甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺优选

目的:优选甜叶菊渣中总黄酮提取工艺条件。方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,采用单因素试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度及回流次数5个影响因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响;在单因素试验基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度为考察因素,采用正交设计法优化甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺条件。结果:各因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响顺序为料液比>提取时间>乙醇体积分数>提取温度。最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数80%,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1∶20,提取温度80℃,回流3次,总黄酮得率4.21%。结论:该优选工艺简单易行、成本低廉、安全可靠,有利于甜叶菊资源的合理利用。     

甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺优选

目的:优选甜叶菊渣中总黄酮提取工艺条件.方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,采用单因素试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度及回流次数5个影响因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响;在单因素试验基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比、提取温度为考察因素,采用正交设计法优化甜叶菊渣中总黄酮的提取工艺条件.结果:各因素对甜叶菊渣中总黄酮得率的影响顺序为料液比＞提取时间＞乙醇体积分数＞提取温度.最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数80％,提取时间2.5h,料液比1∶20,提取温度80℃,回流3次,总黄酮得率4.21％.结论:该优选工艺简单易行、成本低廉、安全可靠,有利于甜叶菊资源的合理利用.     

葎草叶总黄酮的测定及最佳采收期研究

目的 建立葎草叶总黄酮的测定方法 ,并考察总黄酮的量随葎草不同采摘时间的动态变化.方法 通过单因素试验、正交试验,考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间对提取液中总黄酮量的影响,确定最佳提取条件,然后在该条件下对不同时间采收的葎草叶进行总黄酮提取并进行定量测定.结果 所考察的因素中,葎草总黄酮的超声提取工艺各因素影响程度为:乙醇体积分数＞提取时间＞料液比;最佳水平搭配为:A2B3C3.不同时间采收的葎草中总黄酮的量有明显变化.结论 葎草中黄酮类成分提取的最佳工艺为75%乙醇,料液比1∶60,超声提取50min.葎草总黄酮的量与采摘时间密切相关,以8月采收量最高.     

锦灯笼果实提取工艺优选及抗氧化活性考察

目的：优选锦灯笼果实的提取工艺并考察提取物的体外抗氧化活性。方法：以总黄酮、总酚酸提取量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间及料液比对锦灯笼果实醇提工艺的影响,考察提取物对ABTS自由基的清除能力。结果：最佳提取工艺为加20倍量85%乙醇提取2次,每次0.5 h;总黄酮和总酚酸平均提取量分别为0.618,1.152 mg·g^-1,RSD依次为1.66%,1.19%。结论：结合药效学试验筛选的提取工艺更加科学合理,锦灯笼果实具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。     

响应面法优化超声提取波罗蜜叶中总黄酮的工艺

目的:以乙醇为提取剂,用超声辅助法从波罗蜜叶中提取总黄酮。方法:通过单因素试验分别考察乙醇体积分数、浸提时间和液料比对波罗蜜黄酮提取量的影响,确定各因素的适宜水平。在此基础上,利用Design-Ex-pert软件Box-Behnken中心组合设计法设计响应面分析乙醇体积分数、超声时间和液料比3个因素对总黄酮提取率的影响,并通过方差分析回归建立数学模型。结果:波罗蜜叶黄酮超声提取的最佳工艺为:乙醇体积分数为69.4%,超声32 min,液料比为22.6∶1 mL/g,在此条件下,黄酮提取量达到7.55 mg/g。结论:Box-Behnken设计结合响应面分析法可以很好地对波罗蜜叶总黄酮超声提取工艺进行优化。     

闪式提取法用于石仙桃果总黄酮工艺优化的研究

目的研究采用闪式提取法提取石仙桃果中总黄酮的最佳工艺。方法以乙醇-水为提取体系,采用闪式提取法,探究提取次数、乙醇浓度、液料比和提取时间等对石仙桃中总黄酮提取的影响,确立最佳条件。结果各因素对石仙桃果中总黄酮提取量的影响程度大小为提取次数液料比乙醇体积分数提取时间。石仙桃果中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为提取次数3次,提取时间3min,液料比35∶1,乙醇体积分数80%。在最佳工艺条件下进行验证性实验,石仙桃果中的总黄酮平均提取量可达15.19mg/g,RSD=1.08%(n=3)。结论闪式提取法适合于石仙桃果中总黄酮的快速提取,为石仙桃果的开发利用提供了高效的新方法。     

霍山石斛花总黄酮微波辅助提取工艺的优化

目的优化霍山石斛花总黄酮微波辅助提取工艺。方法在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇体积分数、微波时间、微波温度、液料比为影响因素,总黄酮提取量为评价指标,响应面法优化提取工艺。结果最佳条件为乙醇体积分数66%,微波时间3 min,微波温度74℃,液料比56∶1,总黄酮提取量为12.23 mg/g。结论该方法稳定可靠,可用于微波辅助提取霍山石斛花总黄酮。     

响应面法优化仙鹤草总黄酮的超声提取工艺

目的:优化仙鹤草总黄酮的最佳超声提取工艺。方法:以总黄酮得率为指标,采用响应面设计方法对影响总黄酮得率的乙醇体积分数、超声温度及料液比进行优化。结果:各因素对总黄酮提取率的影响大小依次为料液比-超声温度-乙醇体积分数。最佳工艺条件为72%乙醇,料液比1∶25,60℃下超声提取20 min。在此最佳条件下,总黄酮得率为9.02 mg.g-1,试验结果与模型预测值相符。结论:利用超声提取仙鹤草总黄酮工艺稳定可靠。     

蓼实中总黄酮最佳提取工艺的研究

目的：研究蓼实中总黄酮最佳的提取工艺。方法：采用正交实验法，考察乙醇浓度、料液比、温度、时间等4个因素对该工艺的影响。结果：不同条件下，测得的总黄酮含量不同。结论：料液比与温度是影响浸提效果的最重要的因素；确立了总黄酮最佳提取条件为：乙醇体积分数70％．料液比1：15，回流提取时间2．0h，提取温度85℃．测得的总黄酮含量百分比为4．64％。     

僵蚕总黄酮超声提取工艺的优化

目的优化僵蚕总黄酮超声提取工艺。方法在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间为影响因素,总黄酮提取率为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化提取工艺。结果最佳条件为乙醇体积分数63.2%,料液比1∶32.2,提取温度49.5℃,提取时间40.3 min,总黄酮提取率3.05 mg/g,僵蚕最佳僵化时间为5 d。结论该方法合理可行,可用于超声提取僵蚕总黄酮。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。