金-瓷修复体粘弹性残余应力的有限元分析

目的　分析烤瓷熔附金属修复体冷却过程中形成的残余应力与外载荷对金-瓷结合力的影响,以准确描述金-瓷结合力的大小,为进一步完善金-瓷结合理论和预防崩瓷和瓷裂的发生提供依据。方法　参考国际标准化组织确定的测定金-瓷结合力的三点弯曲实验试样建立有限元模型,采用粘弹性有限元法按冷却过程中粘弹性和弹性不同阶段进行分析,以粘弹性阶段的计算结果作为弹性阶段分析的初始条件将二者进行叠加。结果　修复体完成并施以加载后,瓷层材料承受金属施于的压应力;沿界面分布的残余应力和加载力形成的剪切力相互抵消; 而垂直于界面分布的由加载力形成的拉应力远大于残余应力形成的压应力,并且趋向于界面边界点应力逐渐增大。结论　残余应力对金-瓷结合有着极为重要的影响,而陶瓷材料的粘弹性对于准确分析残余应力十分重要。只要严格控制金属与瓷材料热膨胀系数的差异,残余应力的一些分力有利于金-瓷结合,可以认为构成了金-瓷结合力的一部分。     

不同厚度饰瓷与基底瓷双层结构全瓷桥残余应力的有限元分析

目的:建立不同厚度饰瓷与基底瓷双层结构的后牙三单位全瓷桥有限元模型,分析饰瓷与基底瓷厚度对全瓷桥残余应力的分布及其影响。方法:使用WIELAND ZENOTEC Scan对上颌后牙三单位固定桥基牙标准模型进行三维光学扫描,在上述模型基础上通过WIELAND ZENOTEC Cad;Geomagic;CATIA构建三组不同厚度饰瓷与基底瓷双层结构后牙三单位全瓷桥实体模型,将模型导入ABAQUS6.10有限元软件,分析修复体从575℃降至室温25℃过程中残余应力的形成及分布。结果:全瓷修复体残余应力主要分布在饰瓷与基底瓷结合界面处,其中冠边缘、连接体处修饰瓷分布较薄的部位界面处残余应力较为集中,而在修饰瓷较厚的部位残余应力分布较为均匀。随着温度的降低,饰瓷与基底瓷结合界面的残余应力逐渐增大。随着饰瓷与基底瓷热膨胀系数之差逐渐增大和饰瓷厚度的增加,结合界面的残余应力也逐渐增大。结论:双层结构全瓷桥三维有限元模型的建立使得修复体残余应力分析得以实现。修饰瓷较薄和热膨胀系数差较大时残余应力分布较大,在进行全瓷桥修复时除饰瓷与基底瓷热膨胀系数匹配外,要保证饰瓷一定的厚度。     

饰瓷与基底瓷双层结构全瓷冠残余应力的三维有限元分析

目的探讨全瓷冠高温烧结后冷却过程中,冠内不同部位以及结合界面处残余应力的分布及影响因素。方法三维光学面扫描仪对全瓷修复体基底冠与最终牙冠表面分别进行扫描,获取冠内外点云数据;Geomagic Studio8与UG NX5将扫描后的壳体模型转成三维实体模型;运用有限元分析软件ABAQUS6.7热位移偶合单元对模型进行网格划分,施加温度载荷,模拟全瓷冠高温烧结后冷却过程,分析全瓷冠残余应力分布,并以修饰瓷与基底瓷热膨胀系数相同模型进行对比。结果建立起饰瓷与基底瓷双层结构的全瓷冠三维有限元模型。残余应力在全瓷冠颈缘处修饰-基底瓷结合界面分布最大,在修饰瓷较厚部位残余应力分布较小。随着烧结温度的降低,残余应力逐渐增大。结论运用三维面扫描建立的双层全瓷冠三维有限元模型精确,方法简便;全瓷冠残余应力分布较高部位与临床修复体的易破坏部位一致,提示,在进行全瓷冠修复时要注意基底瓷与修饰瓷热膨胀系数的匹配并且要保证冠边缘保持足够的瓷层厚度。     

