柘木茎的化学成分研究

目的:研究柘木茎的化学成分.方法:采用硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等色谱方法进行分离纯化,并根据NMR,MS等波谱方法和理化性质鉴定其化学结构.结果:从其醇提物中分离得到13个化合物,分别为(3β,13α,14β,17α)-7,24-二烯-3-乙酰羊毛甾醇(1),粘霉烯醇(2),蒲公英萜酮(3),槲皮素(4),山奈酚(5),异鼠李素(6),香豌豆酚(7),3'.甲氧基奥洛波尔(8),花旗松素(9),柑桔素(10),草大戟素(11),1,3,6,7-四羟基口山酮(12),5,7-二羟基色原酮(13).结论:化合物1-3,6,13为首次从柘属中分离得到,化合物12为首次从本植物中分离得到,且首次报道从本属植物中分离得到三萜类成分.     

柘树悬浮培养细胞的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱,半制备HPLC,Sephadex LH-20等分离和纯化技术,从柘树悬浮细胞培养物中分离得到了10个化合物,依据其理化性质和各种波谱技术分别鉴定为1,3,5-三羟基-4-异戊烯基(口山)酮(1),怀特酮(2),6-异戊烯基芹菜素(3),甘草黄酮C(4),柘树黄酮C(5),erythrivarone A (6),derrone(7),红花素(8),染料木素(9)和香橙素(10).其中化合物1为(山)酮类化合物,化合物2～10为黄酮类化合物,化合物1是从该植物中未曾分离得到的化合物.     

凝毛杜鹃中的酚类化合物

利用各种色谱技术和波谱手段,从凝毛杜鹃茎枝乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了8个酚类化合物,分别为凝毛杜鹃素(1),(2R)-4-(3’,4’-二羟基苯基)-2-丁醇(2),(-)-杜鹃醇(3),白色杜鹃素(4),(+)-异落叶松脂素(5),(-)-南烛木树脂酚(6),南烛木树脂酚-9’-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7),二氢脱氢松柏醇-3a-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(8)。化合物1为新化合物,化合物2,5~8为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

茶条槭叶石油醚部位化学成分研究

目的:研究苦津茶来源植物茶条槭叶石油醚部位的化学成分。方法:应用多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和波谱参数鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从茶条槭叶80%乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取部位中分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为蒲公英赛醇(1),豆甾醇-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2),胡萝卜苷(3),L-2-O-chiro-肌醇(4),杨梅萜二醇(5),豆甾醇(6),没食子酸乙酯(7),羽扇豆醇(8),β-谷甾醇(9)。结论:化合物1、2、5、8为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物1-3、5、6、8为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

黄背栎化学成分的研究

目的研究黄背栎Quercus pannosa的化学成分.方法利用硅胶、RP18、高效液相等柱色谱技术对该植物进行分离和纯化,通过波谱和光谱数据鉴定化合物的结构.结果从黄背栎95％乙醇浸出物醋酸乙酯萃取部位中分离得到8个化合物,其中4个木脂素类、4个三萜类化合物,分别鉴定为(7α,8β)-3-甲氧基-4’,7-环氧-8,3'-氧新木脂素-4,9,8’-三醇或(7β,8α)-3-甲氧基-4’,7-环氧-8,3’-氧新木脂素-4,9,8’-三醇(1)、(7α,8β)-3-甲氧基-4’,7-环氧-8,3’-氧新木脂素-4,9,9’-三醇或(7p,8α)-3-甲氧基-4’,7-环氧-8,3’-氧新木脂素-4,9,9’-三醇(2)、(+)-丁香脂素(3)、(8R,8'R)-4,4’-二羟基-3,3’-二甲氧基木脂素-7,7’-二酮(4)、熊果酸(5)、齐墩果酸(6)、马斯里酸(7)、常春藤皂苷元(8).结论化合物1为新的木脂素类化合物,命名为黄背栎三醇;其他化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

黄连非生物碱类化学成分研究

目的:对黄连中非生物碱类化学成分进行分离和鉴定。方法:利用各种色谱方法进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和NMR,MS等波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从黄连乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了13个化合物,包括7个木脂素,3个简单苯丙素,2个黄酮,1个酚酸,分别为erythro-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4’-(coniferyl alcohol)ether(1),threo-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4’-(coniferyl al-cohol)ether(2),(+)-松脂醇[(+)-pinoresinol,3],(+)-5’-甲氧基松脂素[(+)-medioresinol,4],(+)-落叶松树脂醇[(+)-lar-iciresinol,5],(+)-5’-甲氧基落叶松树脂醇[(+)-5’-methoxylariciresinol,6],(+)-异落叶松树脂醇[(+)-isolariciresinol,7],绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,8),阿魏酸(ferulic acid,9),Z-咖啡酸硬脂醇酯(Z-octadecyl caffeate,10),鼠李素(rhamnetin,11),汉黄芩素(wogonin,12),香草酸(vanillic acid,13)。结论:化合物1,2,4,6,10～13为首次从黄连属植物中分离得到。     

