Pinnacle与Eclipse计划系统对感兴趣区体积计算的比较

目的 分析Pinnacle与Eclipse计划系统在计算靶区与正常器官感兴趣区(ROI)体积上的差异,为临床应用提供参考.方法 在Pinnacle计划系统上、在层厚分别为1、3、5mm的CT上分别勾画1、2、5个层面的正方形和圆形ROI.同时选取头、胸、腹部肿瘤病例各5例.在患者CT上勾画常见的正常器官ROI.将图像和ROI通过DICOM协议传输至Pinnacle和Eclipse计划系统,分析两种计划系统计算的ROI体积.结果 小体积的ROI两种计划系统计算结果有明显的差异,ROI体积越小体积差异越大(小体积相差12倍,大体积基本相同);体积计算的差异受许多因素的影响,感兴趣区的层数和几何体的大小与体积计算的差异显著线性相关(R2=1.000,P=0.000),CT层厚(R2=0.200,P=0.972)和几何体形状(R2=0.200,P=0.089)的对体积计算的差异的影响不显著.几何中心不一致对Pinnacle的ROI体积计算无影响,Eclipse的ROI体积计算有3%左右的增加.CT层厚与R0I体积呈正比(Pinnacle的R2=0.548,P=0.011;Eclipse的R2=0.502,P=0.027).对视交叉、视神经和晶体的体积差异均＞35%.结论 两种计划系统间传输ROI,特别是小体积ROI,需要注意两种计划系统在计算ROI体积时的差异.     

基于四维CT勾画非小细胞肺癌内大体肿瘤靶体积的三种方法比较

Objective To compare positional and volumetric differences of internal gross tumor volume (IGTV) delineated separately by three approaches based on four-dimensional CT (4DCT) for the primary tumor of non-small cell lung cancer (NLCLC). Methods Twenty-one patients with NLCLC underwent big bore 4DCT simulation scan of the thorax. IGTVs of the primary tumor of NSCLC were tumor on the MIP images were delineated to produce IGTVMIP. The position of the target center, the volume of target, the degree of inclusion (DI) and the matching index (MI) were compared reciprocally between IGTV10, IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP. Results Average differences between the position of the center of IGTVs on direction of x,y and z axes were less than 1 mm, with no statistically significant difference. The volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVEI+EE, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.37,P=0.028);the volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTVMIP, but the difference was not statistically significant(t=1.95 ,P=0.065). The ratio of IGTVEI+EE with IGTV10, IGTVMIP with IGTV10 were 0.85±0.08 and 0.92±0.11, respectively. DI of IGTVEI+EE in IGTV10, IGTVMIP in IGTV10 were 84.78% ± 8. 95% and 88.47% ±9.04%. MI between IGTV10 and IGTVEI+EE, IGTV10 and IGTVMIP were 0.85 ±0.09, 0.86±0. 09, respectively. Conclusions The center displacement of the IGTVs delineated separately by the three different techniques based on 4DCT images are not obvious; IGTVEI+EE and IGTVMIP can not replace IGTV10 , however , IGTVMIP is more close to IGTV10 comparing to IGTVEI+EE . The ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10 is correlated to the tumor motion vector. As the vector increases, the ratio of GTVEI+EE with IGTV10decreases, especially for small tumors.     

