ablation (RFA); 3 (6%) were post trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) assessments and 3 (6%) were patients with h/o iodinated contrast allergy. About 2(4%) were performed on hemodynamically unstable patients in the intensive care with raised alpha fetoprotein and 2(4%) patients were claustrophobic. The number of patients referred from clinicians steadily increased from 12 in the first 12 mo of the study to 38 in the last 12 mo. CEUS was able to diagnose 88% of positive cases of HCC as per reference standards. In the surveillance group, specificity was 53.3% vs 100% by CT/MRI. Post RFA and TACE specificity of lesion characterization by CEUS was 100% in single/large mass assessment, similar to CT/MRI. For non HCC lesions such as regenerative and dysplastic nodules, the specificity was 50% vs 90% by CT/MRI. The positive role of CEUS in imaging spectrum of HCC included a provisional urgent diagnosis of an incidentally detected mass. It further led to a decrease in time for further management. A confident diagnosis on CEUS was possible in cases of characterization of an indeterminate mass, in situations where the patient was unfit for CT/MRI, was allergic to iodinated contrast or had claustrophobia, etc.CEUS was also cost effective, radiation free and an easy modality for monitoring post RFA or TACE lesions. CONCLUSION: CEUS is a valuable augmentation to the practice of ultrasonography, and an irreplaceable modality for confounding cases and interpretation of indeterminate lesions in imaging of HCC.     

急性粟粒性肺结核的CT及病理对照研究

目的 探讨急性粟粒性肺结核(AMPT)的CT表现特征及病理基础.方法 回顾性分析25例AMPT的CT表现,并对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性和阴性组各种CT征象的发生率行双侧确切概率法χ2检验.HIV阴性组2例尸检全肺标本行冠状面HRCT扫描,并切割成10 mm厚度肺标本薄片,选取结节丰富区制作冠状面大切片(80～150 μm)和5 μm组织切片,将CT与病理所见进行对照观察;对其中1例HRCT和病理显示微结节在肺小叶的分布行x2检验.结果 25例AMPT患者中HIV 阳性11例,阴性14例.HRCT扫描发现所有AMPT患者两肺均随机分布着弥漫微结节,磨玻璃密度(GGO,17例)是主要的伴发征象.结节融合、肺实变仅出现在HIV阳性患者中(分别为5和6例),阴性患者无一例.分析2例尸检病例,结节以小叶中心与小叶周边之间肺组织分布最多(分别为792和560个),病理证实位于肺泡间隔;其中1例HRCT显示结节在肺小叶内的分布(1060个微结节)与病理所见(864个结节)差异无统计学意义(x2=2.814,P＞0.05).AMPT合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)于HRCT上表现为弥漫GGO,病理基础为肺水肿、炎症及肺泡透明膜.结论 AMPT的CT表现有一定特征,呈血行分布结节;肺内出现弥漫GGO需警惕合并ARDS.

Abstract：

Objective To elucidate the CT characteristics and pathology of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis (AMPT). Methods The CT features of AMPT in 25 cases were analyzed retrospectively, and the CT features in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive patients were compared by 2-sided exact propability Chi-square test. Two lung specimens were inflated and fixed by Heitzman's method. HRCT scans, gross specimen section (80-150 μm) and histologic section (5 μm) were performed on dry lung specimens and CT-pathologic correlation was conducted. The distribution of micronodules in the secondary lobule on HRCT and pathology in one specimen was evaluated by Chi-square test. Results Twenty five patients with AMPT were included in this study, including 11 HIV-seropositive patients and 14 HIV-seronegative patients. HRCT showed diffuse micronodules randomly distributed throughout both lungs in 25 patients, and ground-glass opacity (17 patients)was the predominant complicated finding. Coalescence of nodules and consolidation in HIV-seropositive patients (5 and 6 patients) were markedly higher than that in HIV-seronegative patients (none). In lung specimens, most nodules located in the lung parenchyma between the central bronchovascular bundle and the perilobular structures (792 and 560 nodules), which located in the interlobular septum pathologically. The distribution of micronodules in the secondary lobule showed on HRCT (1060 nodules)and pathology(864 nodules) was not significantly difference(x2=2.814,P＞0.05). HRCT showed ground-glass opacities when ARDS occured, which were pulmonary edema,inflammation and hyaline membrane on alveolar wall pathologically. Conclusions The HRCT characteristic of nodule distribution in AMPT is random. ARDS should be suspected when diffuse ground-glass opacities appear on HRCT.     

