骨盆骨肉瘤的外科治疗策略探讨

Objectives To investigate the clinical outcome of consecutive pelvic osteosarcoma treated with surgery and chemotherapy in a single institution, and to discuss the surgical strategy, resection and reconstruction. Methods Twenty-one consecutive cases with pelvic osteosarcoma underwent surgical procedures between June 2000 and June 2009. There were 12 male and 9 female with a mean age of 32 years. According to Enneking and Dunham pelvic classification system, type I was 3 cases, type I + IV 3 cases,type I + Ⅱ 4 cases,type Ⅱ + Ⅲ 4 cases,type I + Ⅱ + Ⅲ 1 case,type Ⅲ 1 case,and type I + Ⅱ + Ⅳ 5 cases. Among the 21 cases, 19 were diagnosed as classical osteosarcoma and 2 were diagnosed as low-grade pathologically. All the tumors were stage Ⅱ B. All the patients received en-bloc resection with 13 wide resection and 8 marginal resection. Thirteen patients underwent modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis reconstruction, and 5 patients underwent rod-screw system reconstruction combined with autograft. Two patients received hemipelvectomy and one type Ⅲ patients had resection without reconstruction. The mean follow-up period was 30. 3 months (range,6. 0-87. 0). Results Thirteen patients out of 21 survived after treatment The overall survival rate was 61. 9% , and 23. 8% patients were alive without disease. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 44. 2% based on Kaplan-Meier curve. The local recurrence rate was 28.6% , among which 4 cases were type Ⅱ resection, 1 was type I resection, 1 was type I + Ⅳ resection. No local relapse was found on the hemipelvectomy and type Ⅲ resection cases. The local recurrence rate after wide resection was 23. 1% ,and 37. 5% for marginal resection. Nine patients had lung metastases and one patient was found bone and lymph node metastases. The MSTS 93 function score was 20. 6±5. 4 for 13 patients,and 22. 5±2. 1 for rod-screw reconstruction cases. The function score was 17. 7±5. 5 for hemipelvic prosthetic reconstruction. Conclusion Limb salvage procedures could be performed on most pelvic osteosarcoma cases, and satisfying function outcome could be achieved with proper reconstruction,however,the overall survival is still lower compared with those in extremities.     

骨盆骨肉瘤的外科治疗策略探讨

Objectives To investigate the clinical outcome of consecutive pelvic osteosarcoma treated with surgery and chemotherapy in a single institution, and to discuss the surgical strategy, resection and reconstruction. Methods Twenty-one consecutive cases with pelvic osteosarcoma underwent surgical procedures between June 2000 and June 2009. There were 12 male and 9 female with a mean age of 32 years. According to Enneking and Dunham pelvic classification system, type I was 3 cases, type I + IV 3 cases,type I + Ⅱ 4 cases,type Ⅱ + Ⅲ 4 cases,type I + Ⅱ + Ⅲ 1 case,type Ⅲ 1 case,and type I + Ⅱ + Ⅳ 5 cases. Among the 21 cases, 19 were diagnosed as classical osteosarcoma and 2 were diagnosed as low-grade pathologically. All the tumors were stage Ⅱ B. All the patients received en-bloc resection with 13 wide resection and 8 marginal resection. Thirteen patients underwent modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis reconstruction, and 5 patients underwent rod-screw system reconstruction combined with autograft. Two patients received hemipelvectomy and one type Ⅲ patients had resection without reconstruction. The mean follow-up period was 30. 3 months (range,6. 0-87. 0). Results Thirteen patients out of 21 survived after treatment The overall survival rate was 61. 9% , and 23. 8% patients were alive without disease. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 44. 2% based on Kaplan-Meier curve. The local recurrence rate was 28.6% , among which 4 cases were type Ⅱ resection, 1 was type I resection, 1 was type I + Ⅳ resection. No local relapse was found on the hemipelvectomy and type Ⅲ resection cases. The local recurrence rate after wide resection was 23. 1% ,and 37. 5% for marginal resection. Nine patients had lung metastases and one patient was found bone and lymph node metastases. The MSTS 93 function score was 20. 6±5. 4 for 13 patients,and 22. 5±2. 1 for rod-screw reconstruction cases. The function score was 17. 7±5. 5 for hemipelvic prosthetic reconstruction. Conclusion Limb salvage procedures could be performed on most pelvic osteosarcoma cases, and satisfying function outcome could be achieved with proper reconstruction,however,the overall survival is still lower compared with those in extremities.     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床分型及手术方式选择