食管癌大体肿瘤靶区的体积分级与病理T分期的关系

Objective Using the volume calculating function of treatment planning system of 3DCRT to work out the value of GTV standard classifications and to provide the reference for clinical staging of esophageal carcinoma. Methods Six hundred and seven patients underwent radical resection of thoracic esophageal carcinoma in our hospital, and their pre-operative CT images were transmitted in digital format to the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning system by the network. Esophageal lesion GTV targets were outlined, and their volumes were automatically computed by the planning system. Compared the differences of the GTV volumes in different pathological T stages, and analyzed the relationship between GTV volumes and pathological T stages. According to the median volume of GTV at different pathological T stages, divided the values of GTV volume coresponding to different T stages and selected the suitable classification standard of GTV volume. Results The esophageal carcinoma GTV length, maximum diameter and volume were related to pathological T staging and with a positive correlation (all P < 0. 001 ). The Spearman correlation coefficient (r) was 0.376, 0.466 and 0.464, respectively, P < 0.001. Except that the length, maximum diameter and volume of GTV in pathological T3 and T4 had no significant difference, other indicators of the pathological T stages showed significant differences between the groups (P < 0. 001 ). According to the median volume of GTV at different pathological T stages, the GTV volumes were divided into three grades; ≤5.0 cm3,5. 1-13.0 cm3,and > 13.0 cm3. When compared them with pathological T1, T2, and T3 -T4 stages, the coincidence rate was 73. 8%. The consistency was good between the GTV volume grades and pathological T stages ( Kappa = 0. 40, P < 0. 001 ). Hie overall 5-year survival rates of GTV grades 1,2,3 were 78. 1% , 31.5% and 33. 5% , respectively (P < 0. 0001). If the GTVs were divided into four grades; ≤5.0 cm3,5.1-13.0 cm3,13.1-39.0 cm3 ,and >39.0 cm3, the coincidence rate of GTV volume grades and pathology T staging was only 54. 7% , and the consistency was poor, Kappa = 0.24,P<0.001. The overall 5-year survival rate of GTV 1, 2, 3, 4 were 78. 1% , 31.5% , 36.2% and 27.5%, respectively ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion The length, maximum diameter and volume of esophageal carcinoma GTV are related to pathological T staging with a positive correlation. The classification that esophageal carcinoma GTVs divided into three grades has a good coincidence with the pathological T staging.     

The Relationship between Serum VEGF Expression and PET/CT Images in TNM-staging of Lung Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship between the characteristics of PET/CT images for lung carcinoma(LC)TNM staging and the expression of serum VEGF protein. METHODS PET/CT examinations were performed before treatment of 53 patients with LC.The expression of serum VEGF protein was examined using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA R and D system).The relationship was analyzed between PET/CT images for LC T-staging and metastasis(lymph nodes and distance)and serum VEGF expression. RESULTS Based on PET/CT images for LC T-staging,11 cases were staged as T1,9 as T2,18 as T3 and 15 as T4.Mediastinal nodal metastases were found in 22 patients,and distance metastasis in 9.The serum VEGF level in the LC patients was(378.02±180.79)ng/L,showing that there was a significant difference between the patients and healthy subjects(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of serum VEGF between different low T-staged(T1,T2)patients.However,the level of serum VEGF was significantly different between the low T-staged(T1,T2)and high T-staged (T3,T4)patients(P<0.05).The level of the serum VEGF protein in the patients with mediastinal nodal metastasis was(561.50±104.55)ng/L,and indicating that there was a statistical significance(t=12.21,P<0.05)compared to those in the non-metastatic group.The level of serum VEGF in the patients with distance metastasis was(614.11±158.81)ng/L,demonstrating that there was a significant difference(t=5.30,P<0.05)compared to those in the nondistant metastatic group. CONCLUSION ① There is a high level of serum VEGF expression in LC patients.②There is a correlation between metastases(lymph nodes and distance)and the level of serum VEGF. ③ With an upgrade of the TNM-stage,the level of serum VEGF protein is elevated.     

