丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼靶控输注在心脏手术中的应用

目的 观察丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)在心脏瓣膜置换术和冠状动脉旁路移植术中使用的安全性、有效性以及对术后恢复的影响.方法 择期心脏手术患者150例,以丙泊酚TCI、雷米芬太尼3～5μg/kg诱导,丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼2～8 ng/ml TCI维持,维持脑电双频指数(BIS)于50±10.观察术中血流动力学指标和术后恢复情况.结果 所有患者术中血流动力学平稳,术后恢复良好,无术中知晓.结论 雷米芬太尼[效应部位浓度(Ce)2～8 ng/ml]复合丙泊酚[血浆浓度(Cp)1～2μg/ml]用于心脏手术的麻醉安全有效,血流动力学平稳,有利于术后早期气管拔管.     

Rapid fluid infusion therapy decreases the plasma concentration of continuously infused propofol

BACKGROUND: Rapid fluid infusion therapy to treat hypovolemia in anesthetized patients is a common practical regimen in daily clinical settings. This study investigated the effect of large volume loading on the plasma concentration of propofol (Cp), hemodynamic parameters, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit value (Ht) and the bispectral index (BIS). METHODS: Sixty patients were administered propofol using a target-controlled infusion technique. We studied two independent groups. Half of the patients (group F, n = 30) were administered fentanyl, and the other half (group E, n = 30) epidural administration of mepivacaine for analgesia. After achieving a pseudo-steady state of propofol anesthesia, baseline values of blood pressure, heart rate, Hb, Ht, cardiac output, Cp and BIS were measured, and 10 ml/kg Ringer's solution was infused over 15 min. RESULTS: In group F, Cp was significantly decreased from 2.24 (0.69) [mean (SD)] to 2.07 (0.61) microg/ml and in group E from 2.02 (0.98) to 1.75 (0.51) microg/ml immediately after infusion (P < 0.05). The significant reduction lasted until 30 min in group F, whereas, Cp quickly recovered in group E. Cardiac output was increased only in group F. The dilution ratio demonstrated the prolonged diluting effect in group E and the significant correlation with the rate of decrease in Cp (P < 0.0003, R = 0.21). The BIS value showed no significant change immediately after infusion. CONCLUSION: Large volume loading decreased Cp without a significant change in BIS values. The effect of infusion therapy on the depth of anesthesia might be small and usually negligible during propofol anesthesia.     

Target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil in cardiac anaesthesia: influence of age on predicted effect-site concentrations

Background. Propofol-anaesthesia administrated via target-controlledinfusion (TCI) has been proposed for cardiac surgery. Age-relatedchanges in pharmacology explain why propofol dose requirementis reduced in elderly patients. However, the Marsh pharmacokineticmodel incorporated in the Diprifusor propofol device does nottake age into account as a covariable. In the absence of depthof anaesthesia monitoring, this limitation could cause adversecardiovascular effects resulting from propofol overdose in olderpatients. We assessed the influence of age on effect-site propofolconcentrations predicted by the Diprifusor and titrated to thebispectral index score (BIS) during cardiac anaesthesia. Methods. Forty-five patients received propofol by Diprifusorand remifentanil by software including Minto model. Propofoland remifentanil effect-site concentrations were adapted toBIS (40–60) and haemodynamic profile, respectively. Theinfluence of age on effect-site concentrations was assessedby dividing patients into two groups: young (<65 yr) andelderly (     