Objectives To suggest the clinical classification of the far-lateral lumbar disc herniation and offer the considerations for clinical choice of different surgical procedures. Methods According to the locations of the herniated disc and relevant clinical symptoms, the far-lateral lumbar disc herniation was divided into three types: Type Ⅰ: posterolateral and foraminal herniation (double herniations); Type Ⅱ: foraminal disc herniation and Type Ⅲ: extraforaminal herniation. From January 2002 to January 2007, 38 patients with far lateral lumbar disc herniation underwent surgery in the institute. The surgical options were decided by means of the classificasion. The surgical procedures included (1) discectomy by inter-TP (transverse process) approach, (2) discectomy with partial facetectomy and (3) discetomy with facetectomy and PLIF (posterior lumbar interbody fusion). Among the 38 patients, there were 25 males and 13 females. The mean age was 58.4 years old. The herniated discs located at L3-4 in 17, L4-5 in 13, and 8 cases at L5S1. Twenty-three patients were simple disc herniation, 15 cases with concomitant lumbar spinal stenosis. The symptoms and signs of exiting root compression at herniated disc level were presented in all patients and passing root compression presented in 7 Type Ⅰ cases as well; while intermittent claudication being presented in 15 and low back pain in 21 patients. The VAS (visual analog pain scale) of radicular leg pain was taken before and after the operation. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated through the MacNab's method in all the patients. Results By using the new classification system, the 38 patient were divided into Type Ⅰ 10 cases, Type Ⅱ 19 cases and Type Ⅲ 9 cases. The adopted surgeries included discectomy by intertransverse approach in 5, discectomy with partial facetectomy in 7, and discetomy with facetectomy and PLIF in the rest 26 eases. The mean follow-up period was ranging from 6 months to 4 years and 10 months, averagely 2 years and 11 months. The mean VAS scores of radicular pain was 7.4 preoperatively, 2. 7 at 2 weeks after the operation and 3. 1 at final follow-up. The final clinical outcomes by MacNab's method were as follow: excellent results in 20 cases, good in 12, fair in 5 and poor in 1 case. The overall improvement ratio was 84. 2%. The postoperative complications included superficial wound infection in 1 case, insufficient decompression in 1 case and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid in 1 case respectively. No breakage and loosening of internal fixation were detected. Conclusions A new clinical classification of far lateral lumbar disc herniation was suggested, which is significant to understanding the relevant pathology and choosing the surgical procedures.     

Experience in surgical treatment of typeⅡodontoid fractures:A report of two cases and review of the literature

Two cases of typeⅡodontoid fractures were reported to share our experience in surgery treatment of such cases.A 33-year-old woman with comminuted typeⅡodontoid fracture and a 42-year-old man with fracture end hardened typeⅡodontoid fracture received surgical treatment in our hospital.Though imaging examination suggested that these two patients were suitable for anterior screw fixation,we encountered difficulties during the operation.The two patients eventually underwent posterior C1–C2 fusion surgery and recovered well.According to the experience of these two cases,we found that the fracture line angle and the degree of comminution are two important factors affecting surgical decision-making.Although anterior screw fixation is the ideal choice for typeⅡodontoid fractures with anterior superior to posterior inferior fracture line,it may not be the best choice for comminuted or fracture end hardened typeⅡodontoid fractures.     

