福辛普利晚期预处理对缺氧复氧期心室肌动作电位的影响

目的：观察福辛普利晚期预处理对缺氧复氧心室肌细胞动作电位的影响。方法：应用全细胞膜片钳方法，记录观察酶解的成年豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位在缺氧复氧期的变化。结果：缺氧复氧的心室肌细胞膜静息电位增加，动作电位复极50时程（APD50）、APD90缩短（P均〈0．01）。福辛普利预处理可使晚期缺氧复氧的心室肌细胞膜静息电位降低，APD50、APD90延长，虽不显著（P〉0．05）。结论：福辛普利可稳定缺氧复氧心肌电生理活动，可模拟晚期预处理对心肌产生保护作用。     

兔急性心肌梗死后梗死周边带心肌细胞L-型钙通道的变化

探讨L型钙通道在急性心肌梗死 (AMI)后室性心律失常发生中的作用及其机制。方法 :以开胸冠状动脉结扎法制备兔AMI模型 ,1周后处死动物分离心室肌细胞 ,采用全细胞膜片钳记录技术观察梗死周边缺血带心外膜心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流 (ICa L)的变化 ,以正常心肌ICa L为对照。结果 :AMI 1周时兔梗死周边区心室肌细胞L型钙电流受到抑制 ,其电流峰值由正常状态下的 - 5 .58± 1 .53pA/pF(对照组 ,n =1 0 )降至 - 3 .52± 0 .93pA/pF(AMI组 ,n=6) ,最大峰电流下降 2 9.1 % ,P <0 .0 5 ,I V曲线上移 ;其失活曲线左移 ,半数最大失活电位由 - 1 3 .1± 4 .2mV左移至 - 2 5 .9± 7.0mV ,P <0 .0 5 ,失活速度加快。结论 :AMI后 1周梗死周边带心外膜心室肌细胞L型钙通道受抑制 ,可能为AMI后室性心律失常发生的机制之一。     

肿瘤坏死因子α在急性缺氧状态下对豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流的抑制作用

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）在正常和急性缺氧状态下对豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道的作用。方法急性分离成年豚鼠的心室肌细胞，采用全细胞膜片钳法记录L-型钙通道电流，并分别在正常和急性缺氧的条件下，给予不同浓度的TNF-α（100U／ml、300U／ml、500U／ml），观察其对豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道电流的作用。结果在全细胞封接后20min，L-型钙通道峰值电流分别是：正常对照组-471．948 306．587pA；不同浓度TNF-α组-497．698 296．686pA（100U／ml）、-471．894 366．758pA（300U／ml）、-503．988 396．958pA（500U／ml）（与正常对照组相比P〉0．05）；急性缺氧组-369．577 104．280pA（与正常对照组相比P=0．022）；急性缺氧＋不同浓度TNF-α组-268．445 124．112pA（100U／ml）、-190．588 102．281pA（300U／ml）、-87．666 70．670pA（500U／ml）（与急性缺氧组相比P值均〈0．05）。结论在正常条件下，TNF-α对豚鼠心室肌细胞的L型钙通道电流无明显影响，但在急性缺氧条件下，TNF-α可以增强缺氧对该电流的抑制作用。     

卡维地洛对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响

目的研究卡维地洛对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(ICa,L)的影响,探讨卡维地洛在离子通道水平的药理机制。方法用急性酶解法获得大鼠单个心室肌细胞,用标准全细胞膜片钳技术记录ICa,L,观察不同浓度卡维地洛对ICa,L的影响。结果①卡维地洛呈浓度依赖性抑制ICa,L,1μmol/L卡维地洛能使心肌细胞ICa,L电流-电压关系曲线明显上移,峰电流密度减少(7.80±0.65pA/pFvs4.89±0.52pA/pF,n=10,P<0.05),但激活电位、峰电位和翻转电位无明显改变。②卡维地洛能使ICa,L失活曲线明显左移,但对ICa,L激活和复活曲线无明显影响。③0.1μmol/L卡维地洛对钙电流无明显影响,但可以明显阻断异丙肾上腺素增加钙电流效应。同时,卡维地洛对钙电流的抑制效应不能被哌唑嗪和普奈洛尔阻断。结论卡维地洛呈浓度依赖性地抑制心室肌细胞L型钙通道。     

甘松提取物对家兔心室肌细胞钠、钙通道的影响

目的研究甘松提取物对家兔单个心室肌细胞钠通道和L-型钙通道的电生理作用.方法采用全细胞膜片钳技术(Whole cell patch clamp),观察不同浓度的甘松提取物对钠通道电流和L-型钙通道电流的影响.结果5g/L和10g/L的甘松提取物使兔心室肌细胞ⅠNa峰值(Ⅰ Namax)从(66.48±6.44)pA/pF分别降至(50.95±4.78)pA/pF和(39.64±3.87)pA/F(n=8,P＜0.05和P＜0.01);使LCa-L峰值(ⅠCa-Lmax)由(6.485±0.78)pA/pF分别减至(3.644±0.39)pA/pF和(2.455±0.21)pA/pF(n=8,P＜0.01).甘松提取物使ⅠNa和LCa-L的电流-电压曲线上移,但均不改变其激活电位、电位峰值和反转电位.甘松提取物还减慢钠通道灭活后的恢复过程以及抑制钙通道的激活过程.结论甘松提取物对ⅠNa和LCa-L具有浓度依赖性阻滞作用.这可能是其抗心律失常的重要机制.     