钛基台支持的CAD/CAM全瓷单冠不同载荷位置的三维有限元应力分析

目的分析钛基台支持的CAD/CAM全瓷单冠在载荷位置不同时全冠的应力情况,为种植上部结构的临床设计提供理论参考。方法建立钛基台以及粘接固位的下颌第二前磨牙牙冠的三维有限元模型,在基台上方偏颊侧(a)、基台正上方(b)、基台上方偏舌侧(c)的牙冠■面3个不同部位分别施加300N的轴向静载荷,计算分析全冠的应力情况。结果对于玻璃陶瓷全冠,当载荷作用于位置a时,最大拉应力在舌侧颈缘处,约为13MPa;最大压应力位于颊侧颈缘处,约为-45MPa。载荷作用于位置b时,最大拉应力在与基台顶部中心区域接触处的牙冠组织面,约为20MPa。载荷作用于位置c时,最大拉应力在牙冠颊侧颈缘处约为15MPa;舌侧颈缘处最大压应力值为-40MPa。氧化锆全冠在三种载荷类型时的应力场分布与玻璃陶瓷全冠类似,应力值大小不同。结论钛基台支持的CAD/CAM全瓷单冠,当载荷作用于位置a时,牙冠颊侧颈缘应增加强度以防止折裂,牙冠舌侧颈缘处应防止脱粘接;载荷作用于位置b时,基台上方牙冠■面需要增加强度;载荷作用于位置c时,牙冠颊侧颈缘处易发生脱粘接,舌侧颈缘处容易折裂。     

齿科陶瓷磨抛后表面残余应力的测算与分析

目的：采用显微压痕裂纹法对使用各种打磨、抛光工具处理的陶瓷表面应力状态进行测算.方法：制作相对无应力试件,在不同加载压力下形成压痕裂纹.按照不同的磨抛方法分组,第1组为抛光组,第2～5组为磨光组,第6组为上釉对照组,在电子显微镜下观察压痕并测量裂纹长度.结果：抛光组和上釉组表面残余应力分别为：2.10 Mpa、1.55 Mpa,磨光组表面残余应力分别为：-17.01 Mpa、-7.54 Mpa、-3.24 Mpa、-3.78 Mpa.结论：磨光可使齿科陶瓷表面处于拉应力状态,抛光和上釉可使其转变为压应力状态,有利于提高其机械性能.     

桩核修复体组织面设计的有限元分析

本研究的目的是对桩核组织面不同形态的应力分布进行比较。实验采用有限元计算法对不同核组织面形态设计的柱形与锥形桩受力时牙本质中的应力分布作分析。研究结果表明：桩核在垂直受力时应力主要集中于根面与根管壁夹角处的牙本质中；舌侧受力时，应力集中于唇侧相应部位。相同受力条件下根面与根管壁夹角为锐角时，应力大于为直角者。本研究结果提示，在临床应用中根面与根管壁夹角不应过锐，以免因此种设计抗力较小而引起牙本质碎裂。     

肩台瓷长度对金瓷冠应力的影响

目的 分析不同肩台瓷长度对金瓷冠应力分布的影响。方法 设计18个模型，利用二维有限元分析法计算在9种加载条件下，各模型瓷层、粘接层及牙体组织层的拉应力、压应力、剪切应力及Von-Mises应力。结果 3种龈缘牙体预备形态时，肩台瓷长度对金瓷冠应力值分布均无明显影响。结论 基底冠唇侧边缘短于预备体龈缘的设计没有影响全瓷颈缘的强度，临床可以将短于预备体龈缘1～2mm的基底冠设计用于前牙修复以达到更好的美观效果。     

