小檗皮总生物碱提取物的大孔树脂纯化工艺与质量标准考察

目的:优选小檗皮总生物碱提取物的大孔树脂纯化工艺,并建立其质量标准,为该有效部位的制剂开发提供参考。方法:采用酸性染料比色法考察小檗皮总生物碱提取物的纯化工艺,考察的工艺参数包括上样液质量浓度、上样速度、树脂柱径高比、水洗用量、洗脱剂体积分数及用量、洗脱流速等。采用HPLC测定小檗皮总生物碱提取物中4种生物碱类成分(木兰花碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱)的含量,流动相乙腈-0. 1%磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱,检测波长270 nm,确定最佳纯化工艺。按2015年版《中国药典》的要求进行小檗皮总生物碱纯化物的薄层色谱鉴别、含量测定、特征图谱等质量标准研究。结果:小檗皮总生物碱提取物的最佳纯化条件为采用HPD100型大孔树脂10 g,树脂柱径高比1∶8,上样液质量浓度11 g·L~(-1),上样液体积50 mL,上样流速1 mL·min~(-1),加4 BV水洗脱(1 BV=15 mL),加30%乙醇9 BV洗脱;纯化后小檗皮总生物碱的转移率 80%,纯度 65%。建立了小檗皮总生物碱纯化物的质量标准,特征图谱中共有峰有19个,整体相似度均 0. 99。结论:优选的纯化工艺稳定可行,建立的质量标准可靠,适用于小檗皮总生物碱提取物的纯化及质量控制。     

益髓通经方中马钱子生物碱纯化工艺优选

目的:优选大孔吸附树脂纯化益髓通经方中马钱子生物碱的工艺条件。方法:以马钱子碱和士的宁的含量为指标,HPLC进行含量测定,通过静态吸附和解吸试验筛选大孔吸附树脂型号,采用单因素试验考察大孔树脂吸附和洗脱条件,确定益髓通经方中马钱子生物碱的纯化工艺。结果:最佳纯化工艺为采用X-5型大孔吸附树脂,上样液质量浓度0.1g.mL-1,上样速度1.0 mL.min-1,上样量4 BV,吸附时间2 h,加1 BV水洗除杂,用6 BV 50%乙醇以2.0 mL.min-1的速度进行洗脱。结论:采用大孔吸附树脂纯化马钱子提取物中生物碱是可行的,优选的纯化工艺简单、经济。     

大孔树脂纯化金钱草总黄酮的工艺优选

目的:研究大孔吸附树脂分离纯化金钱草中总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。方法:以金钱草总黄酮、槲皮素和山奈素质量浓度为指标,筛选出合适的大孔树脂型号和最佳工艺条件。结果:NKA-9型大孔树脂对金钱草总黄酮纯化效果最好。最佳分离条件是:树脂柱径高比1∶9¹∶15,药液质量浓度0.5 g生药/mL,上样速度2BV/h,最大上样量1.8 BV,洗脱剂为70%乙醇溶液,洗脱用量4 BV。结论:所筛选出的工艺操作简便、方法可靠,并能得到高纯度的产品。     

大孔树脂纯化黑骨藤总黄酮工艺研究

目的:探讨大孔树脂分离纯化黑骨藤总黄酮工艺,比较6种类型大孔树脂吸附率和解析率,筛选最佳树脂,单因素分析最佳纯化工艺路线。方法:采用NaNO2-Al (NO)3-NaOH法定量,比较6种不同型号大孔吸附树脂对黑骨藤中总黄酮的吸附和解析效果,筛选出适合分离纯化黑骨藤中总黄酮的树脂,并对其吸附和解析条件进行考察和优化,应用单因素实验,确定最终优化工艺。结果:AB-8树脂的吸附量明显高于NKA-9和S-8树脂,吸附率明显高于X-5、D101、NKA-9、S-8树脂,而解析率明显高于X-5、D101、NKA-9、S-8、HPD100树脂,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),故选择AB-8为最佳树脂。上样液浓度1.308 mg/mL,上样流速为3 BV/h,pH为3.24,上样体积2 BV,以4 BV 75%乙醇在流速2 BV/h下洗脱,得黄酮的纯度为70.31%。结论:AB-8树脂用于分离纯化黑骨藤总黄酮,工艺稳定可靠。     

弱酸性离子交换树脂纯化黄连总生物碱

目的:探寻大孔树脂纯化黄连总生物碱的工艺条件,为规模化生产提供可行性方案。方法:以盐酸小檗碱含量为指标对D101,AB-8,D151等大孔树脂纯化总黄连生物碱的效果进行考察。结果:D151型弱酸性离子交换树脂对总生物碱的吸附能力明显强于其他树脂,适宜的工艺条件为生药质量浓度0.15 g.L-1上样,上样量9 BV,水洗体积2 BV,酸洗浓度为0.12mol.L-1 HCl溶液,用量5 BV。此条件下,所得浸膏量减少60%以上,总生物碱质量分数达80%以上,样品回收率在70%以上。结论:D151型弱酸性离子交换树脂对黄连总生物碱的纯化效果较好,其载药量较大,适合规模化生产。     