食管癌调强放疗计划剂量学验证研究

目的 对比分析食管癌调强放疗(IMRT)计划的三种剂量验证方法.方法 使用Pinnacle 8.0 h计划系统完成7例食管癌IMRT计划,选用二、三维剂量验证设备MATRIXX和Delta4完成测量验证.IMRT原计划和Delta4移植计划使用蒙特卡罗方法重新计算.评价MATRIXX和Delta4测量的gamma通过率;Pinnacle计算,Delta4测量与蒙特卡罗模拟结果分别比较gamma图,中心层面剂量分布,剂量曲线和剂量体积直方图.结果 gamma误差设定为3%/3 mm,MATRIXX测量通过率＞98%,Delta4测量通过率为94.4%,其中有4个射野＜90%.Delta4测量和蒙特卡罗模拟比较,误差限定为2 mm/2%和3 mm/3%时,gamma通过率分别为97.6%和99.8%.Pinnacle计划系统计算的中心层面剂量分布、剂量曲线与蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果、Delta4测量结果比较一致.Delta4测量与蒙特卡罗模拟计算的剂量体积直方图一致性很好,均与Pinnacle计划系统计算略有差异.结论 3种方法均能完成食管癌IMRT计划的验证,蒙特卡罗和Delta4方法在验证过程中无数据丢失.Delta4实现了三维的剂量验证,蒙特卡罗能够在每个患者的实际CT图像上进行模拟计算.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the results of three dose verification solutions of esophageal carcinoma IMRT plans. Methods Seven esophageal carcinoma cases were planned with Pinnacle 8.0 h.The MATRIXX and Delta4 were chosen as the two-dimensional dosimetry and three-dimensional dosimetry.IMRT plans and Delta4 phantom plans were also recalculated by Monte Carlo. Gamma values were evaluated for MATRIXX and Delta4 with 3 mm/3% gamma criteria. For the comparison of Pinnacle, Delta4 and Monte gamma maps, the dose distribution in central plane, dose profiles and dose-volume histograms were used to evaluate the agreement. Results The gamma maps comparison show that with 3 mm/3% gamma criteria an over 98% pass ratio was obtained by MATRIXX measurement. A 94. 4% gamma pass ratio whicl.contains 4 fields gamma pass ratio lower than 90%, was obtained by Delta4 measurement. A 97.6% and 99. 8% gamma pass ratio was obtained between the Delta4 measurement and Monte Carlo simulation with 2 mm/2% and 3 mm/3% gamma criteria. The dose distribution in central plane and dose profiles from Pinnacle calculation were almost in agreement with both the Monte Carlo simulation and Delta4 measurement. The DVH plot have slightly differences between Pinnacle and Delta4 measurement as well as Pinnacle and Monte Carlo simulation, but have excellent agreement between Delta4 measurement and Monte Carlo simulation. Conclusions It was shown that all the three methods can be used very efficiently to verify esophageal carcinoma IMRT delivery, Delta4 and Monte Carlo simulation no data missed. The primary advantage of Delta4 is the fact it can measure true 3D dosimetry while Monte Carlo can simulate in patients CT images but not in phantom.     

Expression of sIL-2R before and after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer

Objective:To investigate the difference of peripheral blood sIL-2R before and after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients,and evaluate the clinical value of the sIL-2R in breast cancer's diagnosis and therapy.Methods:The peripheral blood sIL-2R levels of the breast cancer patients with or without chemotherapy were detected by ELISA.The healthy persons were made as the control group.Results:The slL-2R levels of the breast cancer patients were higher than that of the control group(P＜0.05);the slL-2R's levels in Ⅰ～Ⅱ stage breast cancer were lower than that in Ⅲ～Ⅳ stag e breast cancer (P＜0.05);the sIL-2R levels of the patients before chemotherapy were higher than that of the patients undergone chemotherapy(P＜0.05);The level of the patient with chemotherapy was still higher than that of the control group(P＜0.05);the sIL-2R levels of the patients whose chemotherapies were noneffective were higher than that of the patients received effective chemotherapies(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the group with ER( )or PR( )and the group with ER(-)or PR(-)(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The breast cancer patients have the high slL-2R levels.There is a close relationship between the cancer incidence and the patients,immune situation.The level of slL-2R could be a clinical index which Can be used for evaluating the cancer degree,because the higher levels of slL-2R can indicate that the immune ability of patient is worse.There is a significant difference between the slL-2R levels of the patients before chemotherapy and that of the patients undergone chemotherapy.     