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondyli-tis-(AS) and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods: Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D accord-ing to Frankel's score. There were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ dislocation and 3 cases of Grade Ⅱ. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach.Results: There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-an-terior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neorological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a long-term complication in follow-up. Conclusions: The study suggests that anterior com-bined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.     

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondyli-tis-(AS) and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods: Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D accord-ing to Frankel's score. There were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ dislocation and 3 cases of Grade Ⅱ. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach.Results: There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-an-terior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neorological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a long-term complication in follow-up. Conclusions: The study suggests that anterior com-bined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.     

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondyli-tis-(AS) and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods: Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D accord-ing to Frankel's score. There were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ dislocation and 3 cases of Grade Ⅱ. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach.Results: There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-an-terior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neorological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a long-term complication in follow-up. Conclusions: The study suggests that anterior com-bined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.     

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondyli-tis-(AS) and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods: Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D accord-ing to Frankel's score. There were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ dislocation and 3 cases of Grade Ⅱ. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach.Results: There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-an-terior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neorological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a long-term complication in follow-up. Conclusions: The study suggests that anterior com-bined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.     

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondyli-tis-(AS) and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods: Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D accord-ing to Frankel's score. There were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ dislocation and 3 cases of Grade Ⅱ. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach.Results: There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-an-terior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neorological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a long-term complication in follow-up. Conclusions: The study suggests that anterior com-bined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.     

Combined anterior and posterior surgery for treatment of cervical fracture-dislocation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To discuss the pathological characteristics of cervical spinal fracture complicating ankylosing spondyli-tis-(AS) and the effect of combined anterior and posterior operation. Methods: Eighteen AS patients with traumatic cervical fracture-dislocation were treated operatively from January 2000 to January 2006. The symptom duration of AS was 14.5 years on average. Three cases had undergone osteotomy in lumbar spine. There were 4 cases of Grade A, 3 cases of Grade B, 9 cases of Grade C and 2 cases of Grade D accord-ing to Frankel's score. There were 15 cases of Grade Ⅲ dislocation and 3 cases of Grade Ⅱ. All patients underwent surgical procedures by combined anterior and posterior approach.Results: There were 4 anterior-posterior procedures, 8 anterior-posterior-anterior procedures and 6 posterior-an-terior procedures. Seven patients had one stage operation and 11 cases underwent two stage surgeries. There was certain extent of neorological improvement in 14 incomplete paraplegic patients, but no improvement in 4 complete paraplegic patients. The follow-up period was 21.2 months on average and the time for bone fusion was 3.6 months. There were 4 complications during operation and a long-term complication in follow-up. Conclusions: The study suggests that anterior com-bined with posterior approach makes the spine stable and relieves the pressure immediately. It is a reasonable surgical strategy for treatment of cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with AS.     

布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎的影像学分型及临床意义

背景：布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎的发病率正逐渐升高,而其影像学分型有利于该病的标准化治疗及疗效评价。 目的：探讨布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎的影像学分型及其临床意义。 方法：回顾分析2008年1月至2012年7月经临床及实验室检查确诊为布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎的89例患者的影像学资料,依据X线、CT及MR影像学表现对患者进行分型。 结果：布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎的影像学分Ⅰ-Ⅴ型。Ⅰ型：椎体炎型,Ⅱ型：椎间盘炎型,Ⅲ型：骨膜炎型,Ⅳ型：椎旁脓肿或腰大肌脓肿型,Ⅴ型：脊髓神经型。两型以上为复合型。本组46例为复合型（51.69%）,其中Ⅴ型伴有其他4种类型最多（45例）;43例为单纯型（48.31%）,其中Ⅰ型20例、Ⅱ型9例、Ⅲ型4例、Ⅳ型6例、Ⅴ型4例。31例通过非手术治愈,58例采用手术治疗,其中52例行病灶清除术、6例行经皮微创术治疗。本组89例均随访1年,痊愈83例,好转6例,愈后无复发。 结论：布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎影像学分型对临床诊治策略的制定具有参考价值及指导意义。     