大孔树脂纯化浙贝母中总生物碱工艺优选

目的:优选大孔树脂纯化浙贝母中总生物碱的工艺.方法:通过静态、动态吸附和解吸动力学试验,筛选最佳大孔树脂型号,并优选其纯化工艺.结果:最佳纯化工艺为采用HPD100型大孔树脂,径高比1∶9,上样液pH 8.0,上样液生药质量浓度5 g·mL-1,上样体积13 BV,吸附流速1 mL· min -1,8 BV水洗除杂,用10 BV 80％乙醇洗脱,洗脱流速1 mL· min -1,收集80％乙醇洗脱液.优选的纯化工艺可使浙贝母总生物碱含量＞65％.结论:HPD100型大孔树脂对浙贝母总生物碱的富集综合性能较好,适合用于其分离纯化.     

琴叶榕总黄酮的大孔树脂精制工艺研究

目的:研究大孔树脂精制琴叶榕总黄酮的工艺条件。方法:结合静态及动态的吸附-洗脱实验,从D-101型、AB-8型及NKA-9型树脂中筛选出纯化目标成分效果最佳的树脂,并进一步设计正交试验优化其纯化的相关参数。结果:AB-8型大孔树脂纯化琴叶榕总黄酮的效果优于另外两种,其最佳工艺为树脂径高比为1∶15,上样液中含有的总黄酮浓度为1.455mg/mL,上样液体积为3BV,过柱及洗脱的体积流量均为1.5BV/h,70%的乙醇溶液洗脱用量为2.5BV;总黄酮质量为192.33mg,平均纯度为34.36%。结论:AB-8型大孔树脂能够较好地富集琴叶榕总黄酮。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化莱菔子水溶性生物碱的工艺研究

目的:研究大孔吸附树脂纯化莱菔子水溶性生物碱的工艺。方法:采用D101、HPD-600、AB-8大孔吸附树脂对莱菔子水溶性生物碱进行分离纯化,以莱菔子水溶性生物碱含量为考察指标。结果:AB-8大孔吸附树脂对莱菔子水溶性生物碱具有较大吸附量,洗脱方法:以6 BV蒸馏水去除杂质,以10 BV的30%乙醇洗脱,收集30%乙醇洗脱部分。结论:AB-8大孔吸附树脂综合性能较好,适合莱菔子水溶性生物碱的分离纯化。     

核桃楸叶总鞣质的大孔树脂纯化工艺考察

目的:优选核桃楸叶总鞣质的大孔树脂纯化工艺。方法:利用静态吸附-洗脱试验考察AB-8,D101,NKA-9,Daion HP-20型大孔树脂的吸附与洗脱能力,通过单因素试验考察上样量、水洗用量及洗脱溶媒对核桃楸叶总鞣质纯化工艺的影响。采用干酪素法测定核桃楸叶总鞣质含量,检测波长760 nm。结果:选用AB-8型大孔吸附树脂,最佳纯化工艺为上样液质量浓度2.672 g·L-1,上样量250 mL,洗脱流速2 BV·h-1,加水6 BV洗脱除杂,收集50%乙醇洗脱液10 BV;总鞣质洗脱率、纯度分别为73.32%,35.02%。结论:AB-8型大孔树脂对核桃楸叶总鞣质的分离性能较好,优选的纯化工艺适用于工业化生产。     

吴茱萸碱的大孔树脂分离纯化工艺优选

目的:优选大孔树脂分离纯化吴茱萸醇提液中吴茱萸碱的工艺条件。方法:以吴茱萸碱的吸附量和洗脱率为考察指标,通过静态吸附-洗脱试验考察5种不同类型大孔吸附树脂(AB-8,S-8,NKA-9,HPD-100,D-101)对吴茱萸碱纯化效果的影响,通过单因素试验优选上样液质量浓度、上样量、上样流速、洗脱剂种类及用量等工艺参数。结果:D-101型大孔树脂对吴茱萸碱具有良好的吸附分离性能,最佳富集工艺条件为上样液质量浓度3 g·L-1,上样量4 BV,上样流速1 BV·h-1,加水5 BV去除水溶性杂质,加80%乙醇5 BV以2 BV·h-1洗脱。吴茱萸碱洗脱率达92.81%,吴茱萸碱的纯度由提取物的1.29%提高至26.77%。结论:D-101型大孔树脂适用于吴茱萸碱的纯化,优选的纯化工艺稳定可行,为该成分的开发利用提供参考。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses

A survey of medicinal plants used to treat common mycoses was done in the Curituba district, Sergipe State, Brazil. One hundred inhabitants were interviewed by health agents and traditional healers. Four different plants were the most cited (more than 50% of the citations): Ziziphus joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Bumelia sartorum and Hymenea courbaril. The aqueous extracts obtained following traditional methods and using different parts of these plants, were submitted to drop agar diffusion tests for primary antimicrobial screening. Only the water infusion extract of Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis presented a significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Candida guilliermondii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Fonsecaea pedrosoi, when compared to the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. Best activity with a MIC of 6.5 microg/ml for both extracts was observed against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida guilliermondii. Ziziphus joazeiro and Caesalpinea pyramidalis extracts presented also low acute toxicity in murine models. The present study validates the folk use of these plant extracts and indicates that they can be effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat fungal infections.     