全瓷桩核

随着全瓷冠在临床的逐渐广泛使用,金属桩核日益显现出不足,全瓷桩核应运而生。本文介绍了全瓷桩核的制作技术、性能及临床应用等国外研究新进展。     

不同全瓷材料和厚度的种植牙冠应力分布有限元分析

目的通过有限元方法比较不同全瓷材料和厚度在种植牙冠修复的应力分布情况,为临床冠部修复材料的选择和设计提供参考。方法建立下颌第一磨牙种植牙冠修复有限元模型,并进行6种冠厚度和4种不同冠修复材料,即树脂基陶瓷(Lava Ultimate和Vita Enamic)、二硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷(IPS e.max CAD)和氧化锆陶瓷(Cercon)进行组合。在下颌第一磨牙面加载600 N,使用有限元软件ANSYS 10.0分析应力分布。结果冠部应力分析显示,4 mm?Cercon组156.05 MPa最高,1 mm?Lava Ultimate组18.85 MPa最低。树脂水门汀应力分析显示,4 mm?Lava Ultimate组62.52 MPa最高,1 mm?IPS e.max CAD组16.74 MPa最低。使用成品基台时,Lava Ultimate组在冠修复体、树脂水门汀中的应力集中较相同冠厚度的个性化基台高。结论随着冠厚度增加,冠修复体和树脂水门汀中的最大主应力集中呈现上升趋势;树脂基陶瓷使用个性化基台更有利于减少应力集中。     

有限元方法模拟不同全瓷冠破坏过程初探

目的 用有限元方法模拟不同材料和形态的基底冠全瓷冠破坏过程,分析材料和形态对全瓷冠破坏机制的影响.方法 分别建立均匀厚度、不均匀厚度、带颈环3种基底冠形态的氧化铝和氧化锆全瓷冠模型,用BFPA'2D有限元分析软件模拟加载后全瓷冠的破坏过程.结果 6种模型均由拉应力引发破坏,裂纹始于牙尖顶的饰瓷表面,并沿基底冠与饰瓷的界面扩展.在本项研究加载条件下,仅饰瓷破坏,无基底瓷破坏,加载压强5 MPa时氧化锆模型破坏,加载6 MPa时氧化铝模型破坏.加载开始时有颈环模型呈现颈环处最小主应力集中,不均匀厚度基底冠模型呈现颈部最大主应力集中.结论 氧化锫模型的基底瓷与饰瓷界面存在更大的应力.不均匀厚度基底冠设计未增加全瓷冠破坏的风险,有颈环基底冠模型的颈部是拉应力集中的薄弱环节.     

气孔缺陷对磨牙双层全瓷冠力学性能影响的有限元研究

目的研究饰瓷气孔缺陷对磨牙二硅酸锂（LDG）及氧化锆（Y-TZP）双层全瓷冠力学性能的影响。 方法制作上颌第一磨牙LDG双层全瓷冠,使用显微CT扫描并三维重建分析饰瓷内气孔缺陷的尺寸及分布。分别构建上颌第一磨牙LDG及Y-TZP双层全瓷冠三维有限元模型,根据CT数据于饰瓷内添加气孔缺陷并进行加载;A组为对颌牙以200 N加载于牙冠模拟牙尖交错位时的垂直向受力;B组为以200 N与牙长轴呈45°加载于牙冠近、远中舌尖颊斜面,模拟侧方受力;C组为压头垂直位移1 mm加载于牙冠中央窝,模拟体外实验中的加载;计算最大主应力并分析气孔缺陷对其数值的影响。 结果LDG与Y-TZP在各载荷条件下的应力分布近似;垂直向加载时牙尖接触区应力集中,最大应力分别为51.683、50.084 MPa,存在气孔时,应力集中于牙尖接触应力区的气孔缺陷,最大应力上升至290.72、285.92 MPa;45°斜向加载时拉应力集中于核瓷颈部,气孔缺陷无应力集中,最大应力不变;体外加载时中央窝、沟及加载点应力集中,最大应力为107.3、125.41 MPa,存在气孔时,应力集中于拉应力区的气孔缺陷,最大应力上升至359.93、322.39 MPa。 结论饰瓷气孔缺陷对双层全瓷冠应力分布的影响与受载方式有关,位于拉应力集中区的气孔缺陷是导致冠失效的因素。     

下颌磨牙残冠纤维桩核冠修复的有限元应力分析

目的 分析下颌第一磨牙残冠不同缺损壁数的情况下,不同数目、不同部位的纤维桩核冠修复的应力分布情况和应力大小.方法 利用三维有限元法建立下颌第一磨牙残冠2壁和3壁缺损情况下,不同数目和不同部位的纤维桩核冠修复模型,施加225N垂直向的静态载荷及动态载荷.记录两种载荷下各部位牙本质von Mises应力最大值和最大主应力.结果 下颌磨牙2种缺损状态在动静态载荷下,未植入纤维桩组最大Von Mises应力最大,均高于植入纤维桩组,近中植入2根纤维桩组和植入3根纤维桩组的应力分布最均匀.下颌磨牙3壁缺损在静态载荷下,植入3根纤维桩组最大,Von Mises应力明显小于其他2组.结论 2壁缺损情况下,考虑选择植入1根纤维桩.3壁缺损情况下,可以考虑通过增加纤维桩数量来分散应力,减小牙体折裂风险.     