Chest radiographic and computed tomographic manifestations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

AIM:To investigate the chest radiographic and high resolution computed tomography(HRCT)chest manifestations in glucocorticoid-naive allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA)patients.METHODS:This is a prospective observational study and includes 60 consecutive glucocorticoid-naive patients with ABPA who underwent chest radiography and HRCT of the chest(1.25 mm every 10 mm)in the routine diagnostic workup for ABPA.RESULTS:Chest radiographs were normal in 50%of cases.Of the remainder,most patients demonstrated permanent findings in the form of parallel line and ring shadows suggesting bronchiectasis.Consolidation was detected in 17 cases but in the majority,the corresponding HRCT chest scan showed mucus-filled bronchiectatic cavities.Chest HRCT was normal in 22 patients,while central bronchiectasis(CB)was demonstrated in the remaining 38 patients.Bronchiectasis extended to the periphery in 33%-43%depending on the criteria used for defining CB.The other findings observed on HRCT were mucoid impaction,centrilobular nodules and high-attenuation mucus in decreasing order of frequency.CONCLUSION:Patients with ABPA can present with normal HRCT chest scans.Central bronchiectasis cannot be considered a characteristic feature of ABPA as peripheral bronchiectasis is commonly observed.Consolidation is an uncommon finding in ABPA.     

Routine chest radiographs after central line insertion: Mandatory postprocedural evaluation or unnecessary waste of resources?

Purpose: To study the cost and impact on patient management of the routine performance of chest radiographs in patients undergoing imaged-guided central venous catheter insertion. Methods: Six hundred and twenty-one catheters placed in 489 patients over a 42-month period formed the study group. Catheters were placed in the right internal jugular vein (425), left internal jugular vein (133), and subclavian veins (63). At the end of the procedure fluoroscopy was used to assess catheter position and check for complications. A postprocedural chest radiograph was obtained in all patients. Results: Postprocedural chest fluoroscopy showed no evidence of pneumothorax, hemothorax, or mediastinal hematoma. Inappropriate catheter tip position or catheter kinks were noted with 90 catheters. These problems were all corrected while the patient was on the interventional table. Postprocedural chest radiographs showed no complications but proximal catheter tip migration was noted in six of 621 catheters (1%). These latter six catheters required further manipulation. The total technical and related charges for the postprocedural chest radiographs in this series were estimated at ￡15,525. Conclusion: Postprocedural chest radiographs after image-guided central venous catheter insertion are not routinely required. A postprocedural chest radiograph can be performed on a case-by-case basis at the discretion of the interventional radiologist.     

Imaging investigation of pancreatic cystic lesions and proposal for therapeutic guidelines