Spinal tuberculosis: a review

Spinal tuberculosis is a destructive form of tuberculosis. It accounts for approximately half of all cases of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Spinal tuberculosis is more common in children and young adults. The incidence of spinal tuberculosis is increasing in developed nations. Genetic susceptibility to spinal tuberculosis has recently been demonstrated. Characteristically, there is destruction of the intervertebral disk space and the adjacent vertebral bodies, collapse of the spinal elements, and anterior wedging leading to kyphosis and gibbus formation. The thoracic region of vertebral column is most frequently affected. Formation of a 'cold' abscess around the lesion is another characteristic feature. The incidence of multi-level noncontiguous vertebral tuberculosis occurs more frequently than previously recognized. Common clinical manifestations include constitutional symptoms, back pain, spinal tenderness, paraplegia, and spinal deformities. For the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive imaging technique than x-ray and more specific than computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging frequently demonstrates involvement of the vertebral bodies on either side of the disk, disk destruction, cold abscess, vertebral collapse, and presence of vertebral column deformities. Neuroimaging-guided needle biopsy from the affected site in the center of the vertebral body is the gold standard technique for early histopathological diagnosis. Antituberculous treatment remains the cornerstone of treatment. Surgery may be required in selected cases, e.g. large abscess formation, severe kyphosis, an evolving neurological deficit, or lack of response to medical treatment. With early diagnosis and early treatment, prognosis is generally good.     

儿童脊柱结核的MRI随访观察

目的：探讨MRI在儿童脊柱结核随访中的应用价值.方法：对2004年2月至2013年4月的21例经临床或手术诊断为脊柱结核的儿童患者MRI表现进行回顾性分析,其中男11例,女10例;年龄2～14岁,平均9.4岁.18例保守治疗,3倒手术治疗,病程2个月～3年,所有病例行2次或2次以上MRI检查.比较初次和复查结果,主要观察椎体及椎间隙信号变化、椎旁脓肿及后凸角的变化.结果：21例脊柱结核患者共累及85个椎体,其中颈椎、胸椎及腰骶椎发生率分别为10.6％（9/85）,49.4％ （42/85）及40％（34/85）.初诊及随访时相仿,15例出现椎体变扁或楔形变,10例可见椎间盘受累,而椎间隙可见不同程度变窄或融合.初诊13例后凸角＞0°,位于胸段7例,胸腰段2例,腰段3例,颈段1例.18例保守治疗患儿中,8例初诊及治疗过程中（2～9个月）后凸角均为0°;1例轻度后凸患儿（＜10°）,治疗12个月时后凸角稍增加;5例中度后凸患儿（10°～30°）,治疗过程中（3～12个月）多次随访均无明显改变;4例重度后凸患儿（＞30°）,保守治疗过程中及治疗后（3～28个月）多次随访后凸畸形均有不同程度加重,其中1例保守治疗失败后行手术治疗后凸角减小.结论：儿童脊柱结核运用MRI随访具有重要意义,能够清晰显示治疗后椎体及椎间隙信号变化、椎旁脓肿及后凸角的变化,为临床治疗及评估预后提供参考.     

