丙泊酚联合咪达唑仑用于长时间显微外科手术患者的镇静

目的 观察丙泊酚联合不同剂量咪达唑仑用于长时间显微外科手术患者的镇静效果.方法 40例美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级在神经阻滞麻醉下行显微外科手术患者,随机分成4组.Ⅰ组生理盐水2 mL,Ⅱ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组分别给予0.01、0.02和0.04 mg/kg咪达唑仑,1 min后用微量泵持续静注丙泊酚5～10 mg/kg·h.同时Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组每小时分别泵入上述剂量咪达唑仑.以听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)为监测指标,待其降至40,调整丙泊酚用量使AAI维持在30～45,维持镇静5 h.记录镇静诱导及镇静维持时丙泊酚用量,苏醒时间及术中知晓.结果 AAI30～45时,4组患者警觉/镇静评分(OAA/S)均在0～1分.镇静诱导时间Ⅱ～Ⅳ组比Ⅰ组缩短,丙泊酚用药量减少.镇静维持丙泊酚用量Ⅰ、Ⅱ组都高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组.苏醒时间Ⅳ组明显长于其他3组(P<0.05).结论 以AAI30～45为镇静目标,丙泊酚联合咪达唑仑能较好满足长时间显微外科手术镇静需求.     

咪达唑仑在机械通气中的应用

目的　观察咪达唑仑在机械通气患者中的应用 ,评价其镇静效果及可能的不良反应。方法　 3 0例符合观察要求的机械通气患者 ,以微量泵持续静脉注入咪达唑仑。负荷剂量 8～ 12 μg kg ,维持量 5～ 12 μg·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ,用药时间不超过 72h。观察镇静情况 (Ramsayscore ,RS评分 )、血压、脉搏、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率的变化及停药后的拔管情况。结果　所有患者在给咪达唑仑负荷剂量后 ,RS从 1级下降至 3～ 5级 ,达到很好的镇静要求 ,且在维持量下能保持良好的镇静水平 ,有效率 10 0 % ;患者的血压在用药前后和维持过程中均无明显差异 ;心率与血氧饱和度在给负荷剂量后 5min与治疗前有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;自主呼吸频率用药后与用药前对比有非常明显的改善 (P <0 0 1) ;符合拔管条件的患者停药后都能很快拔除气管导管。结论　咪达唑仑静脉微量泵推注能很好地应用于ICU中机械通气的患者 ,镇静效果好、循环影响小、能保持患者的自主呼吸与机械通气协调 ,减少人机对抗 ,用药 72h不会造成拔管延迟等不良反应     

丙泊酚联合咪达唑仑用于长时间显微外科手术患者的镇静

目的：以听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)为监测指标,观察丙泊酚联合不同剂量咪达唑仑在长时间显微外科手术患者中镇静效果。方法：40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级在神经阻滞麻醉下行显微外科手术患者，随机分成四组，每组10例。Ⅰ组生理盐水2ml，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ组咪达唑仑分别给予0.01mg/kg, 0.02mg/kg, 0.04mg/kg, 1min后用微量泵持续静注丙泊酚300~500mg/h。同时Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ组分别按照0.01mg/(kg•h), 0.02mg/(kg•h),0.04mg/(kg•h)泵入咪达唑仑。待AAI降到40（镇静诱导），调整丙泊酚用量使AAI维持在30～45，维持镇静5h。记录镇静诱导及镇静维持时丙泊酚用量。5h后停止镇静用药，记录苏醒时间（从停止给药到患者睁眼），术中知晓情况。结果：以AAI30～45为镇静目标，四组患者OAA/S评分均在0～1分。镇静诱导Ⅱ～Ⅳ组比Ⅰ组时间缩短，丙泊酚用药减少。镇静维持丙泊酚用量Ⅰ、Ⅱ组都高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组，但Ⅲ、Ⅳ组没有明显差别。苏醒时间Ⅳ组明显长于其它三组。结论：对于长时间手术患者的镇静，丙泊酚或联合咪达唑仑均能达到良好的镇静效果，二者联合应用的最佳剂量是镇静诱导时给予咪达唑仑0.02mg/kg，镇静维持时泵入丙泊酚同时咪达唑仑按照0.02mg/(kg•h)泵入。     