AIM:To propose a diagnostic algorithm for preoperatively predicting the need for surgical intervention.METHODS:The study included 56 patients(27 men and 29 women) with a final diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions.The following materials were used:ultrasonic equipment with 3.5 and 7 MHz linear,convex and biopsical transducers.Multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) investigations were performed using a 16-slice scanner.Images were obtained following the oral administration of 200 mL water and 100 mL intravenous iopamidol(300 mg/mL) administered by pump injector at a rate of 3 mL/s(40 and 60 s post-injection,respectively) using 0.5 mm detectors,reconstructed at 1 mm(pancreatic phase) or 2 mm(portal venous phase) increments.The table feed was 10 mm per rotation.Images were acquired in the pancreatic and portal venous phases of contrast enhancement.The "Chiba" needles 18,20,22,23 G and an automatic aspiration system were used in conjunction with the followingmethods of guiding the interventional procedures:(1) "free-hand" biopsy and puncture method under ultrasound(US) or computed tomography(CT) control;(2) guiding method using biopsical transducer.RESULTS:All 56 patients in this study underwent at least two cuts imaging survey methods,such as US,CT or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).The most common preoperative diagnostic examination was US scan-56 patients(100%).MDCT studies were conducted in 49(87.50%) and MRI in 13(23.21%).More than half of patients surveyed(37) underwent some type of interventional procedure:25-fine-needle aspiration and 29-fine needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB),as part of the examination.Thirty-four patients of all 56 patients underwent surgery because of histological evidence of malignancy after the FNAB for cystic lesions of the pancreas.Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was the most common operative approach in 13 patients,followed by Whipple resection in 11 and distal pancreatectomy without splenectomy in 7.Three patients were treated with total pancreatectomy due to the presence of a multifocal mucinous neoplasm.Comparing the diagnostic results of US examination with those of MDCT examination and histological verification true positive results were found in 31 patients,true negative in 11 patients,false positive in 5 and false negative in 9 patients.Accordingly we estimated the power of the diagnostic imaging methods for cystic lesions of the pancreas.A specificity of 68.75%,sensitivity of 79.48%,accuracy of 75.00%,positive predictive value of 86.11% and negative predictive value of 55% were obtained.The power increased after applying invasive procedures with immunohistochemical analysis of CEA and P-53(Fig.4).In 15 patients with cytological feature of malignant tumour cells,the tumour markers were positive.In our opinion the higher the percentage of reacting cells the higher the percent of malignancy.In patients with clear symptoms and/or clear imaging features of malignant or premalignant cystic neoplasm,the need for surgery was confirmed by histological verification in 34(60.71%) of cases.CONCLUSION:By using the proposed algorithm,cystic mucinous tumors of the pancreas were detected and proper operative interventions would have been rendered with fewer diagnostic examinations.     

Transcranial Doppler screening in sickle cell disease: The implications of using peak systolic criteria

AIM: To compare time average maximum mean velocity(TAMV) and peak systolic velocity(PSV) criteria of Trans Cranial Doppler(TCD) in their ability to predict abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)/magnetic resonance angiogram(MRA) in patients with sickle cell disease. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was performed of the outcomes in all patients with a Transcranial Doppler examination at our institution since the implementation of the hospital picture archiving and communication system(PACS) system in January 2003 through December 2012. All ultrasound imaging exams were performed by the same technologist with a 3 MHz transducer. Inclusion criteria was based upon the Transcranial Doppler procedure code in our PACS which had an indication of sickle cell disease in the history. The patient’s age and gender along with the vessel with the highest time averaged mean velocity as well as the highest peak systolic velocity was recorded for analysis. A subset of the study cohort also had subsequent MR imaging and Angiograms performed within 6 mo of the TCD examination. MRI results were categorized as having a disease related abnormality(vessel narrowing, collateral formation/moya-moya, or abnormal fluid attenuation inversion recovery signal in parenchyma indicative of prior stroke) or normal. The MRI results formed the comparison standards for TCD exams in evaluating intracranial injury. Sensitivity and specificity for the two TCD criteria(TAMV and PSV) were calculated to determine which could be a better predictor for intracranial vasculopathy /clinically occult strokes.RESULTS: The study cohort for our institution was 110patients with a total of 291 TCD examinations. These patients had a mean age of 7.6 years with a range from 2-18 years of age. Sixty-two of the 110 patients(56%) had two or more TCD exams. Thirty-seven patients(34%) had at least one MRI following a TCD examination. Of the 291 TCD examinations, 46(16%) were conditional or abnormal by TAMV criteria. One hundred and sixteen(40%) were conditional or abnormal by PSV criteria. All studies that were abnormal by TAMV were also abnormal by PSV criteria. Seventy of the 116(60%) studies which were conditional or abnormal by peak systolic criteria would not have been identified by time averaged mean maximum velocity criteria. The most frequent location of highest velocity measurement was noted to be in the middle cerebral artery regardless of whether it was measured by PSV or TAMV. From the 37 patients having one or more MRIs, 43 MRI exams were performed within 6 mo of a TCD examination. Twenty two(51%) MRIs had a disease related abnormality reported. When evaluating conditional or abnormal exams by PSV criteria against follow-up MRI/MRA, the sensitivity was 73% [16/(16 + 6)] and specificity was 81% [17/(4 + 17)]. When evaluating conditional or abnormal exams by TAMV criteria by follow-up MRI/MRA as the gold standard, the sensitivity was 41% [9/(9 + 13)] and the specificity was 100% [21/(21 + 0)]. In using conditional or abnormal criteria from PSV and TAMV to predict abnormalities on followup MRI/MR Angiogram, PSV was more sensitive(73% vs 41%) while TAMV was more specific(100% vs 81%). CONCLUSION: Based on the data obtained at our institution and using the assumption that the best screening test is the one with the highest sensitivity, the peak systolic velocity could be the measurement of choice for TCD screening.     