非典型性脊柱结核影像学分型与表现形式

 目的 探讨成人非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型与表现形式。方法 回顾性分析并总结2000年2月至2012年10月经病理确诊的45 例成人非典型性脊柱结核患者资料,男29例,女16例;年龄20~71岁,平均46.2岁;25例有潮热、乏力及消瘦表现,20例无明显全身结核中毒表现;37例红细胞沉降率为25~107 mm/1 h,8例正常。所有患者均摄脊柱X 线片,并行CT扫描及MR检查, 其中12例辅加脊柱螺旋CT三维重建,2例辅加PET-CT检查。45例患者均行外科手术治疗,其中3例术前行CT引导下病灶穿刺活检;均经病理检查证实为脊柱结核。结果 非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型包括,单椎体型（9例）,MRI T2WI示单一椎体病灶呈不均匀高信号,CT扫描示老年人病变椎体以虫蚀样、溶骨性破坏为主,青年人病变椎体内呈单个均匀透光的圆形溶骨性骨质破坏区;单脊椎椎体附件型（2例）,MRI T2WI示椎体附件呈高信号改变,CT扫描示椎板及椎弓根呈虫蚀样骨质破坏;单脊椎全椎骨型（8例）,CT扫描示单脊椎的椎体及附件均呈虫蚀样广泛骨质破坏;椎间盘型结核（5例）,MRI示椎间盘信号减低,团状的椎盘组织突入椎管压迫脊髓;多发性相邻型脊柱结核（14例）,螺旋CT示多个相邻椎体虫蚀样骨质破坏;多发性非相邻型（跳跃型）脊柱结核（7例）,MRI示非相邻多个椎体在T2WI上呈现椎体骨质结构破坏的混杂信号,其中个别病例T2WI示高信号的椎旁脓肿通过流注方式波及多个非相邻椎体。结论 非典型性脊柱结核有多种影像学表现形式且极不典型,但虫蚀样骨质破坏、骨髓水肿、前和（或）后纵韧带高信号等影像学改变均为非典型性脊柱结核影像学的特征性表现。
     

A new classification and guide for surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis

So far, there is no widely accepted classification system based on objective findings that can serve as a guide in selecting the treatment method for spinal tuberculosis. This retrospective study evaluates patients with spinal tuberculosis (Pott's disease) treated with different surgical procedures. Our aim was to outline a new classification of spinal tuberculosis. A retrospective review of 76 cases (55 male and 25 female patients) of spinal tuberculosis was conducted. Five of the patients were treated medically, and the others who were treated surgically were classified into three types (I, II and III) according to the new classification system for spinal tuberculosis. All 76 patients were classifiable by this new system. The most common complication observed was local kyphosis (maximum 8 degrees) in type-II patients, but none of the patients needed correction. No neurological deterioration was observed in any of the cases. This new classification system helps in differentiating the various manifestations of spinal tuberculosis and appears to correlate with the surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis. We believe that this new classification system can be used as a practical guide in the treatment of Pott's disease.     

Spinal tuberculosis: A review

Abstract

Spinal tuberculosis is a destructive form of tuberculosis. It accounts for approximately half of all cases of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Spinal tuberculosis is more common in children and young adults. The incidence of spinal tuberculosis is increasing in developed nations. Genetic susceptibility to spinal tuberculosis has recently been demonstrated. Characteristically, there is destruction of the intervertebral disk space and the adjacent vertebral bodies, collapse of the spinal elements, and anterior wedging leading to kyphosis and gibbus formation. The thoracic region of vertebral column is most frequently affected. Formation of a ‘cold’ abscess around the lesion is another characteristic feature. The incidence of multi-level noncontiguous vertebral tuberculosis occurs more frequently than previously recognized. Common clinical manifestations include constitutional symptoms, back pain, spinal tenderness, paraplegia, and spinal deformities. For the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive imaging technique than x-ray and more specific than computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging frequently demonstrates involvement of the vertebral bodies on either side of the disk, disk destruction, cold abscess, vertebral collapse, and presence of vertebral column deformities. Neuroimaging-guided needle biopsy from the affected site in the center of the vertebral body is the gold standard technique for early histopathological diagnosis. Antituberculous treatment remains the cornerstone of treatment. Surgery may be required in selected cases, e.g. large abscess formation, severe kyphosis, an evolving neurological deficit, or lack of response to medical treatment. With early diagnosis and early treatment, prognosis is generally good.     