The influence of various core designs on stress distribution in the veneered zirconia crown: a finite element analysis study

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate various core designs on stress distribution within zirconia crowns.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three-dimensional finite element models, representing mandibular molars, comprising a prepared tooth, cement layer, zirconia core, and veneer porcelain were designed by computer software. The shoulder (1 mm in width) variations in core were incremental increases of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm in proximal and lingual height, and buccal height respectively. To simulate masticatory force, loads of 280 N were applied from three directions (vertical, at a 45° angle, and horizontal). To simulate maximum bite force, a load of 700 N was applied vertically to the crowns. Maximum principal stress (MPS) was determined for each model, loading condition, and position.

RESULTS

In the maximum bite force simulation test, the MPSs on all crowns observed around the shoulder region and loading points. The compressive stresses were located in the shoulder region of the veneer-zirconia interface and at the occlusal region. In the test simulating masticatory force, the MPS was concentrated around the loading points, and the compressive stresses were located at the 3 mm height lingual shoulder region, when the load was applied horizontally. MPS increased in the shoulder region as the shoulder height increased.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that reinforced shoulder play an essential role in the success of the zirconia restoration, and veneer fracture due to occlusal loading can be prevented by proper core design, such as shoulder.     

推杆式矫治器前导下颌三维有限元模型的初步构建与分析

目的 构建推杆式矫治器(Forsus)前导下颌的三维有限元模型,分析下颌短期前导后的应力和位移,以期为临床应用和改良推杆式矫治器提供参考.方法 选择1例处于生长发育高峰期的Ⅱ类错(牙合)下颌后缩患者,用MBT直丝弓矫治器排齐整平上下牙列达安装推杆式矫治器要求后,经螺旋CT扫描,用Mimics 9.0、Abaqus 6.5软件构建推杆式矫治器前导下颌的三维有限元模型(设计时考虑颌骨的黏弹性和黏塑件),分析前导1、15、300 S后下颌的应力和位移.结果 获得包含MBT直丝弓矫治器的推杆式矫治器前导下颌的三维有限元模型,前导下颌15和300 s后应力集中区均位于髁突前缘、下颌切迹及下颌磨牙区,最大应力值分别为34.47 MPa和34.45 MPa;前导下颌1、15、300 S后最大位移区均出现于下切牙和颏部,最大位移量随加载时间延长而增加,由3.30×10-2mm增至1.15 mm;最大位移区沿下颌骨体向后扩大,髁突位移量由加载1 s时的1.65×10-2 mm减少至加载300 s时的3.27×10-5mm.结论 本项研究在考虑颌骨黏弹性和黏塑性的情况下初步构建推杆式矫治器前导下颌的三维有限元模型.研究结果提示,推杆式矫治器加载一定时间后下颌的应力分布趋于稳定,推杆式矫治器具有促进下颌体整体向前向下改建的作用.     

Nonlinear finite element analyses: advances and challenges in dental applications

OBJECTIVES: To discuss the development and current status of application of nonlinear finite element method (FEM) in dentistry. DATA AND SOURCES: The literature was searched for original research articles with keywords such as nonlinear, finite element analysis, and tooth/dental/implant. References were selected manually or searched from the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases through November 2007. STUDY SELECTION: The nonlinear problems analyzed in FEM studies were reviewed and categorized into: (A) nonlinear simulations of the periodontal ligament (PDL), (B) plastic and viscoelastic behaviors of dental materials, (C) contact phenomena in tooth-to-tooth contact, (D) contact phenomena within prosthodontic structures, and (E) interfacial mechanics between the tooth and the restoration. CONCLUSIONS: The FEM in dentistry recently focused on simulation of realistic intra-oral conditions such as the nonlinear stress-strain relationship in the periodontal tissues and the contact phenomena in teeth, which could hardly be solved by the linear static model. The definition of contact area critically affects the reliability of the contact analyses, especially for implant-abutment complexes. To predict the failure risk of a bonded tooth-restoration interface, it is essential to assess the normal and shear stresses relative to the interface. The inclusion of viscoelasticity and plastic deformation to the program to account for the time-dependent, thermal sensitive, and largely deformable nature of dental materials would enhance its application. Further improvement of the nonlinear FEM solutions should be encouraged to widen the range of applications in dental and oral health science.     