Value of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography for the assessment of ascites syndrome

AIM:To assess the feasibility of performing acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI) elastography in patients with ascites and its predictive value for the cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic etiology of ascites.METHODS:Our study included 153 patients with ascites,mean age 58.8 ± 13.1 years.One hundred and fifteen(75.2%) patients had ascites in the context of cirrhosis,29(18.9%) had non-cirrhotic ascites(diagnosed by clinical,ultrasound,endoscopic and/or laparoscopic criteria) and in 9(5.9%) cases we could not establish the etiology of ascites.We performed 10 ARFI measurements and the median value was calculated and expressed in meters/second(m/s).Among the 29 patients with non-cirrhotic ascites were included:20 laparoscopically demonstrated peritoneal carcinomatosis with histological confirmation,7 acute pancreatitis with ascites which later resolved,and one case each of lymphatic ascites and ascites in the context of a liver abscess.In 11 of the 20 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis,the liver structure was homogenous in the ultrasound examination and in 9 patients the ultrasound exam revealed liver metastases.RESULTS:We could not obtain valid ARFI measurements in 5 patients(3.2%).The mean liver stiffness measurements by means of ARFI were statistically significantly higher in patients with cirrhotic ascites than in those with non-cirrhotic ascites:3.04 ± 0.70 vs 1.45 ± 0.59 m/s(P < 0.001).For a cut-off value of 1.8 m/s for predicting cirrhosis(and ascites in the context of cirrhosis),as obtained in a previous study,ARFI had 98.1% sensitivity,86.2% specificity,96.4% positive predictive value,92.5% negative predictive value and 95.6% accuracy for predicting cirrhotic ascites.For a cut-off value of 1.9 m/s the accuracy was 94.9% and for a 2 m/s cut-off value it was 92.8%.CONCLUSION:ARFI elastography is feasible in most patients with ascites and has a very good predictive value for the cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic etiology of ascites.     