Experimental study on anti-inflammatory activity of a TCM recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, Patchouli Oil and Zedoary Turmeric Oil in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Chrysanthemum indicum (Compositae) Linné, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Curcuma wenyujin (Zingiberaceae) Y. H. Chen et C. Ling are three of the extensively used herbal remedies among traditional Chinese medicines for the purpose of anti-inflammation. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recipe named CPZ consisting extracts of the above three herbs, has shown noteworthy anti-influenza activity, which is closely related to its anti-inflammatory feature.

Aim of this study

To investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of CPZ in vivo for a further exploration of the recipe's anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory property of CPZ on acute inflammation was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice, as well as the carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, in which inflammation-related cytokine including prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) in the edematous paw tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, effect of CPZ on chronic inflammation was observed through granuloma formation in rats subjected to cotton pellet implantation.

Results

CPZ (340, 170, and 85 mg/kg for mice, p.o.) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. And the significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed. Further more, the ELISA results showed that CPZ (170, 85, and 42.5 mg/kg for rats, p.o.) could up-regulate the level of IL-1β in the edema paw tissue of rats significantly while down-regulate that of PGE₂, but no apparent effect on TNF-α or NO was observed in the test. Besides, CPZ had a certain degree of restraining effect on the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats and the highest dose of 170 mg/kg even showed a significant suppression on it.

Conclusion

The above results indicated that CPZ possessed a potent anti-inflammatory activity, which is indicated to be closely associated with its regulation on IL-1β and PGE₂ thereby mediating the inflammatory response acting at an appropriate level.     

Regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism of TZQ-F,a new kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Aim of the study

Based on the recipe of the traditional anti-diabetic formula TZQ, we developed TZQ-F, a new formula including 8 fractions isolated from Red Paeony root, Mulberry leaf, Lotus leaf, Danshen root and Hawthorn leaf with a good quality assurance. The study was aimed at fraction preparation and effects of the fractions on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

Materials and methods

The active fractions were obtained by macroporous resin, ion-exchange resin and polyamide resin column chromatographies. HPLC analyses were used for quality control. In vitro mechanism study included DPPH radical scavenging, AGEs formation inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition and lipase inhibition, and rats on high-fat diet were used for in vivo study.

Results

In vitro mechanism study showed that among the 8 fractions, three of them had inhibition effects on intestinal disaccharase, three with inhibition effects on lipase, and five with effects of free radical scavenging. In vivo study showed that after 4 weeks of treatment, TZQ-F significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, TG, glucose, LDL-C and HDL-C in rats on high-fat diet. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo results, histology study demonstrated that TZQ-F alleviated hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet.

Conclusions

TZQ-F possesses the potential regulation effects on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.     

常用藏药“蒂达”(藏茵陈)基原物种药用合理性及资源利用价值评价

目的:对“蒂达”各品种不同基原植物药用合理性及其资源利用价值作出评价.方法:采用HPLC指纹图谱共有特征峰、结合SPSS聚类分析方法,评价“蒂达”不同品种基原植物的成分组成相似性.结果:“蒂达”不同品种涉及的来源有龙胆科獐牙菜属、花锚属、扁蕾属及肋柱花属共15种1变种33个样品,指纹图谱全谱相似度较差;以10个共有峰成分的相对面积聚类,其基原植物可分别聚为4个组;上述4个属的属间成分组成差异较大;其中獐牙菜属不同种间成分组成变化较大,而其他各属种间成分组成相似度较高.结论:上述龙胆科4属植物均含有具有保肝利胆生物活性的环烯醚萜类、(山)酮类及三萜类成分,藏医学将其归为“蒂达”一类药材使用具有一定的物质基础;鉴于“蒂达”类药材不同基原各品种间在成分组成上差异较大,分别制定各品种的HPLC指纹图谱,是鉴别和控制各品种质量的有效手段,可有效控制各基原品种质量.     

乌拉尔甘草HMGR基因cDNA的克隆与序列分析

目的:对乌拉尔甘草3.羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3methylglutary CoA reductase,HMGR)的cDNA克隆并进行序列分析.方法:根据NCBI数据库中的豆科其他物种HMGR的cDNA保守区设计引物,利用同源扩增和cDNA末端快速扩增技术从甘草根中获得目的基因;利用BLAST进行序列比对,ORF Finder寻找开发阅读框,Prosite分析蛋白质的基本结构域,Clustal x比对已有HMGR的氨基酸序列,并构建进化树.结果:得到1个全长为1 842 bp的HMGR的cDNA序列,含有1 722 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),编码573个氨基酸,具有HMGR家族的特异序列,推测的氨基酸序列与豌豆、蒺藜苜蓿的氨基酸序列一致性分别为84%,76%.结论:对甘草HMGR基因的cDNA进行了克隆,为进一步研究3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A在甘草酸生物合成途径中的作用提供了理论依据.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。