丙泊酚靶控输注Marsh模式和Schnider模式在宫腔镜手术中的应用比较

目的比较丙泊酚靶控输注Marsh模式和Schnider模式在宫腔镜手术中的应用效果。方法选取2017年1月至2018年6月于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院择期行宫腔镜手术患者60例,年龄20～60岁,BMI 18～30,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,分为两组,Marsh组(M组),n=30和Schnider组(S组),n=30。两组分别以Marsh模式和Schnider模式靶控输注丙泊酚进行麻醉,并用Narcotrend监测麻醉深度。记录手术时间、丙泊酚用量、术中体动次数、调整TCI参数次数、术中低血压次数、窦性心动过缓次数、辅助呼吸次数。采集基础状态(T_0)、意识消失(T_1)、扩张宫颈(T_2)、麻醉结束(T_3)时的NTI。并记录苏醒时间、恶心呕吐和寒战例数。结果M组和S组两组患者ASA分级、年龄、BMI、手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);M组单位时间丙泊酚用量少于S组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);M组患者术中体动次数多于S组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术中调整TCI参数次数也多于S组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),但两组术中低血压、窦性心动过缓和辅助呼吸次数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);基础状态(T_0)时,M组和S组两组NTI比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在意识消失(T_1)和扩张宫颈(T_2)时,M组NTI高于S组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);在麻醉结束(T_3)时,M组和S组两组NTI比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);M组和S组两组患者苏醒时间、恶心呕吐和寒战例数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论宫腔镜手术中,丙泊酚Schnider靶控输注模式优于Marsh模式。     

麻醉药物对成人患者心脏术后肺部并发症的影响

目的 评估术中麻醉维持药物(吸入麻醉药或静脉麻醉药)对体外循环下成人心脏手术患者术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications,PPCs)的影响.方法 从四川大学华西医院电子病历信息管理系统及麻醉手术临床信息系统中回顾性筛选2018年9月至2019年2月194例行择期体外循环...     

异丙酚靶控输注用于硬膜外麻醉病人清醒镇静的可行性

目的探讨异丙酚靶控输注用于硬膜外麻醉病人清醒镇静的可行性及所需靶控血药浓度.方法50例在硬膜外麻醉下行下腹部及下肢手术病人,以血浆室为靶控目标,予以异丙酚TCI清醒镇静.靶控血药浓度最初设定为0.5μg/ml,在与效应室异丙酚浓度达平衡后3min以0.1μg/ml递增,直至OAA/S评分降至3分,并抽取病人各时点静脉血3mi,采用高效液相色谱分析法测定异丙酚血药浓度,确定不同OAA/S评分时对应靶控血药浓度及其与BIS相关性,评估靶控输注系统的性能.结果预期误差的中位数MDPE=-23.1%,预期误差绝对值的中位数MDAPE=27.6%6,清醒镇静深度(OAA/S评分3分)时所需的异丙酚靶控血药浓度为(1.74±0.13)μg/ml.BIS与TCI血药浓度具有良好的相关性(r=-0.80,P＜0.05).结论异丙酚靶控输注用于硬膜外麻醉病人清醒镇静具有可控性良好,病人镇静深度适宜,血液动力学影响小,适用于临床推广.     

靶控输注异丙酚与吸入异氟醚麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的效果

目的:比较靶控输注异丙酚(target-controlled infusion,TCI)全凭静脉麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉两种不同方式在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)应用中的临床效果. 方法将30例择期行LC术的患者随机分为两组.TCI组(T组)(n=15):设定诱导时靶浓度为4μg/ml,术中维持异丙酚靶浓度为3~3.5 μg/ml.异氟醚组(I组)(n=15):采用3%异氟醚吸入诱导、1%~2.5%维持.术中监测心率(heart rate,HR)、收缩压(systolic blood pres sure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pr essure,MAP)等指标. 结果T组诱导时间显著短于I组(P<0.05),术中T组生命体征维持相对平稳, 术后苏醒T组明显优于I组. 结论TCI全凭静脉麻醉方法用于LC术,术中血流动力学稳定,术后患者苏醒迅速,明显优于异氟醚吸入麻醉方法.     

丙泊酚靶控输注方式对全麻诱导阶段血皮质醇、催乳素的影响

目的观察丙泊酚不同输注方式对麻醉诱导阶段血浆皮质醇(Cor)、催乳素(PRL)的影响。方法30例择期全麻手术患者,随机分为G1组(国人参数组)、G2组(Tackley参数组)、G3组(BET组),每组10例。分别于诱导前(T0)、轻拍三角肌不应即刻(T1)、气管插管过声门即刻(T2)、插管后3min(T3)、5min(T4)、10min(T5)记录HR、MAP并采集动脉血标本以测定血浆Cor、PRL。结果三组麻醉诱导期间HR、MAP随时间变化差异都无显著意义。三组麻醉诱导阶段血浆Cor、PRL的浓度差异有极显著意义(P<0.01)。在T1时点,三组血浆Cor浓度有轻度下降,而PRL的浓度轻度增加。插管时,三组血浆Cor、PRL浓度均上升,以G3组最显著。结论G1组对应激反应的控制优于G2、G3组。麻醉诱导期间血浆Cor、PRL的浓度变化可用于判定镇静深度。     