99Tcm-MDP SPECT结合定位CT评价鼻咽癌颅底骨侵犯

Objective Whole body planar bone imaging(WBI)could not accurately evaluate skull base bone involvement(SBBI)due to complex structure of the nasopharynx.The purpose of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the role of SPECT combined localizable CT for diagnosing SBBI of nasopharyngeal cancer(NPC).Methods Forty-four patients with NPC underwent the skull 99Tcm-methylene diphosphonate (MDP)SPECT combined localizable CT,WBI and MRI within a week.Ten patients with non NPC were controls.The region of interest(ROI)of the suspected SBBI(L)was drawn and the same ROI was copied to the upper cervical vertebrae C1 to C3(S)on the 99Tcm-MDP sagittal SPECT imping.The uptake ratio of L and S(L/S)was calculated and the L/S＞1 indicated SBBI.Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric test(Chi-Square test)or Fisher test.Results (1)There was no increased tracer uptake at the SBB in all controls with L/S=0.66±0.13.(2)Using MRI as the"gold standard",the sensitivity.specificity and accuracy of SPECT combined localizable CT in diagnosing SBBI were 83.3%(20/24),80.0%(16/20)and 81.8%(36/44)respectively,whichwere higber than those of WBI and SPECT alone.whose sensitivity.specificity and accuracy were 70.8%(17/24),70.O%(14/20).70.4%(31/44)and 77.3%(17/22),72.7%(16/22),75.0%(33/44),respectively,but the difference was not significant (X2=2.00,P=0.37).SPECT combined localizable CT correlated well with MRI[X2=17.65.coefficient of contingency(CC)=0.535,P＜0.05 ].(3)There was close correlation between the SBBI and headache since the occurrence rates of the SBBI in headache and non headache groups were 92.9%(13/14)and 36.7%(11/30).respectively,X2=12.16,P＜0.05.However,the differentiation of squanlous cell carcinoma(SCC)did not correlate with SBBI since the occurrence rates of the SBBI in differentiated and non differentiated SCC were 50.O%(19/38)and 83.3%(5/6),respectively,X2=2.69,P=0.19.(4)SPECT combined localizable CT could provide anatomical information,and detect bone destruction in some cases.Conclusion SPECT combined localizable CT bone imaging was an effective method for detecting SBBI of NPC.     

乙状窦沟异常致搏动性耳鸣的影像分析

目的 探讨因乙状窦沟异常引起搏动性耳鸣的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析乙状窦沟异常引起搏动性耳鸣的患者15例.均为女性,年龄24～63岁,中位年龄45岁,持续性耳鸣0.5～36.0年,中位持续时间2.0年,其中左侧5例,右侧10例;15例均行颞骨HRCT检查,其中12例行CT脑动脉和(或)脑静脉成像(脑血管CTA/CTV),9例行全脑DSA检查,9例行乙状窦壁骨壁重建术,其中左侧2例,右侧7例.应用配对秩和检验对耳鸣侧和非耳鸣侧乙状窦沟的截面积大小进行比较.结果 15例均有单侧乙状窦沟骨壁局部骨质缺损,其中11例发生于前壁,4例发生于前外侧壁,表现为局部骨质缺损.10例乙状窦部分突人乳突蜂房,形成憩室.9例行乙状窦沟骨壁重建术后耳鸣均消失.耳鸣侧乙状窦沟截面积为100.6(41.5～96.2)mm~2,非耳鸣侧为77.0(92.1～122.4)mm~2,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.158,P=0.031).结论 乙状窦沟局部骨质缺损和乙状窦憩室形成是形成搏动性耳鸣的原因之一,影像检查可以明确诊断.     

Computed tomographic evaluation of surgically significant vascular variations related with the temporal bone

Variations of the vascular structures related with the temporal bone may cause important problems in diagnosis, treatment planning and surgery. High resolution computed tomography (CT) scans of 700 temporal bones of 350 patients were retrospectively examined for the incidence of dehiscent jugular bulb, high jugular bulb, diverticulum of jugular bulb, anteriorly located sigmoid sinus and dehiscent internal carotid artery. Dehiscent jugular bulb was seen in 27 (3.9%), high jugular bulb was seen in 142 (20.3%), jugular bulb diverticulum was seen in 55 cases (7.9%). The average distance between external acoustic canal and sigmoid sinus was found to be 13.3 mm and in 12.4% of the cases this distance was < 10 mm. Of 700 temporal bones, 10 (1.4%) showed dehiscent carotid canal. To aid diagnosis, treatment planning and surgery, CT scanning is currently a very reliable tool in determining these conditions. Special attention should be paid to the position of the vascular structures in the preoperative temporal bone CT scans.     