VX2兔脑瘤模型三维放疗解剖学靶区灌注CT与增强CT对照研究

Objective To compare the accuracy of blood volume perfusion imaging (perfusion CT)with contrast enhanced 64-slice spiral computed tomography (CECT) in the evaluation of gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) using rabbits with VX2 brain tumor. Methods Perfusion CT and CECT were performed in 20 rabbits with VX2 brain tumor. The GTV and CTV calculated with the maximal and minimal diameter of each tumor in the blood volume (BV) maps and CECT were measured and compared to those in pathological specimens. Results The mean value of the maximal and minimal diameter of GTV was (8.19 ± 2. 29) mm and (4.83 ± 1.31) mm in pathological specimens, (11.98 ±3.29) mmand (7.03±1.82) mm in BV maps, while (6.36±3.85) mm and (3.17±1.93) mm in CECT images, which were significantly different (pathological specimen vs. BV map, t = 7. 17,P =0. 000;pathological specimen vs. CECT, t = 8.37, P = 0. 000, respectively). The mean value of the maximal and minimal diameter of CTV in pathologic specimens was (12.87 ± 3.74) mm and (7.71 ± 2. 15) mm, which was significantly different from that of GTV and CTV in CECT (t = - 3. 18, P = 0. 005 and t = - 4. 24, P =0. 000;t= -11.59,P=0.000 and t= -9.39,P=0.000), while similar with that of GTV in BV maps (t = - 1.95,P = 0. 067; t = - 2. 06, P = 0. 054). For CECT, the margin from GTV to CTV was 81.83% ±40.33% for the maximal diameter and 276.73% ± 131.46% for the minimal. While for BV maps, the margin was 7.93% ± 17. 84% and 12.52% ± 27. 83%, which was significant different from that for CECT images (t=7.36,P=0. 000 and t= -8.78,P=0.000). Conclusions Compared with CECT, the BV map from 64-slice spiral CT peffusion imaging might have higher accuracy in target volume delineation for brain tumor.     

两种放疗计划系统对仿真体模和患者及均匀体模进行剂量计算结果比较

目的 通过Eclipse与Pinnacle3 V 7.4f两种TPS对仿真体模、患者及均匀组织体模的CT图像进行剂量计算,比较两种TPS进行非均匀组织计算的结果差异,并与均匀体模的结果进行比较.方法 对患者、仿真体模以及均匀体模的CT图像利用两种TPS作相同计划,比较临床常用指标(肺V20和V30计划靶区的D95以及等中心点和等中心层面内8个兴趣点的剂量)的结果差异.结果 对患者及仿真体模而言,虽然两TPS对等中心点剂量计算的结果差异较小,但其他指标却存在较大差异(利用二级准直器照射时患者计划靶区D95的差异最大可达10.17%,仿真体模为4.64%;利用多叶光栅照射时患者计划靶区D95的差异最大达10.74%,仿真体模为5.66%;对于计划靶区边缘1-4点的剂量差异,患者有超过10.00%的情况,仿真体模最大为7.65%;肺V30的差异也较大).而对均匀体模而言,两TPS对各指标的计算差异却较小.结论 两TPS对仿真体模计算的结果差异比患者小,而对患者及仿真体模计算的结果差异要大于对均匀组织体模的.     

宫颈癌IMRT计划独立三维剂量验算的初步应用与探讨

目的 评估自动计划验证系统Mobius3D (M3D)在宫颈癌IMRT中进行独立三维剂量验算的可行性。方法 随机选取20例宫颈癌病例,将其分别在Pinnacle 9.2和Eclipse13.5计划系统中进行7个野均分IMRT计划设计,达到临床要求后将两套计划系统中优化计划分别导入M3D中。观察两套TPS在传输计划过程中ROI体积变化、靶区及OAR剂量计算差异,结合γ通过率评估M3D验算计划的精确性。结果 Pinnacle9.2传输至M3D中各ROI体积差异远远小于Eclipse13.5,其最大变化差异为0.22%±0.69%,Eclipse13.5中最大变化差异为3.50%±1.89%。M3D中显示两套TPS的靶区及OAR剂量计算值差异在±1%内,经过3D重新计算后Pinnacle9.2与M3D计算结果差异小于Eclipse13.5,但其平均差异均在±3%内。靶区和OAR的γ通过率均值>95%。结论 利用自动计划验证系统进行计划验证,过程方便快捷。目前可作为计划的二次检查应用,提高IMRT计划验算精确性。     