剖宫产术前使用咪达唑仑对胎儿的影响

目的研究剖宫产术前使用咪达唑仑对胎儿的影响。方法72例择期剖宫产术孕妇随机分成4组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组麻醉前30min分别肌注咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、0.06 mg/kg和0.07 mg/kg,Ⅳ组为生理盐水,同时肌肉注射阿托品0.01mg/kg。于注药前和注药后30min进行焦虑视觉类比试验（AVAT）和状态焦虑问卷（SAI）测试及Ramsay镇静水平评估。连续监测孕妇的HR、RR、SpO2、MAP及胎儿胎心监护,记录注药前、注药后15min和30min测定值。胎心监护进行胎心监护异常图形分析、比较。胎儿娩出时行脐动脉血气分析、新生儿1min和5min的Apgar评分。结果注药后30min时,Ⅰ-Ⅲ组孕妇AVAT分别下降36.4%、43.2%和43.1%,SAI分别下降20.9%、24.8%和26.9%,均获得RamsayⅡ-Ⅳ级镇静水平。Ⅰ-Ⅲ组注药后30min胎心监护图形有异常改变,异常图形为基线变异减弱、心动过速、心动过缓,变化减速。5min的Apgar评分和脐动脉血气分析4组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论剖宫产手术前给予咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg,对孕妇有良好的镇静和抗焦虑作用,对生命体征无明显影响。对胎儿的呼吸和循环功能影响轻微。     

依托咪酯联合咪达唑仑在改良电休克治疗中的疗效

目的探讨依托咪酯联合咪达唑仑在改良电休克治疗中的疗效。方法应用依托咪酯联合咪达唑仑与丙泊酚做对照,监测2组患者在改良电休克治疗中平均动脉压、呼吸抑制、发作时间、意识恢复的变化,同时观察药物的副作用。结果依托咪酯联合咪达唑仑与丙泊酚相比,在降低平均动脉压、呼吸抑制方面作用较轻,并且明显延长发作时间,意识恢复迅速。两者的副作用有各自不同的特点。结论依托咪酯联合咪达唑仑在改良电休克治疗中疗效满意。     

咪达唑仑联合芬太尼在ICU高血压脑出血患者术后镇静镇痛中的效果

目的:探讨咪达唑仑联合芬太尼在ICU高血压脑出血患者术后镇静镇痛中的疗效.方法:选取2018年1月至2020年7月期间于我院接受治疗的高血压脑出血患者98例,根据镇痛方案分为对照组和研究组(n=49),其中对照组采用咪达唑仑镇痛,研究组采用咪达唑仑联合芬太尼镇痛.对比两组手术过程中的生命体征情况,术后6 h、12 h、24 h采用拉姆齐镇静评分(Ramsay sedation scale,RSS)、视觉模拟量表(Visual analogue scale,VAS)评价镇静镇痛情况,同时记录住院期间不良反应发生率.结果:研究组平均动脉压、呼吸、体温、心率均低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组氧饱和度高于对照组(P<0.05).两组术后RSS评分、VAS评分均逐渐下降(P<0.05),且研究组术后不同时间段RSS评分、VAS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05).研究组出现不良反应发生率与对照组未见统计学差异(P>0.05).结论:咪达唑仑联合芬太尼对ICU高血压脑出血患者术后镇静镇痛效果显著,能有效维持患者生命体征的稳定,安全性高.     

丙泊粉和咪达唑仑联合应用进行儿童胃镜检查36例分析

胃镜作为一种侵入性检查，大多数儿童对此均怀有恐惧心理。我科于2003年12月至2005年6月联合应用丙泊粉和咪达唑仑注射液进行无痛性胃镜检查，取得了满意疗效，现报道如下：     