卡维地洛对氧自由基所致心肌细胞L型钙电流异常的保护作用

目的　研究卡维地洛对氧自由基引起的豚鼠单个心室肌细胞L型钙电流异常的保护作用。方法　采用全细胞膜片钳技术 ,观察 0 5mmol/L的H2 O2 引起单个豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流改变及预先应用 0 5 μmol/L卡维地洛对这种改变的影响。结果　 0 5 μmol/L卡维地洛对正常豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流及其通道动力学影响不显著。 0 5mmol/LH2 O2 作用下 ,豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流峰值明显降低 (P <0 0 0 1) ,电流 电压曲线上移 ,通道稳态激活曲线和稳态失活曲线左移 ,通道恢复时间明显延长 (P <0 0 0 1)。预先给予 0 5 μmol/L卡维地洛 ,明显减轻H2 O2 对L型钙电流的抑制作用 (P <0 0 1) ;并且可减轻H2 O2 对L型钙通道动力学的异常影响。结论　卡维地洛可减轻氧化应激对心肌细胞L型钙电流的影响 ,这可能是其治疗心力衰竭的机制之一     

缺氧预处理对缺氧复氧乳鼠心室肌细胞游离钙的影响

观察缺氧预处理对缺氧复氧乳鼠心室肌细胞游离钙的影响。建立培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤模型。设正常对照组(A组)、缺氧复氧组(B组)、缺氧预适应组(C组)。经Flou-3/AM负载染色后,采用流式细胞分析技术,测定细胞内钙离子浓度;利用膜片钳技术,观察L型钙通道和钠钙交换电流的变化。结果:①与A组比较,B组可显著增加细胞内的游离钙离子浓度(P<0.01);L型钙电流密度明显下降,I-V曲线上移,半数失活电压(V1/2)减小,ICa,L失活曲线明显左移,而Na+/Ca2+交换电流显著增加。②与B组比较,C组可减轻缺氧再灌注时[Ca2+]i增加(P<0.01);可减轻再灌注对L型钙电流的抑制,使I-V曲线下移程度减轻,V1/2增加及稳态失活曲线的右移;减少Na+/Ca2+交换电流的增加;③与A组比较,C组钙内流和Na+/Ca2+交换电流有轻度增加(P<0.05)。结论:缺氧预处理使缺氧/复氧造成的[Ca2+]i增高的程度减轻,是通过抑制Na+/Ca2+交换电流的增加实现的。     

神经调节蛋白-1对小鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响

目的观察神经调节蛋白-1(NRG-1)对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(ICa-L)的影响。方法 C57小鼠取其心脏,经主动脉逆行插管后行Langendorff灌流,以酶解法分离获得单个心室肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录NRG-1对L型钙电流(ICa-L)的影响。结果 0.05,0.1,0.2μmol/L NRG-1对ICa-L峰电流的抑制率分别为15.3%±2.2%,32.0%±4.7%,52.6%±6.1%(n=6,P0.05),并使电流-电压曲线上移,激活延迟,失活后恢复时间延长。结论 NRG-1通过延迟钙通道的激活,延长失活后恢复时间,抑制心肌细胞ICa-L。     

人参皂苷Rb1对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流和瞬时外向钾电流的调控作用

目的 研究参松养心胶囊的药物单体-人参皂苷Rb1对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(Ica,L)和瞬时外向钾电流(Ito)的调控作用.方法 Langendroff灌流装置、胶原酶和蛋白酶混合急性分离大鼠心室肌细胞,用含40μmol/L的人参皂苷Rb1的细胞外液灌流心室肌细胞,每个细胞采用给药前后自身对照,标准的全细胞膜片钳技术记录Ica,L,Ito,所有数据均在细胞破膜后20min内完成,观察人参皂苷Rb1对Ica,L和Ito通道电流的影响.结果 40 μmol/L的人参皂苷Rb1对Ica,L和Ito均有抑制作用.在-10mV测试电压下,40 μmol/L的人参皂苷Rb1可使Ica,L的最大激活峰值电流密度从(- 11.423±-3.125)pA/pF下降至(-5.786±-2.976)pA/pF,抑制率为49.34％±9.78％(n=7,p＜0.05),电流密度-电压(I-V)曲线上移,但不改变激括电位、峰电位、反转电位以及曲线的形状;在+60mV测试电压下,40μ mol/L的人参皂苷Rb1 可使Itof的最大激活峰值电位从 35.342±3.126pA/pF下降至26.783±4.153pA/pF,抑制率为24.21％±8.35％ (n=8,p ＜0.05),I-V曲线下移.两通道电流经Boltemann方程拟合的稳态激活曲线给药前后无明显影响,但药物可使稳态失活增快以及失活后恢复减慢(n=7,p＜ 0.05),且人参皂苷Rb1主要抑制Ito的快速电流成分Itof(峰电位),对慢电流成分Itos(维持电位)无明显影响.结论 人参皂苷Rb1对Ica,L和Ito通道的电流有显著抑制作用,但不改变Ica,L的通道动力学.     

肿瘤坏死因子α抑制豚鼠急性缺血心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流

为探讨肿瘤坏死因子α对正常及模拟缺血状态下豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流的影响。全细胞膜片技术记录豚鼠心室肌细胞单个L型钙通道电流。肿瘤坏死因子α(100、300和500 ku/L)对豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流峰值的影响与对照组均无明显差异(P>0.05),但模拟急性缺血时,同浓度的肿瘤坏死因子α却明显抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流峰值并呈浓度依赖性,抑制率分别为46.5％±3.5％、62.7％±3.0％和80,7％±3.7％,与对照组和单纯缺血组相比差异明显(均P<0.05)。正常灌流液中不同浓度的肿瘤坏死因子α对豚鼠心室肌细胞峰值L型钙通道电流无明显影响;但模拟急性缺血时其却呈浓度依赖性地增强缺血对豚鼠心室肌细胞的L型钙通道电流峰值抑制作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.