一期前后联合入路治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

目的回顾性分析一期后路椎弓根螺钉内固定和前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核的临床疗效。方法 2004年12月～2010年8月,采用一期后路椎弓根螺钉系统内固定和前路病灶清除、神经减压、自体骨椎间植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱结核患者27例,2个椎体16例,3个椎体8例,4个椎体2例,5个椎体1例。分析术前与术后脊髓神经功能Frankel分级情况以及脊柱融合情况。结果所有患者术后随访9个月～3年,平均16.5个月。脊柱后凸畸形由术前平均46.3°改善到术后平均14.3°(P<0.05)。术后所有病例神经功能均获得改善。结论经后路椎弓根螺钉内固定和前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗脊柱结核能彻底清除结核病灶,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,促进脊髓及神经功能恢复。     

前路病灶清除椎管减压及一期椎间植骨内固定治疗胸、腰椎结核

目的 分析前路病灶清除椎管减压一期椎间植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法 回顾2002年3月以后的病例中对17例胸腰段、腰椎结核病者,行前路病灶清除椎管减压一期椎间植骨钛质钉-板、钉-棒系统内固定治疗。本组患者术前均有椎旁或腰大肌脓肿,椎体破坏塌陷,椎管内占位,脊柱畸形,不同程度神经功能受损。结果 术中无脊髓、神经及大血管损伤;术后随访1～3年,脊髓神经功能恢复良好。椎间植骨全部融合,脊柱畸形被矫正,无病灶复发。结论 前路病灶清除椎管减压一期椎间植骨内固治疗胸、腰椎结核具有安全．疗效可靠、恢复快,卧床时间短,护理简单等优点。     

脊柱结核的早期诊断和治疗

目的探讨脊柱结核早期的临床表现和影像学特点。方法对19例脊柱结核患者行X线、CT和MRI检查，同时行PPD试验、血沉、胸片、胸部CT和ECT等检查。明确诊断后再进行正规抗结核治疗。结果脊柱结核早期患者全身结核毒性症状并不典型，患者均表现为不同程度的局部疼痛，其中8例患者曾被误诊。CT检查能清晰地显示椎体内较小的溶骨性、虫蚀状改变等骨质破坏灶及其内毛玻璃状高密度的死骨（19例），周围可伴有骨增生硬化带（10例），可伴有椎前软组织肿胀。MRI发现椎体骨炎（19例）及终板破坏，以及骨内小脓肿。早期椎间盘信号正常或高信号为主、椎间隙正常。结论脊柱结核早期患者常表现为局部疼痛，可不伴有典型的结核中毒症状。CT能显示早期微小的脊柱结核病变如骨质破坏、死骨等现象；MRI能清楚显示椎体骨炎、终板和（或）椎间盘的破坏和椎体内小灶骨脓肿。结合CT和MRI两者优点，可较早诊断脊柱结核；从而指导临床尽早进行抗结核治疗，避免漏诊、延迟诊断或误诊带来的不良后果，具有较大临床意义。     

胸腰椎脊柱结核前后路内固定手术的选择

目的:探讨治疗不同病变节段及病变程度胸腰椎脊柱结核手术方法的选择。方法:对23例患者中,10例行前路病灶清除、植骨、内固定,13例行后路内固定、前路病灶清除植骨。其中2例分二期手术,21例一期手术。结果:术后随访6个月～3年,平均23个月。23例均一期愈合、无复发。X线片显示骨性愈合,植骨平均融合时间为8个月,后凸畸形平均纠正29°,随访期间丢失2°。瘫痪均恢复,Frankel神经功能达E级。结论:前路内固定适宜于病变节段1～2个椎体且破坏严重,后凸畸形明显,结核处于静止期,无混合感染,寒性脓肿较大及脊髓压迫伴截瘫患者;后路内固定适宜于多椎体长节段病变,尤其跳跃性脊柱结核,病灶主要位于后方,局限于单侧椎体破坏形成寒性脓肿或伴有混合感染,年龄大、体质较弱的患者。