两套TPS之间VMAT计划优化质量评价研究

目的 探讨两套商用TPS实施VMAT优化的性能特点。方法 随机选取本院宫颈癌和前列腺癌患者各10例,分别利用瓦里安Eclipse和飞利浦Pinnacle TPS设计VMAT计划(宫颈癌2Arc、3Arc,前列腺癌1Arc、2Arc),采用瓦里安Clinac iX加速器配备RapidArc技术实施照射。从剂量分布、实施效率、治疗照射参数等方面评价治疗计划质量的差异。对组间比较行配对t检验。     

脑瘤灌注CT不同层厚CBV与rCBV测量的可重复性研究

Objective： To assess inter-and intraobserver reproducibility for measuring perfusion CT derived cerebral blood volume （CBV） and relative cerebral blood volume （rCBV） with different slice thickness in patients with brain neoplasms. Methods： Three independent observers who were blinded to the histopathologic diagnosis performed perfusion derived CBV and rCBV measurements with 5 mm and 10 mm slice thickness in 52 patients with various cerebral neoplasms. The results of the measurements with different slice thickness were compared. Calculation of coefficient of variation （CV）, and relative paired difference of the measurements were used to determine the levels of inter-and intraobserver reproducibility. Results： The differences of CBV and rCBV measurements between different slice thickness groups were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05） respectively in observer 2, and were not significant in the other two observers （P 〉 0.05）. For the same slice thickness, both the difference of CBV and rCBV measurements among the three observers were not statistically significant. Interobserver CV and relative paired difference of the measurements with 10 mm slice thickness group were slightly lower than those of 5 mm slice thickness group. Interobserver CV and relative paired difference of CBV group were slightly lower than those of rCBV group. The intraobserver differences of CBV and rCBV in 10 mm slice thickness group were statistically significant for observer 2 respectively. No other intraobserver differences of measurements were statistically significant. CV and relative paired difference of intraobserver CBV and rCBV measurements for observer 2 were significantly higher than for the other two observers. Conclusion： High reproducibility of CBV and rCBV measurements was acquired with the two different slice thickness. Suitable training may be helpful to maintain a high level of consistency for measurements.     

Accuracy of volume and DVH parameters determined with different brachytherapy treatment planning systems.

PURPOSE: To determine the uncertainties in dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis used in modern brachytherapy treatment planning systems (TPSs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phantom with three different volumes was scanned with CT and MRI. An inter-observer analysis was based on contouring performed by 5 persons. The volume of a standard contour set was calculated using seven different TPSs. For five systems a typical brachytherapy dose distribution was used to compare DVH determination. RESULTS: The inter-observer variability (1SD) was 13% for a small cylindrical volume, 5% for a large cylinder and 3% for a conical shape. A standardized volume for a 4mm CT scan contoured on seven different TPS varied by 7%, 2%, and 5% (1SD). Use of smaller slice thickness reduced the variations. A treatment plan with the sources between the large cylindrical shape and the cone showed variations for D(2cc) of 1% and 5% (1SD), respectively. Deviations larger than 10% were observed for a smaller source to cylinder surface distance of 5mm. CONCLUSIONS: Modern TPSs minimize the volumetric and dosimetric calculation uncertainties. These are comparable to inter-observer contouring variations. However, differences in volume result from the methods of calculation in the first and last slice of a contoured structure. For this situation and in case of high dose gradients inside analyzed volumes, high uncertainties were observed. The use of DVH parameters in clinical practice should take into account the method of calculation and the possible uncertainties.     