Vascular anomalies, sutures and small canals of the temporal bone on axial CT

PURPOSE: Subtle bony structures, small canals and fine sutures cause sometimes problems in the analysis of CTs of the temporal bone. The aim of this study was: to analyze the visibility of subtle structures and to estimate the incidence of vascular anomalies. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed axial scans of 223 high-resolution CTs of the temporal bone obtained as single slice or spiral CT with 1mm slice thickness. All CTs had clinical indications. Two experienced radiologists studied CTs regarding the visibility of the fine sutures, fissures and small canals and the occurrence of vascular anomalies. RESULTS: The following structures were seen commonly: sphenosquamosal suture (76%), arcuate artery canal (93%), vestibular aqueduct (89%), mastoid emissary vein (82%), singular canal (56%). Not so commonly were observed: tympanosquamosal suture (31%), mastoid canaliculus (28%), lateral sigmoid sinus (28%), petrotympanic fissure (24%), tympanomastoid suture (10%). Seldom we identified: the inferior tympanic canaliculus (6%), high jugular bulb (6%), anterior sigmoid sinus (5%), dehiscent internal carotid artery canal (2%), persistent petrosquamosal sinus (1%), dehiscent jugular bulb (1%). Persistent stapedial artery, aberrant internal carotid artery, dehiscent jugular bulb, high jugular bulb with diverticulum, anterior and dehiscent sigmoid sinus were detected in below 1% of the analyzed temporal bones. The frequency of asymmetry of the jugular foramen, which varied between 3% and 42%, depended on different criterions of size. CONCLUSION: A profound knowledge of normal anatomy and anomalies of the temporal bone avoids misinterpretation as pathological lesions and iatrogenic bleedings.     

Pulsatile tinnitus and imaging diagnosis. A case report

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in one or both ears when no external noise exists to cause that perception. It can be otological, neurological, drug-related, traumatic, due to exposure to high decibel levels, or associated with a vascular abnormality—the latter usually causing pulsatile tinnitus. We present the diagnostic image of a patient with pulsatile tinnitus with terminal plate dehiscence of the jugular bulb and review the diagnostic workup. Jugular bulb dehiscence is a venous variant that consists of an upper and lateral extension of the jugular bulb into the middle ear through a dehiscent sigmoid plate. It is the most common vascular anatomical variant of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Imaging studies are essential for establishing a diagnosis and defining possible anatomical variants.     

28例中耳副神经节瘤影像学分析

目的 分析和评价中耳副神经节瘤的临床和影像学表现.方法 回顾性分析28例经手术病理证实的中耳副神经节瘤的临床及影像学表现.其中20例行高分辨率CT(HRCT)检查,5例行CT增强扫描,27例行MRI检查,22例行DSA检查.结果 28例患者中,男16例,女12例,发病年龄14～73岁,平均37.8岁.临床主要表现为搏动...     

侵及颈静脉孔区的原发性中耳癌的CT、MRI诊断

目的 探讨侵及颈静脉孔区的原发性中耳癌的CT、MRI特点.方法 回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的侵及颈静脉孔区原发性中耳癌患者的CT、MRI资料,其中6例行高分辨率CT(HRCT)扫描,1例行常规CT增强扫描,7例均行MR平扫+增强.结果 HRCT显示鼓室、鼓窦、外耳道深部及颈静脉孔区软组织病灶伴不规则虫蚀样骨质破坏,涉及颈静脉孔(7例)、咽鼓管骨性段(7例)、面神经管(4例)、颈动脉管(4例)、外耳道前后壁(3例)、听小骨(2例)及前庭窗、水平半规管(1例)等结构的破坏.4例病变密度较均匀,CT值约30～55 HU,2例肿块内见少许小片状高密度影.1例CT增强显示中度较均匀强化.MR平扫示边界不清软组织肿块,与脑灰质相比,T1WI呈等、略低信号,T2WI呈等、略高信号,其中5例信号较均匀,2例肿块内见少许小片状T1WI、T2WI低信号灶,增强扫描5例呈中度较均匀强化,2例不均匀强化,内见小片状无强化区.MRI显示4例侵及颈内动脉,1例侵及乙状窦.结论 原发性中耳癌可广泛侵及颈静脉孔区,易造成误诊.HRCT可准确显示中耳癌骨质破坏特点及范围,咽鼓管骨性段破坏可帮助减少误诊;MRI能更清楚显示病变范围,肿瘤信号及强化方式有一定特点.     

