Screening for diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in tertiary care hospital in India

Background:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common and under diagnosed medical conditions in India. Prevalence of these chronic diseases are high both in rural and urban areas. However, exact prevalence of DM in Indian COPD patients in unclear. Co-morbid conditions like DM have great impact on the outcome of COPD in the form of severity, exacerbations, morbidity and mortality. Hence the present study objective was to screen COPD patients for DM.

Results:

A total of 1662 patients with COPD (Males = 1264, Female = 398) with mean age 58 ± 9.6 were screened for DM. Patients with known history of DM were 353 (21.24%) and were enrolled as Known DM cases. Remaining 1309 (78.76%) patients whose DM status was unclear were screened by random blood sugar (RBS). One-hundred and seventy-one subjects had RBS > 110 mg/dl. About 73 (4.39%) subjects had fasting blood sugar (FBS) > 126 mg/dl. They were considered as Newly Diagnosed DM cases. Total number of DM cases in the study including new and known was 426 (25.63%). Number of patients with deranged FBS (FBS between 110 mg/dl to126 mg/dl) was 84 (5.05%). Among the DM patients with COPD 168 (10.11%) had poor glycemic control with HbA1c > 8. Prevalence of DM in present study was 25.63%.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of DM in COPD patients in the present study is 25.63% when actively screened in tertiary care hospital. It is feasible and imperative to screen all COPD patients for DM in all health care facilities routinely.     

肺音可以作为首诊慢阻肺严重程度的判断指标

目的 探讨肺部听诊肺音对首诊慢性阻塞性肺疾病（慢阻肺）严重程度的判断价值。方法 入选我院2016年5月~2019年5月临床首次确诊慢阻肺患者,根据肺部听诊情况把肺音区分为5组：呼吸音正常、呼吸音减弱、呼吸音减弱并喘鸣、呼吸音明显减弱、呼吸音明显减弱并喘鸣。基于 GOLD 指南和欧洲标准,区分慢阻肺和哮喘慢阻肺重叠（ACO）诊断,并进行肺功能分级。结果 入组慢阻肺患者1046例,男性949例,女性97例,年龄62.6±8.71岁;根据GOLD标准,诊断为慢阻肺中度及以上占比88.1%,重度及以上占比为 50.0%,进一步诊断 ACO 为 347 例,占 33.2%。ANOVA 分析肺音 5 组间在病程、用力呼气容积（FEV1）、FEV1占预计值百分比（FEV1%）,FEV1/FVC、用力肺活量（FVC）、FVC占预计值百分比（FVC%）、mMRC均存在显著差别（P<0.001）,FENO未见显著差异（P=0.097）。ACO较单纯慢阻肺组表现更高比例的喘鸣（P<0.001）。Spearman相关分析示：肺音与疾病严重程度、FEV1、FEV1%及FVC%显著相关（P<0.001）。多元线性回归分析显示：病程、吸烟指数及肺音与疾病严重程度相关。结论 肺音可以作为首诊慢阻肺严重程度判断指标,临床需加强识别。     

Asymptomatic patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） has a variable natural history and not all individuals follow the same course. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic COPD patients from a population-based survey in China.Methods A multistage cluster sampling strategy was used in a population from seven different provinces/cities. All residents （over 40 years old） were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire and spirometry.Post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second （FEV1）/forced vital capacity （FVC） of less than 70% was defined as the diagnostic criterion of COPD. All COPD patients screened were divided into symptomatic group and asymptomatic group according to the presence or absence of chronic respiratory symptoms. Socio-demographic,personal and exposure variables were collected and analyzed.Results Among the 1668 patients who were diagnosed with COPD from the 25 627 sampling subjects, 589 （35.3%）were asymptomatic. The age, sex, body mass index （BMI）,rural and urban distributions, smoking habit and education levels were similar in the two groups. A total of 64.7% of the asymptomatic patients had no comorbidities. Cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer were more common among symptomatic COPD patients than asymptomatic group.Asymptomatic COPD group were less likely to present with poor ventilation in the kitchen, a family history of respiratory disease and recurrent childhood cough. Asymptomatic COPD patients had significantly higher FEV1 （73.1% vs. 61.0%）, FVC （91.9% vs. 82.0%）, and a higher ratio of FEV1/FVC （62.9% vs.58.7%） （all P 〈0.001） than symptomatic group. More asymptomatic patients were underdiagnosed （91.9% vs.54.3%, P〈0.001） than symptomatic patients.Conclusions This large population-based survey confirmed a high prevalence of asymptomatic COPD patients in China. More use of spirometry screening test may be important to the early detection of COPD.     