Target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil combined with bispectral index monitoring for awake craniotomy

We describe the target-controlled administration of propofol and remifentanil, combined with monitoring of the bispectral index, during an awake craniotomy for removal of a left temporo-parietal tumour near the motor speech centre. Target concentrations of the two drugs were adjusted according to the patient's responses to painful stimuli and surgical events, and the need for speech testing. Allowing the effect-site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil to decrease during surgery allowed the performance of cortical speech mapping and the testing of the patient's ability to speak. Although the bispectral index was not used as a guide for the administration of the drugs, its value correlated better with the patient's responsiveness than did the predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol. Side-effects, comprising hypotension, respiratory depression and airway obstruction, were related to rapid increases in drug infusion rates and were easily managed.     

Target-controlled infusion or manually controlled infusion of propofol in high-risk patients with severely reduced left ventricular function

OBJECTIVE: To compare hemodynamics, time to extubation, and costs of target-controlled infusion (TCI) with manually controlled infusion (MCI) of propofol in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized. SETTING: Major community university-affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients undergoing first-time implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator with severely reduced left ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction <30%). INTERVENTIONS: Anesthesia was performed using remifentanil, 0.2 to 0.3 microg/kg/min, and propofol. Propofol was used as TCI (plasma target concentration, 2 to 3 microg x mL; n = 10) or MCI (2.5 to 3.5 mg/kg/hr; n = 10). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemodynamics were measured at 6 data points: T1, before anesthesia; T2, after intubation; T3, after skin incision; T4, after first defibrillation; T5, after third defibrillation; and T6, after extubation. There were no significant hemodynamic differences between the 2 groups. Dobutamine was required to maintain cardiac index >2 L/min/m(2) in significantly more patients of the TCI group than of the MCI group. Mean dose of propofol was higher in the TCI patients (6.0 +/- 1.0 mg/kg/hr) than in the MCI patients (3.0 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/hr) (p < 0.05), whereas doses of remifentanil did not differ. Time to extubation was significantly shorter in the MCI (11.9 +/- 2.4 min) versus the TCI group (15.6 +/- 6.8 min). Costs were significantly lower in MCI patients (34.73 dollars) than in TCI patients (44.76 dollars). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severely reduced left ventricular function, TCI and MCI of propofol in combination with remifentanil showed similar hemodynamics. TCI patients needed inotropic support more often than MCI-treated patients. Although extubation time was longer in TCI patients and costs were higher, both anesthesia techniques can be recommended for early extubation after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator.     

Propofol sedation using Diprifusor target-controlled infusion in adult intensive care unit patients

This multicentre, non-comparative study investigated the range of target blood propofol concentrations required to sedate 122 adult intensive care patients when propofol was administered using Diprifusor target-controlled infusion systems together with opioid analgesia. Depth of sedation was assessed with a modified Ramsay score and the target blood propofol setting was adjusted to achieve the sedation desired for each patient. A desired level of sedation was achieved for 84% of the sedation period. In postcardiac surgery patients the median time-weighted average propofol target setting was 1.34 microg.ml(-1) (10th - 90th percentiles: 0.79-1.93 microg.ml(-1)). Values in brain injured and general ICU patients were 0.98 (10th - 90th percentiles: 0.60-2.55) microg.ml(-1) and 0.42 (10th - 90th percentiles: 0.16-1.19) microg.ml(-1), respectively. Measured propofol concentrations were generally close to values predicted by the Diprifusor system. Target settings in the range of 0.2-2.0 microg.ml(-1) are proposed for propofol sedation in this setting with titration as required in individual patients.     