保乳术后放疗四维CT呼气末术腔勾画影响因素分析

目的 基于四维CT (4DCT)探讨CT层厚、术腔可见度评分(CVS)及金属夹个数对保乳术后术腔(LC)勾画的影响。方法 术腔放置金属夹数目≥5个的35例保乳术后患者入组行4DCT扫描,全部患者均于T₅₀时相图像上勾画LC。分别依据CT层厚、CVS及金属夹个数对患者进行分组,评价不同组间勾画者间及勾画者自身LC差异(Δ_inter和Δ_intra)及LC间相似度(DSC)。     

CT扫描/重建参数对三维治疗计划系统影像的影响

[目的]研究CT模拟定位中,CT扫描/重建参数对三维治疗计划重建的三维假体的几何精确度的影响.[方法]在西门子CT模拟机（Somatom plus 4）上扫描自制模体,扫描所得图像登记到ADAC三维治疗计划系统重建成三维假体,测量假体的相关坐标数据并与模体的实际数据相比较;对Catphan 412模体扫描并测量各组图像的实际层厚,讨论实际层厚的变化对计划系统中登记影像的几何精度影响.[结果]（1）CT扫描所采用的不同扫描/重建参数对三维计划系统中重建的三维假体的左右及上下方向的几何精度影响不大,但对重建假体的前后方向（即模体扫描的步进方向）的几何精度有一定的影响.（2）CT扫描所采用的螺距及重建模式会对层厚敏感度曲线（SSP）半高宽值产生影响,该变化对重建假体的前后方向几何精度同样有一定的影响.[结论]重建CT图像的前后方向的几何误差是随着扫描层厚增加而增加,主要是由于CT扫描的部分容积效应影响.单纯增加螺距或使用360度线性内插（Wide）重建模式,都会引起CT图像实际层厚的增加,引起更大的容积效应影响.同时部分容积效应也会导致三维治疗计划系统中数字重建影像（DRR）分辨率的降低.     

食管癌常规照射与三维适形放疗的剂量学研究

目的 用三维适形治疗计划系统分析食管癌传统放疗及三维适形放疗中肿瘤和周围组织器官的剂量分布.方法 对44例首程放疗中晚期食管癌患者常规透视下模拟定位,确定病变中心和最佳入射角度,金属标记物标记前垂直野中心及野框后行CT模拟定位.CT扫描图像经局域网传输到治疗计划系统（CMS Focus 3.0或ADAC Pinnacle 6.2b）进行三维重建,由主管医师勾画大体肿瘤体积（GTV）、临床靶体积（CTV）和危及器官.物理师为每例患者设计3套治疗计划：即常规治疗计划、三维适形治疗计划和虚拟常规治疗计划.结果 （1）食管造影所示病变平均长度5.42cm,CT扫描平均长度8.42cm（P=0.000）.CT扫描肿瘤最大左右径平均5.48cm,GTV平均体积59.68 cm^3.常规模拟定位中心与三维适形治疗计划中心在X、Y、Z轴上分别相差7.67、13.21、7.68mm,两种定位方法的病变中心在X轴上的差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）;（2）全组中位处方剂量6600 cGy.常规治疗计划、虚拟常规治疗计划、三维适形治疗计划的GTV 100%体积剂量分别为3406.8、6379.1、6290.0 cGy;GTV95%体积剂量分别为4344.1、6484.7、6453.6 cGy,CTV 95%体积剂量分别为3303.0、6375.3、6081.8 cGy;PTV95%体积剂量分别为1739.4、6035.9、5243.9 cGy.可见三维适形治疗计划的GTV、CTV及PTV100%、95%体积剂量均高于常规计划.结论 三维适形放疗技术能够给予肿瘤靶区均匀的剂量分布,并使其周围正常组织得到保护.