社区全科团队慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治基本知识调查

目的了解社区卫生服务中心全科团队对慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治基本知识的知晓度。方法2008年2月26日统一时间开始,对上海市某区全部15家社区卫生服务中心的全科医生做慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治基本知识的问卷调查。除去不能离开工作岗位者,接受调查医生593名。结果542名（91．4％）医生知道慢性阻塞性肺疾病的英文缩写;315名（53．1％）自认为知道《慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治指南》的主要内容;全部被调查的社区卫生服务中心均没有配备肺功能仪;500名（84．3％）知道肺功能检查是慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断的金标准;115名（19．4％）医生知道慢性阻塞性肺疾病分为急性发作期和稳定期;163名（27．5％）知道慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者药物治疗有效后,应该长期治疗;328名（55．3％）认识到慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者在稳定期仍需要治疗;312名（52．6％）认为慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重后不一定要用抗生素;465名（78．4％）认为吸入治疗是慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作的首选方案。235名（39．6％）知道规范家庭氧疗是每日吸氧时间大于15h。调查发现仅365名（61．6％）医生参加过慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关知识培训,且培训次数每年仅1～2次。乡村医生所掌握的知识明显少于社区医生。结论全科医生在慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治知识方面严重缺乏,须加强相关防治知识的培训。     

Prevalence of previously undiagnosed airflow limitation in patients who underwent preoperative pulmonary function test

Although being a rapidly expanding socioeconomical burden worldwide, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often overlooked because of its insidious progression. Since spirometry is the primary tool for the diagnosis of COPD, physicians should be aware of the disease in any situation where interpreting spirometry. This study was to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed COPD among patients who underwent spirometry as a preoperative evaluation for elective surgeries. Patients aged 40 years or older who completed routine spirometry as a preoperative evaluation for elective surgeries between January to December, 2000. Medical records were reviewed for medical history, clinical findings, smoking status, and discharge diagnoses for patients who demonstrated airflow limitation (AL), defined as FEV(1)/FVC<70% on spirometry. Of the 1031 patients who qualified for the study, 263 (26%) presented AL. Sixty-nine of these patients with AL (26%) had underlying conditions that could account for AL, such as asthma and previously diagnosed COPD. The remaining 194 patients with AL (74%) were suspected to have undiagnosed COPD, 90% of which was mild in severity. Only 30 (15%) of these patients appeared to be diagnosed have received a diagnosed as COPD by physician on this occasion. This study testifies that COPD is often unnoticed, and demonstrates that every spirometry, such as in preoperative evaluation, gives a clue to identify affected individuals, for which awareness of the disease is essential.     

山东省枣庄市农村地区60岁以上人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病率调查

目的调查农村地区60岁以上人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患病率、危险因素,为制定COPD防治策略提供依据。方法采取分层随机整群抽样调查方法,于2009年8～11月对枣庄市6个调查点（6个辖区）60岁以上人群进行COPD流行病学调查,实检人口1 824人。通过问诊、体检、峰流速仪或肺功能测试和胸透等方法诊断。诊断标准参照2002年全国COPD诊治指南。采用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析,患病率比较用χ2检验,危险因素进行logistic回归分析,相关性比较用直线相关分析,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果检出COPD 281例,患病率为15.41%,男、女性患病率分别为22.06%、10.02%,男女性别比为1.78∶1,患病率男性明显高于女性（χ2=49.23,P〈0.01）。诱发因素主要有吸烟、有害气体和呼吸道感染等。结论 COPD是严重危害枣庄市农村地区公众身心健康的疾病,应引起重视。通过调查获得了枣庄市COPD患病率及危险因素,为今后制订综合防治措施提供了依据。     

首诊慢阻肺错失早期诊断时间与疾病严重程度相关

目的调查南方医院就诊的慢性阻塞性肺疾病（慢阻肺）患者从出现症状至确诊的时间（错失早期诊断时间）,探讨其与疾 病严重程度的关系。方法筛选我院2015年5月~2018年2月临床首次确诊慢阻肺患者,慢阻肺和哮喘慢阻肺重叠（ACO）诊断 基于GOLD指南和欧洲标准,按照GLOD指南进行肺功能分级。结果入组慢阻肺患者803例,平均年龄61.8±9.9岁,男性726 例,女性77例,入组对象平均错失早期诊断时间为3（0.5,8）年;根据GOLD标准,诊断为慢阻肺中度及以上占比85.2%,重度及 以上占比为48.3%,其中47.0%为支气管舒张试验阳性,进一步诊断ACO为295例,占36.7%。ACO错失早期诊断时间为3（1, 9）年,相比慢阻肺3（0.5,8）年,两者无显著差异（P>0.05）;所有入组对象错失早期诊断时间与肺功能显著相关（P<0.05）;多元线 性回归分析显示：年龄、错失早期诊断时间与疾病严重程度相关。结论首诊慢阻肺错失早期诊断时间与疾病严重程度密切相 关,临床需加强早期识别。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并支气管扩张患者的肺功能评价