咪达唑仑与盐酸右美托咪定用于妇科手术麻醉镇静的疗效分析

目的：探讨分析咪达唑仑与盐酸右美托咪定分别作用于妇科子宫切除手术中的麻醉镇静的效果。方法选择我院在全身麻醉下行妇科子宫切除术的患者100例,随机分为两组各50例,A组于麻醉前静脉输注咪达唑仑,B组于麻醉前静脉输注右美托咪定,分析比较两组在麻醉中的镇静、术中知晓及麻醉清醒时镇静的效果。结果根据两组在不同时间段的镇静效果进行Ramsay评分比较,A组T1~T7均高于B组(P<0.05);通过对患者采用术后随访的方式调查患者术中知晓情况发现,A组术中知晓8例,占(16%)高于B组(P<0.05);充分说明A组输注的咪达唑仑镇静效果低于B组输注的右美托咪定镇静效果。结论右美托咪定不仅能有效的提高患者术中、术后的镇静效果,减少术中知晓的发生,更无呼吸抑制等不良反应,值得临床推广使用。     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑治疗脓毒症的临床疗效对比

目的对比右美托咪定与咪达唑仑治疗脓毒症的临床疗效。方法选择2018年7月至2019年7月本院收治的142名脓毒症患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方式的不同分为右美托咪定组(R组,72例)和咪达唑仑组(M组,70例)。R组患者采用静脉输注右美托咪定治疗,M组患者采用静脉输注咪达唑仑治疗。比较两组患者用药前后各项心功能指标、用药后炎性因子水平、RASS评分和不良反应。结果用药24h后R组患者SBP、DBP、HR水平均降低,E/A水平升高,且R组患者SBP、DBP、HR水平降低幅度比M组更明显,E/A水平升高幅度比M组更明显(P0.05);M组、R组患者随着治疗时间的延长RASS评分逐渐降低、CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平逐渐降低(P0.05),且R组患者在用药t_2、t_3、t_4时CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平显著低于M组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者均未出现严重不良反应。结论静脉持续输注右美托咪定可有效改善脓毒症患者的心脏舒张功能,减少躁动发生,降低患者血液中炎性因子水平。     

咪达唑仑对剖宫产术初产妇情绪和记忆的影响

目的探讨咪达唑仑对剖宫产手术产妇情绪和记忆的影响。方法72例择期剖宫产术产妇随机分成4组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组麻醉前30min分别肌注咪达唑仑0.05、0.06和0.07mg/kg,Ⅳ组肌注生理盐水1.5ml,同时肌肉注射阿托品0.01mg/kg。于注药前和注药后30min进行焦虑视觉类比试验(AVAT)、状态焦虑问卷(SAI)测试及Ramsay镇静水平评估。将麻醉准备到手术结束过程分为5阶段,每项告知产妇,记录剖宫产术后4h产妇能准确回忆的项目。结果注药后30min时,Ⅰ~Ⅲ组AVAT分别下降36.4%、43.2%和43.1%;SAI分别下降20.9%、24.8%和26.9%,均获得Ramsay2~4级镇静水平。Ⅰ~Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组比较记忆保留组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。Ⅰ~Ⅲ组以遗忘静脉穿刺过程的居多,4组产妇对椎管内麻醉穿刺和新生儿娩出后性别识别两过程全部记忆完整。结论剖宫产手术前给予咪达唑仑0.05~0.07mg/kg,对产妇有良好的镇静和抗焦虑作用,对外显记忆有一定程度的影响,其中对信息量小和关注程度低的信息能产生顺行性遗忘作用,能保留信息量大和关注程度高的信息的完整记忆。     

靶控输注丙泊酚及咪唑安定镇静对记忆的影响

目的 观察靶控输注丙泊酚、咪唑安定镇静对记忆的影响.方法 选择40例男性志愿者,年龄20～40岁,随机均分为4组,采用血浆靶控输注的方式,1组、3组输注丙泊酚,2组、4组输注咪唑安定,将镇静深度控制在OAA/S1级或3级,分别在清醒及达到预期镇静深度时听词汇,苏醒后使用词干补笔法和加工分离程序计算外显记忆及内隐记忆得分.结果 四组外显记忆与0比较无差异,3、4组内隐记忆大于0(P＜0.05),而1、2组内隐记忆与0比较无差异.结论 在靶控输注药物镇静时,随着镇静的加深,记忆逐渐消失,两种药物在相同镇静深度下对于记忆的影响相同.     

Drug interaction leading to prolonged sedation in a postoperative high risk coronary bypass surgery patient

Use of midazolam infusion in mechanically ventilated patient is an established practice in critical care. In our case, the use of erythromycin as a prokinetic agent for better tolerance of enteral feeding and paralytic ileus led to an interaction between midazolam and erythromycin, which resulted in prolonged and deeply sedated patient. In a critically ill patient, there is always a possibility of multiple drug interactions. It is important to understand them and they should be considered before starting new medication.     