藏药小叶棘豆化学成分研究

目的:研究小叶棘豆Oxytropis microphylla全草的化学成分.方法:利用多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据化合物理化性质和波谱分析鉴定化合物的结构.结果:从小叶棘豆的醋酸乙酯部分分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为:山柰酚(1),黄芩素(2),5-羟基-7,8,4'-三甲氧基黄酮(3),豆甾醇(4),谷甾4-烯-3β-醇(5),β-谷甾醇(6),羽扇豆醇(7),去氢木香内酯(8).结论:化合物1～8均为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物2,3,5,8为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

塔中栽培荒漠肉苁蓉中的木脂素类成分

对新疆塔中栽培荒漠肉苁蓉Cistanche deserticola干燥肉质茎的化学成分进行研究。采用多种色谱技术(正相硅胶、凝胶Sephadex LH-20,MCI,ODS以及半制备高效液相色谱等)进行分离纯化,运用NMR、MS等波谱方法以及结合文献数据对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果从塔中栽培荒漠肉苁蓉干燥肉质茎85%乙醇提取物中分离得到11个木脂素类化合物,其结构分别鉴定为:(+)-丁香脂素-4’-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1),(+)-isoeucommin A(2),(+)-麦奥迪脂素-4’-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3),(+)-松脂素单甲基醚-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4),落叶松脂醇-4’-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5),落叶松脂醇-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6),conicaoside(7),dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(8),dehydrodiconiferyl alcoholγ’-O-β-D-glucoside(9),橙皮素A(10),阿拉善苷A(11)。其中化合物1,3~7,10,11为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物2,8,9为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

广东紫珠中咖啡酰基苯乙醇苷类化合物

应用各种色谱技术对广东紫珠中咖啡酰基苯乙醇苷类化合物进行分离纯化,采用NMR和质谱等波谱学手段对单体化合物进行结构鉴定。从广东紫珠地上部位的醇提物中共分离得到10个咖啡酰基苯乙醇苷类化合物,鉴定为2’-乙酰基毛蕊花糖苷(1),管花苷E(2),毛蕊花糖苷(3),管花苷B(4),异毛蕊花糖苷(5),alyssonoside(6),2’-乙酰基连翘酯苷B(7),江藤苷(8),连翘酯苷B(9),金石蚕苷(10)。化合物4是首次从马鞭草科植物中分离得到,化合物6是首次从紫珠属植物中分离得到,化合物1,2,5,7均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

瑞香狼毒中的1个新木脂素

利用各种色谱技术对瑞香狼毒的化学成分进行研究,从瑞香狼毒95%乙醇提取物中分离得到9个化合物。采用MS,NMR等波谱方法鉴定化合物的结构,分别为stellerachamin A(1),8-hydroxypluviatolide(2),荛花酚(3),松脂醇(4),马台树脂醇(5),dextrobursehernin(6),扁柏脂内酯(7),(-)-glaberide I(8),(-)-皮树脂醇(9),其中化合物1为新的木脂素类化合物,化合物2和7为首次从瑞香科植物中分离得到。     

泽漆化学成分

目的:研究大戟属植物泽漆的化学成分。方法:采用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从石油醚层和乙酸乙酯层中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为大戟苷(Ⅰ)、大戟苷D(Ⅱ)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅳ)、柚皮素(Ⅴ)、木犀草素(Ⅵ)、木犀草苷(Ⅶ)、4,2’,4’-三羟基查尔酮(Ⅷ)、山柰酚(Ⅸ)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(Ⅹ)、咖啡酸(Ⅺ)和没食子酸乙酯(Ⅻ)。结论:化合物Ⅲ～Ⅶ为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

牡荆属植物的研究进展

至今为止人们对牡荆属植物中的黃荆和蔓荆进行了较多的研究,从中发现包括黄酮类、萜类、木脂素类、甾醇类、蒽类及挥发油等在内的不同类型的多种化学成分。一些试验结果确认牡荆属植物中富含的黄酮类化合物可用于延缓衰老,防治心血管疾病等作用,显示有较好的开发应用价值。由于牡荆属植物在我国分布广泛,植物种类多样,其中很多品种已作为民间用药,如果附加科学内涵加以研究开发,该属植物将有巨大的消费市场,同时也将会成为一种涉及民生和关系区域发展的经济作物。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。