Experimental and FE shear-bonding strength at core/veneer interfaces in bilayered ceramics

Objectives

To compare the bond strength of a ceramic veneer material to two different ceramic core materials using shear strength testing and finite element analysis (FEA).

Methods

15 blocks of ceramic cores were made of each of IPS e.max ZirCAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) (ZirCAD) and lithium disilicate IPS e.max CAD (LS). These were veneered using IPS e.max Ceram (Ceram) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Samples were then mounted, placed inside a shear testing jig and loaded at their core/veneer interfaces with a universal testing machine. Fractured specimens were then examined fractographically at 45×. An independent t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test were used to detect differences in bond strengths and the patterns of failure between the two groups, respectively (p > 0.05). Two-dimensional plane stress FE-models were constructed and subjected to shear loading simulating the experimental conditions.

Results

Mean shear stresses (MPa) were 28.8 (9.5) for ZirCAD/Ceram and 29.1 (8.3) for LS/Ceram. Differences were not statistically significant. Fracture patterns were significantly different between the 2 groups as all ZirCAD/Ceram samples broke adhesively at their interface while LS/Ceram samples broke cohesively in the veneer or the core or had mixed adhesive/cohesive failure. Stress distributions in the FEA models were also different, corresponding to the variable fracture patterns in the 2 groups.

Significance

Although shear stresses were similar, fractographic analysis and finite element modeling suggested better bonding between the veneering ceramic and the glass-ceramic than to the zirconia cores. Improved bonding techniques are necessary to prevent clinical delamination of veneered zirconia restorations.     

根管锥度和根管固位材料对牙体组织应力分布影响的三维有限元分析

目的 观察3种锥度根管采用不同根管桩修复对牙体组织应力分布的影响,以期为临床合理选用根管桩提供实验依据.方法 分别建立35号K锉、ProTaper和Profile器械根管预备后的下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型,并分别模拟纤维树脂桩、不锈钢根管桩和银汞合金桩根管固位修复.运用Marc有限元软件,采用中央垂直加载,分析3种不同根管桩修复时牙颈部和牙根部应力分布的状况.结果 不同根管锥度对3种根管固位方式下的应力分布趋势无明显影响.不锈钢根管桩应力集中部位主要位于远中牙根中上部,远中根管口最高Von-Mises应力约为45 Mpa;银汞桩应力集中部分主要位于远中根管口上端及髓腔内,远中根管口最高Von-Mises应力约为16 Mpa;纤维树脂桩应力分布较均匀,未见明显应力集中.结论 纤维桩是比较理想的根管固位形式,应力分布接近于无根管桩状态;不锈钢根管桩在根中部容易形成高应力集中,增加根折发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of root canal taper and post on tooth stress distribution. Methods Three-dimensional finite element models of human mandibular first molar with root canals prepared with 35# K file, ProTaper and Profile were established. The tooth were restored with fiberresin, stainless steel and silver amalgam posts respectively. A vertical load on tooth occlusal surface was simulated. Marc software was used to analyze and calculate the stress distributions in the tooth restored with three kinds of different root canal posts, especially the in the cervical part and root. Results Different tapered root canals had no obvious influence on stress distribution in all three different posts. Stress distribution of stainless steel post located at the cervical and middle part of distal root, the highest Von-Mises stress was about 45 MPa. Stress distribution of silver amalgam post located at the orifice of root canal and pulp fundus, the highest Von-Mises stress was about 16 MPa. Stress distribution of fiber-resin post had no obvious stress concentration. Conclusions Fiber-resin post is the most ideal root canal post. Stainless steel post causes remarkable stress concentration in the root, which may raise the possibility of root fracture.