目的：探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并支气管扩张的临床特点及肺功能变化。方法整群收集2013年1月—2015年12月就诊莆田学院附属医院的COPD患者,分为慢阻肺合并支气管扩张组(n=96)、单纯慢阻肺组(n=112)。比较两组患者的临床特征、胸部高分辨率CT( HRCT)、吸烟指数、肺功能表现,随访2年记录两组患者的急性加重次数、每次急性加重的住院时间。结果在入选的所有COPD患者中,COPD 合并支气管扩张的患者占46.2%(96/208)。与单纯慢阻肺组患者相比,慢阻肺合并支气管扩张组患者FVC%pred、FEV1% pred、、DLCO%pred、 FEV1/FVC降低幅度更为显著(P<0.01)。慢阻肺合并支气管扩张组2年内平均每人发生急性加重次数(2.4±1.4)次;高于单纯慢阻肺组患者(1.5±1.6)次,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);慢阻肺合并支气管扩张组每次住院时间(12.9±8.6)d;高于慢阻肺组患者(8.3±7.4)d,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论慢阻肺合并支气管扩张的患者较为常见,在临床表现上容易混淆,根据既往病史、家族史、肺功能检查可进一步区分。合并支气管扩张的慢阻肺患者肺功能下降更为明显,发生急性加重的风险增加,住院时间延长。     

上海市市区与郊县基层医生对慢性阻塞性肺疾病的认知现状及培训效果

目的了解上海市基层医生对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）定义、诊断标准、程度分级以及规范化诊疗等问题的知晓情况。方法采用统一问卷,对上海市12家一级医院（市区4家,郊县8家）和2家二级乙等医院（市区和郊县各1家）的298名医生做COPD相关知识进行问卷调查,并对其中3家医院（市区2家,郊县1家）115名医生进行专业培训。培训后使用同一问卷了解培训效果。结果市区一级医院、市区二级乙等医院、郊县一级医院、郊县二级乙等基层医生对COPD诊断标准的知晓率分别为22．4％（35／156）、25．6％（10／39）、4．3％（3／69）、26．5％（9／34）;抗胆碱能平喘药物知晓率分别为13．5％（21／156）、35．9％（14／39）、0．O％（0／69）、14．7％（5／34）;对COPD程度分级的知晓率仅为0．67％（2／298）。培训后对COPD定义和诊断标准的平均知晓率从18．2％（21／115）提高到72．2％（83／115）,对COPD严重程度分级的知晓率从0．8％（1／115）提高到45．2％（52／115）。结论上海市基层医生对COPD缺乏认识,对COPD规范化诊疗不够了解,应加强对基层医生的相关培训及普及肺功能检测项目。     

老年哮喘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床和肺功能鉴别诊断

目的:探索老年哮喘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)临床特征的区别和肺功能检查在鉴别诊断中的重要性。对象和方法:对本院2000年1月-2002年12月期间门诊和住院部收治的长期咳嗽、咳痰和气促,院外和普通内科诊断为COPD的106例老年(>65岁)患者进行系统的临床、肺功能、治疗后随访的观察。依据可逆性气道阻塞的判断标准,以治疗后肺功能(FEV1)的改善>15％和绝对值增加>200mL作为哮喘的标准。以规范使用平喘治疗3个月后仍然有呼气流速受限(FEV1/FVC<70％)为判断COPD的标准。分析单纯老年哮喘、哮喘合并COPD和单纯COPD的临床特点和肺功能的差别。结果:在106例患者中,22例(20％)为单纯老年哮喘、26例(25％)为哮喘合并有COPD、58例(55％)为单纯COPD。3组均以咳嗽、咳痰和气促为主要临床表现。单纯和合并哮喘者中,有发作性喘息表现者只有38％。肺功能检查治疗后的反应是鉴别诊断和客观判断疗效的重要措施。结论:老年哮喘与COPD的临床表现相似,漏诊率高,肺功能检查和动态观察治疗后的变化规律是重要的鉴别诊断措施。有必要普及肺功能检查,尤其是支气管舒张剂吸入试验和治疗后的肺功能动态观察,提高老年哮喘的诊断水平。     