丙泊酚靶控输注和人工控制输注用于颅内动脉瘤介入治疗的比较

目的比较丙泊酚靶控输注（TCI）和人工控制输注（MCI）在颅内动脉瘤介入治疗术中麻醉效果、对呼吸循环功能及不良反应发生的影响。方法20例颅内动脉瘤患者。随机分为两组：M组采用丙泊酚MCI；T组采用丙泊酚TCI。分别记录麻醉效果，诱导与苏醒时间，丙泊酚总用量，监测不同时间点的血压（BP），心率（HR），血氧饱和度（SpO2）。记录术中体动、舌后坠、术后不良反应例数。结果两组患者麻醉与苏醒时间差异无显著性（P〉0．05），丙泊酚总用量T组明显大于M组（P〈0．05），T组麻醉效果优于M组（P〈0．05）。丙泊酚诱导后血压下降程度M组大于T组（P〈0．05），术中出现体动及术后不良反应例数M组多于T组（P〈0．05）。结论丙泊酚靶控输注用于颅内动脉瘤介入治疗优于丙泊酚人工控制输注。     

Fenoldopam infusion for renal protection in high-risk cardiac surgery patients: a randomized clinical study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effects of fenoldopam in patients at high risk of postoperative acute kidney injury undergoing elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Setting: Hospital. Participants: One hundred ninety-three patients. Interventions: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to receive a continuous infusion of fenoldopam, 0.1 microg/kg/min (95 patients), or placebo (98 patients) for 24 hours. Patients were included if at least 1 of the following risk factors was present: preoperative serum creatinine > or =1.5 mg/dL, age >70 years, diabetes mellitus, or prior cardiac surgery. Serum creatinine and urinary output were measured at baseline (T1), 24 hours (T2), and 48 hours after surgery (T3). Acute kidney injury was defined as a postoperative serum creatinine level of > or =2 mg/dL with an increase in serum creatinine level of 0.7 mg/dL or greater from preoperative to maximum postoperative values. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Acute kidney injury developed in 12 of 95 (12.6%) patients receiving fenoldopam and in 27 of 98 (27.6%) patients receiving placebo (p = 0.02), whereas renal replacement therapy was started in 0 of 95 and 8 of 98 (8.2%) patients, respectively (p = 0.004). Serum creatinine was similar at baseline (1.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dL v 1.9 +/- 0.3 mg/dL) in the fenoldopam and placebo groups but differed significantly (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) 24 hours (1.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dL v 2.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dL) and 48 hours (1.5 +/- 0.3 mg/dL v 2.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dL) after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: A 24-hour infusion of 0.1 mug/kg/min of fenoldopam prevented acute kidney injury in a high-risk population undergoing cardiac surgery.     

心脏瓣膜置换术患者丙泊酚靶控输注维持浓度与意识消失浓度关系的研究

目的探讨BIS监测下心脏瓣膜置换术患者丙泊酚维持浓度与意识消失浓度之间的关系。方法择期开胸心脏瓣膜置换术患者30例,男8例,女22例,年龄39~64岁,麻醉诱导采用丙泊酚阶梯血浆靶控输注,初始血浆浓度(Cp)设定为1.0μg/ml,当预测效应室浓度(Ce)达0.5μg/ml时,每隔1分钟以0.3μg/ml递增Cp,患者意识消失(LOC)时静注舒芬太尼0.8~1.0μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6~0.9mg/kg,当BIS达50时将Cp调至Ce水平,肌松满意后行气管插管。所有患者均在中低温心肺转流(CPB)下进行手术。记录患者入室后安静状态(基础值)(T_0)、LOC时(T_1)、BIS值达到50时(T_2)、切皮时(T_3)、劈胸骨时(T_4)、CPB开始时(T_5)、复温时(T_6)、CPB结束时(T_7)、关胸时(T_8)、术毕(T_9)时的MAP、HR、CVP、心排血量(CO)、每搏量(SV)、全身血管阻力(SVR)、BIS、丙泊酚Cp和Ce值。分析LOC时丙泊酚Ce值与围术期各变量相关性。结果相关分析中,患者LOC时丙泊酚Ce值与基础值CO、SV呈明显正相关(P0.01),与年龄呈明显负相关(P0.05);T_2~T_9时丙泊酚Ce值与LOC时Ce值呈明显正相关(P0.01);回归分析中,T_2~T_9时丙泊酚Ce值与LOC时Ce值呈明显正相关(P0.01)。结论在瓣膜置换术患者中,丙泊酚靶控输注维持浓度与LOC时浓度具有明显相关性,LOC时的丙泊酚Ce值可为维持浓度的调整提供一定参考依据。     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注对肺叶切除患者术中血流动力学的影响