胃镜检查中异丙酚与咪唑安定的联合应用

目的　观察在胃镜检查中应用异丙酚复合咪唑安定的浅麻醉效果和安全性。方法　将 12 0例患者随机分为两组 ,麻醉镇静组 (A组 ,n =60 )给予异丙酚 ( 70～ 14 0mg)、复合咪唑安定 ( 1～ 2mg)静脉麻醉 ,对照组 (B组 ,n =60 )不使用麻醉药。比较两组患者检查前、中、后三阶段的血压、心率、SpO2 ,检查反应 ,操作时间以及检查成功率。结果　A组在心血管反应、舒适性、操作时间以及检查成功率等方面明显优于B组 (P <0 .0 1) ,检查前、中、后的SpO2 无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　在胃镜检查中 ,应用异丙酚复合咪唑安定可使患者镇静、舒适 ,且无明显不良反应。     

Intranasal midazolam for rapid sedation of an agitated patient

Rapidly, establishing a difficult intravenous access in a dangerously agitated patient is a real challenge. Intranasal midazolam has been shown to be effective and safe for rapidly sedating patients before anesthesia, for procedural sedation and for control of seizure. Here, we report a patient in intensive care unit who was on mechanical ventilation and on inotropic support for management of septic shock and who turned out extremely agitated after accidental catheter removal. Intravenous access was successfully established following sedation with intranasal midazolam, using ultrasound guidance.     

氯胺酮和咪唑安定对大鼠离体肺脏血管阻力的影响

目的探讨不同剂量氯胺酮和咪唑安定对大鼠离体肺脏血管阻力(PVR)的影响。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠32只,体重200~280g,随机分成4组(n=8):氯胺酮组(K组)、咪唑安定组(M组)、N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)+氯胺酮组(L-NAME+K组)和L-NAME+M组。制备离体大鼠肺灌注模型,K组经蠕动泵远端泵管注入氯胺酮2、20、40mg·kg~(-1),M组注入咪唑安定0.3、3、6mg·kg~(-1),均以剂量递增方式顺次加入,注药间隔10min;L-NAME+K组和L-NAME+M组预先经储血槽侧管各注入100μmol·L~(-1)L-NAME,平衡20 min后,经蠕动泵远端泵管分别加入氯胺酮40mg·kg~(-1)或咪唑安定6mg·kg~(-1)。持续描记肺动脉压(PAP)波形,记录PAP基础值(PAPb)、给药后的峰值(PAPp),并计算肺血管阻力(PVR)基础值(PVRb)、给药后的峰值(PVRp)和PVR的变化率。结果 K组、M组各剂量氯胺酮和咪唑安定均可使PVR降低,呈剂量依赖性。与K组40mg·kg~(-1)比较,L-NAME+K组PVR变化率无明显差异(P0.05);与M组6mg·kg~(-1)比较,L-NAME+M组PVR变化率亦无明显差异(P0.05)。结论氯胺酮和咪唑安定可剂量依赖性引起肺血管扩张,其作用与一氧化氮(内皮源性舒张因子)的释放无关。     

经静脉给予小剂量咪达唑仑对经皮冠状动脉介入患者的抗焦虑作用

目的：探讨经静脉注射小剂量咪达唑仑对经皮冠状动脉介入患者的抗焦虑作用。方法：将300例有经皮冠状动脉介入指征的患者随机分为干预组和对照组,给对照组和干预组患者分别于术前30 min和术后30 min发放焦虑自评量表。对照组术前不给任何镇静药物,干预组于术前5 min经静脉给予咪达唑仑2 mg（1 mg/mL）,分别记录两组于手术前一天、术前5 min、术中10 min、手术结束时心率、血压以及血氧饱和度。结果：干预组术前和术后焦虑自评量表评分较对照组显著下降,术中和术后的血压和心率亦显著下降。结论：经静脉小剂量给予咪哒唑仑可明显减轻经皮冠状动脉介入手术患者的焦虑情绪,并抑制由于焦虑情绪而导致的血压升高和心率加快。     

Locomotor differences in Mongolian gerbils with the effects of midazolam administration in the form of eye drops

Background

Midazolam is a sedative-hypnotic agent with amnestic and anticonvulsant properties that can be administrated to mammals through various routes, such as intravenous, intramuscular, oral, intrathecal, rectal, and buccal. Midazolam administration in the form of eye drops through the conjunctiva is not reported in the literature.