慢性阻塞性肺病和代谢综合征

目的评估慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)人群中代谢综合征的发生率,并探索两者间潜在的关联。方法老年病科的呼吸门诊中征募70例男性COPD患者及68例男性吸烟非COPD患者分别作为COPD组和对照组。每例患者进行腰围、胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖、血压及肺功能测定,采用国际糖尿病联盟的定义诊断代谢综合征。结果COPD组有30名(42.9%)患代谢综合征,明显高于对照组(22.1%)(P<0.05)。代谢综合征的5个组分中只有腹型肥胖、血压升高和血糖升高在COPD组的发生率高于对照组,而COPD组的低HDL-C和高TG发生率低于对照组。重度、极重度COPD患者的代谢综合征发病率较轻中度患者升高。结论本老年病科的呼吸门诊中,代谢综合征在男性COPD患者中相当普遍,可能是COPD患者增加患心血管疾病风险的一个原因,在此人群中进行代谢综合征的检查是必要的。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人健康素养、电子健康素养及疾病知识与生活质量的相关性分析

目的探究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)健康素养、电子健康素养和疾病知识与COPD健康相关生活质量(HRQoL)的相关性。方法采用横断面调查方法，随机选取COPD成年病人120例，采用量表法调查社会人口学特征、合并症状况、COPD疾病知识、健康素养、电子健康素养和HRQoL，分析健康素养、电子健康素养、COPD疾病知识与一般/肺特异性HRQoL之间的关联性。分析健康素养、电子健康素养在COPD疾病知识与HRQoL之间有无调节效应。结果健康素养筛查问卷(HLSQ)平均得分为(4.52±0.62) 分，电子健康素养量表(eHEALS)平均得分为(3.63±0.71)分，COPD知识问卷(COPD-Q)平均得分为(9.81±1.63)分，EuroQol五维量表(EQ-5D)平均得分为(0.72±0.18)分，COPD评估测试(CAT)平均得分为(24.02±6.65) 分，HLSQ、eHEALS、COPD-Q与EQ-5D均呈正相关关系(P < 0.01)，HLSQ、eHEALS、COPD-Q与CAT均呈负相关关系(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)，EQ-5D指数得分与CAT得分呈负相关关系(P < 0.01)。COPD疾病知识水平越高，肺特异性HRQoL越低。健康素养、电子健康素养在COPD疾病知识与一般HRQoL之间起链式中介作用。健康素养、电子健康素养在COPD疾病知识与肺特异性HRQoL之间起链式中介作用。结论COPD病人制定生活质量提升计划时，不仅需要重视提高病人的疾病知识水平，还应考虑到健康素养和电子素养水平的重要性。     

NATURAL HISTORY OF CARCINOMA OF THE GALLBLADDER AND ITS INFLUENCES ON MANAGEMENT

There were 45 patients (8.8%) of carcinoma of the gall bladder among 506 patients of gall bladder disease admitted during January 1993 to June 1995. Female to male ratio was 4:1 and average age at detection was 52 years. Pain right hypochondrium and jaundice were prominent clinical features. Ultrasonography accurately diagnosed 33 (73.3%) cases while computed tomography was correct in 15/22 (75%) of cases. Cholelithiasis was present in 37 (80%) patients. Sixteen patients were not offered surgery due to either widespread disease or due to poor general health. Cholecystectomy with wedge or segmental resection of liver and lymphadenectomy was performed in 18 out of 29 patients. In 6 patients segmental resection of the contiguous involved organ was performed. Perioperative mortality was 8 per cent. Two patients were alive for more than 24 months, 7 for more than 12 months and 11 were being followed-up for 1 to 12 months. All patients not offered surgery died within 4 months.KEYWORDS: Carcinoma gall bladder, Management, Radical Surgery     

Prevalence of diabetes among hypothyroid subjects

Thyroid dysfunction affects a significant portion of the general population. Most studies have found a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism in women, increasing with age. Prevalence of hyperthyroidism has been found to range 0.5-3.0%. Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem affecting approximately 4.8 percent of the Bangladeshi population. The study was designed to see the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in hypothyroid patients of any etiology. Four hundred forty two consecutive cases of diagnosed hypothyroidism were recruited in the study. All diagnosed hypothyroid subjects (sub-clinical or overt) reported in one year not known to be diabetic previously, underwent standard OGTT (FPG and 2-hour post 75 gram glucose) before initiation of thyroid hormone replacement. Newly detected diabetes among the subjects diagnosed as hypothyroidism is significantly higher 4.8 vs. 7.01% (p<0.01) and the prevalence of pre-diabetic state Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) is also higher (11% vs. 12.6%) among hypothyroid subjects. Pure IFG (FPG ≥6.1 mmol/l but <7.0 mmol/l, and 2-PG <7.8 mmol/l) was found in 5.2% according to WHO criteria and the prevalence is higher (6.8%) with ADA criteria (considering normal FBG <5.6mmol/l). Diabetes was found in 7.01% among hypothyroid subjects which is higher than the existing known prevalence (4.8%). IGT was also found higher among hypothyroid subjects than population prevalence (8.6%). Further larger sample study is essential to establish the findings.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重抗菌治疗的新思维