目的观察复合丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)时雷米芬太尼对肺叶切除术中患者血流动力学的影响,探讨雷米芬太尼用于开胸手术中安全、有效的血浆靶浓度。方法肺叶切除术患者40例,ASAⅡ级,年龄40~60岁,体重52~74kg。随机均分为R6组和R8组。麻醉诱导雷米芬太尼血浆靶浓度分别为6、8ng/ml,丙泊酚血浆靶浓度设定为3μg/ml,术中两组雷米芬太尼血浆靶浓度不变。HemosonicTM100监测各项血流动力学指标,记录患者基础值(T0)、切皮即刻(T1)、断肋即刻(T2)、开胸探查即刻(T3)、关胸即刻(T4)、缝皮完毕即刻(T5)时MAP、HR、心输出量(CO)、每搏量(SV)、血流峰速度(PV)、血流加速度(ACC)、左室射血时间(LVET)、体循环血管阻力(TSVR)及脑电双频指数(BIS)。结果与T0比较,R6组在T1、T2、T4、T5各时点血流动力学指标波动较小;组间比较,R6组T3时MAP、HR、TSVR高于R8组(P<0.05);两组T1~T5时BIS均低于T0时(P<0.01),T2、T3时R8组BIS低于R6组(P<0.05)。结论在胸科手术中复合丙泊酚3μg/ml靶控输注,雷米芬太尼血浆靶浓度可采用初始6ng/ml,在较强手术刺激时调至8ng/ml,以确保血流动力学稳定,从而获得较为满意的麻醉效果。     

心脏手术后的认知功能障碍

大脑功能障碍是指智力下降等不同程度脑功能改变。随着心脏外科的发展，有关中枢神经系统并发症日益受到重视。 1 危险因素 术前已有中风、主动脉近端硬化、贫血与老龄化、高血压和糖尿病等均可使体外循环后中风风险增加。术中发生中风的主要风险因子是体外循环时间和反复地钳夹主动脉。其他如围术期心律失常、低心排综合征等情况也会使体外循环后认知功能障碍增加。     

Postoperative care of adult cardiac surgery patients

Over 35,000 cardiac operations are performed in the UK each year, with the majority requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB replaces the heart and lung function temporarily by providing non-pulsatile oxygenated blood flow in order to facilitate arrested heart surgery. The use of an extracorporeal circuit and cardioplegia causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines inducing a systemic inflammatory response, coagulation cascade activation, haemodilution and transient myocardial depression among other effects. These manifest as a series of typical pathophysiological derangements, which require the adoption of a standard management strategy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the key issues including cardiac, respiratory, neurological, renal and haemostatic complications, which may arise while managing the postoperative cardiac surgical patient.     

Perioperative changes in plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

P < 0.0001 versus baseline). They had returned to the baseline values when measured 3 weeks postoperatively. The preoperative plasma BNP concentration correlated significantly with the left ventricular ejection fraction (r = −0.895). The peak plasma BNP concentration 24 h after bypass correlated with the cardiac index (r = −0.64), stroke volume index (r = −0.62), injection rate of dopamine hydrochloride (r = 0.65), and aortic crossclamp time (r = 0.57). There was also a significant correlation between the preoperative BNP concentration and the plasma BNP concentration 24 h post-CPB. These findings led us to conclude that the plasma concentrations of BNP become markedly and acutely elevated after cardiac surgery with CPB, and reflect the state of left ventricular function. Moreover, the severity of acute heart failure after cardiac surgery can be predicted by the preoperative plasma BNP concentration. (Received for publication on Sept. 19, 1996; accepted on Mar. 4, 1997)