CT arteriography and venography in pulsatile tinnitus: preliminary results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pulsatile tinnitus (PT), a common disorder, can be caused by a variety of otologic and vascular lesions. Various imaging modalities, including CT, MR imaging and angiography, and conventional angiography, have been used in the assessment of PT. Ideally, a single imaging study to evaluate for the largest variety of etiologies would be optimal. In our study, we examine the potential for CT arteriography and venography (CTA/V) in the evaluation of PT. METHODS: Sixteen patients with PT were prospectively evaluated by an otolaryngologist, had a normal otologic examination, and were referred for a CTA/V. All examinations were performed on a 16-section multidetector CT. The carotid bifurcations, internal carotid artery course, transverse and sigmoid sinuses, jugular foramen, internal jugular vein, sella turcica, and temporal bones were evaluated. RESULTS: Seven of the 16 patients had lesions on CTA/V that could account for their PT. Examples of pathologic conditions in the series included a significantly dominant venous system, a venous diverticulum with stricture, and a transverse sinus stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings indicate that CTA/V can be a valuable imaging tool in the assessment of PT. With this technique, arterial, venous, middle, and inner ear causes of PT can be excluded.     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎高分辨率CT诊断价值

目的探讨HRCT在胆脂瘤型中耳炎诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性研究经手术病理证实胆脂瘤型中耳炎27例的HRCT表现,并与手术结果对照分析。结果高分辨率CT清楚的显示起源部位不同和大小不等的中耳胆脂瘤的软组织影以及其引起的中耳系统细微的骨质破坏征象。上鼓室?鼓窦及乳突区软组织肿块(27/27),骨质破坏包括听骨(23/27)、盾板(16/27)、面神经管(10/27)及乙状窦壁(4/27)。术前CT正确诊断率达90%以上。结论HRCT对胆脂瘤型中耳炎有肯定诊断价值,对临床有重要指导意义。     

HRCT和MRI对慢性中耳炎的诊断价值

目的 探讨HRCT及MRI对慢性中耳炎的诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析经病理及临床证实的72例慢性中耳炎的HRCT和MRI表现，并进行对比分析。结果 HRCT显示听小骨链破坏。移位（33/61），中耳乳突骨质破坏（33/61），乳突气房消失（54/61），鼓室及鼓窦黏膜增厚，积液（55/61），乙状窦，鼓室盖破坏及半规管瘘（4/61），HRCT也能显示鼓室内及外耳道异常软组织影，MRI不能显示岩骨细微的骨质结构。渗出性慢性中耳炎显示长T1长T2信号影（10/10）。肉芽肿型中耳炎显示为T1长T2信号影（4/6）或短T1长T2信号影（2/6），增强后明显强化，胆脂瘤型中耳炎表现为短T1长T2信号（7/11）或等T1长T2信号（4/11），增强后不强化或环形强化。结论 HRCT显示听小骨及乳突骨质结构较佳。对手术及听力恢复有指导意义。MRI则能确定软组织病变性质，可区别肉芽组织和胆脂瘤。     

Radiologic approach to paragangliomas of the temporal bone

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has become the primary radiologic method for evaluation of paragangliomas of the temporal bone. The HRCT evaluation of the integrity of certain bony landmarks has a profound effect on selection of surgical approach. The most important landmarks are the bony walls separating the carotid artery and the jugular bulb from the middle ear. Arteriography is not necessary if the lesion is confined to the middle ear. However, it is indicated in tumors that have eroded the above landmarks or in those patients with related neurologic symptoms.