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是常见的呼吸系统疾病,严重威胁着人类的健康。慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)是导致COPD患者肺功能恶化和病情不断进展的一个重要因素,细菌感染在AECOPD发病中起重要作用。因此,在急性加重期进行抗生素治疗是至关重要的。     

A survey of blindness and poor vision in leprosy patients

Objective To determine the prevalence, cause and distributions of blindness and poor vision in patients with leprosy.Methods An epidemiological survey of blindness and poor vision among 1045 cases of leprosy was carried out in Taixing City of Jiangsu Province, China.Results The prevalence of bilateral blindness was 7. 67%, unilateral blindness 4. 4%, bilateral poor vision of various degrees 9.28% and unilateral poor vision 5.84%. The prevalence of eye complications varied significantly among different groups of patients; females had a higher prevalence than males, multibacillary patients higher than paucibacillary patients, and in-patients higher than outpatients. Corneal disease was the most common cause of blindness in study groups, followed by iritic disease and cataract; while the main cause of poor vision was cataract, then corneal and iritic diseases. Treatable blindness accounted for 62. 7% of the cases and treatable poor vision for 88. 6% of the patients studied. 56. 62% of cases with eye complications expressed their willingness to be treated.Conclusions Although prevention and treatment of low vision and blindness in leprosy patients is very hard, it is necessary for doctors and medical workers to make clear of the factors to cause low vision and blindness, especially those in leprosy patients so that some measures for prevention and treatment of the disease could be taken accordingly.     

我国慢性阻塞性肺疾病社区管理现状与展望

我国慢性阻塞性肺疾病（以下简称慢阻肺）人群庞大,已成为第三大常见慢性病,给患者家庭和社会带来了沉重的经济负担,然而我国社区基层医疗机构对慢阻肺的管理却存在明显短板,如早期筛查率、诊断率低下,健康宣教不到位,慢阻肺相关诊疗设备和药物匮乏,药物使用不规范,社区医生诊疗水平欠佳。本文通过对我国慢阻肺的社区管理现状进行综述,阐明目前我国慢阻肺社区管理存在的诸多问题,并对社区全科医生团队管理模式、医院-社区-家庭-个人分级诊疗模式、基于互联网的慢阻肺患者管理模式为基层医疗机构提供的更优质的慢阻肺管理办法进行展望,以期提高慢阻肺患者的预后和生活质量。     

慢性阻塞性肺病下呼吸道院内感染痰培养分析

目的：了解慢性阻塞性肺病下呼吸道院内感染的病原菌分布及药敏情况。方法：对265例慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)下呼吸道院内感染患者进行痰细菌培养分离,并对分离出的细菌进行药物敏感试验(药敏)。结果：184例培养阳性,阳性率69．4％;共检出细菌224株,以革兰阴性(G^-)杆菌为主(76．3％);2种以上细菌混合感染40例(21．7％);金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)、不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及阴沟杆菌为主要致病菌。药敏发现头孢他定、妥布霉素、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星、万古霉素为敏感抗生素。结论：COPD下呼吸道多种细菌混合感染常见,且耐药严重。临床上应加强药敏测定,合理应用抗生素,联合用药,减少细菌耐药性的产生。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的生活质量及心理健康状况分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的生活质量及精神心理状况。方法选取2011年5月至2012年5月重庆市职业病防治院呼吸内科收治的COPD患者70例作为COPD组,另外同期选择体检健康者70例作为正常对照组,采用生活质量量表(SF-36)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对两组受试者生活质量及心理状况进行评定并进行比较。结果 COPD组SF-36在生理功能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康8项评分均显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05);除敌意、恐怖两项目外,COPD组SCL-90评分均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05),其中以焦虑、躯体化、抑郁、偏执、强迫、人际关系敏感6个因子最为显著。结论 COPD患者生活质量和心理健康状况均较差,因此在对患者进行躯体治疗的同时应采取一定的心理干预。