Aim

This study aims to demonstrate the possible central nervous system effects of midazolam administration as eyes drops in Mongolian gerbils.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen gerbils were randomly assigned to one of two equal sized groups. The active arm received 2 ml of 10 mg midazolam as eye drops in both eyes. Control group received a total of 2 ml of physiological saline (0.9% NaCl). We subjected the gerbils to an adapted “Open Field” to determine the possible effects on central nervous system of midazolam. Gerbils were allowed to move freely in the open field. Before and after the drug administration, locomotor activities of each gerbil have been recorded. Frequency of loss of righting reflex was quantified.

Results

Conjunctival midazolam administration resulted with the transient loss of righting reflex (p=0.017) and suppressed exploration motion (p=0.018) in the open field test compared to control subjects.

Conclusions

In the present study, administration of conjunctival midazolam as an eye drop may affect gerbil''s locomotor activities and open field behaviors. We argue that, using a sedative and anticonvulsive drug such as midazolam via conjunctival route may be useful in some clinical situations. Therefore, it could be beneficial to develop a new conjunctival formulation of midazolam. Also, there is a need for trials in humans with pharmacokinetic studies.     

The comparison of remimazolam and midazolam for the sedation of gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

IntroductionRemimazolam and midazolam are used for the sedation of gastrointestinal endoscopy, but their efficacy remains controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the sedation of remimazolam with midazolam for gastrointestinal endoscopy.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the influence of remimazolam versus midazolam on gastrointestinal endoscopy were included. Two investigators independently have searched articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies. This meta-analysis was performed using the random-effect model.ResultsThree RCTs involving 528 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with midazolam for gastrointestinal endoscopy, remimazolam was associated with higher procedure success (OR=9.78; 95% CI=1.48 to 64.71; P=0.02), lower need for rescue medication (OR=0.09; 95% CI=0.01 to 0.80; P=0.03), shorter total recall (Std. MD=0.93; 95% CI=0.15 to 1.72; P=0.02) and delayed recall (Std. MD=0.44; 95% CI=0.05 to 0.83; P=0.03), reduced incidence of hypotenson (OR=0.39; 95% CI=0.25 to 0.62; P<0.0001) and adverse events (OR=0.36; 95% CI=0.17 to 0.79; P=0.01), but had no obvious influence on fully alert (Std. MD=-0.75; 95% CI=-1.58 to 0.08; P=0.08).ConclusionsRemimazolam demonstrated better efficacy and safety for the sedation of gastrointestinal endoscopy compared to midazolam.     

Comparison of the effects of propofol and midazolam on inflammation and oxidase stress in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery

Purpose

To investigate and compare the effects of propofol and midazolam on inflammation and oxidase stress in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-two ASA class I-II children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly divided into two groups: propofol combined with low dose fentanyl (PF group, n = 16) and midazolam combined with low dose fentanyl (MF group, n = 16). Tracheal extubation time and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay were recorded. Blood samples were taken before operation (T₀), at 2 h after release of the aorta cross-clamp (T₃) and at 24 h after operation (T₄) to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Myocardium samples were collected at 10-20 min after aorta cross-clamp (T₁) and at 10-20 min after the release of the aorta cross-clamp (T₂) to detect heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression.

Results

Tracheal extubation time and length of ICU stay in PF group were significantly shorter than those of the MF group (p < 0.05, respectively). After cardiopulmonary bypass, IL-6, IL-8 and MDA levels were significantly increased, and the SOD level was significantly reduced in both two groups, but PF group exhibited lower IL-6, IL-8 and MDA levels and higher SOD levels than the MF group (p < 0.05, respectively). The HO-1 expression in the PF group was significantly higher than that in MF group at the corresponding time points (p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion

Propofol is superior to midazolam in reducing inflammation and oxidase stress and in improving post-operation recovery in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery.