糖尿病患者血糖水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的：观察2型糖尿病患者的血糖降低到不同水平所需要的胰岛素的量，探讨胰岛素抵抗与血糖水平之间的关系。 方法：收集2002／2005在解放军第四军医大学第一附属医院住院2型糖尿病患者21例，所有患者血糖均超过33．3mmol／L，均用美敦力MINIMED508胰岛素泵进行门冬胰岛素注射液（诺和诺德天津生物技术有限公司）皮下持续输注控制血糖，输注速度为4U／h，同时应用血糖检测系统检测血糖，每隔30min检测指血1次。分别计算血糖从22．2mmol／L下降到19．5mmol／L，19．4mmol／L下降到16．8mmol／L16．7mmol／L下降到14．0mmol／L所需要的胰岛素的量。 结果：21例全部进入结果分析。血糖从22．2mmol／L下降到19．5mmol／L所需要的胰岛素的量显著多于从19．4mmol／L下降到16．8mmol/L及从16．7mmol／L下降到14．0mmol／L【（5．2&;#177;2．6），（3．4&;#177;1．4），（2．2&;#177;1．1）U，P=0．007，0．0035】；血糖从19．4mmol／L下降到16．8mmol／L所需要的胰岛素的量显著多于从16．7mmol／L下降到14．0mmol／L（P=0．008）。 结论：随着血糖的升高，胰岛素的作用和效果将逐渐减低，单位胰岛素降低血糖数值减低。提示同一糖尿病患者的不同血糖水平胰岛素抵抗不同，在血糖高时，胰岛素敏感性差。     

糖尿病合并肺结核163例临床分析

目的对糖尿病合并肺结核患者与单纯肺结核患者抗结核治疗效果进行对比分析，找出糖尿病合并肺结核患者的合理治疗方案。方法将初治菌阳肺结核合并糖尿患者163例，按照空腹血糖≤8．4mmol／L〉8．4mmol／L，分为1、2组，并设单纯初治菌阳肺结核患者100例为对照组（3组），对抗结核治疗6个月、12个月痰菌情况对比分析。结果痰菌阴转率，6月末1、2组与3组差异有非常显著性（x^23．4 〈0．01），1组12月末与3组6月末差异无显著性（x^2=1．5 P〉0．05）；1组、2组12月朱与6月末差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；在6月末、12月末，1组与2组问差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论血糖控制与抗结核疗程长短是糖尿病合并肺结核患者结核病治疗成功的关键，糖尿病合并肺结核患者抗结核疗程应≥12个月。     

空腹血糖升高——查房选录（333）

1病历摘要 患者女，30岁。因发现血糖升高4年于2006年5月16日被收入本院。患者于4年前妊娠24周时在外院发现空腹血糖达7．1mmol／L，后行75gOGTT，测空腹血糖7．2mmol／L，糖负荷后2h血糖12．6mmol／L，诊断为“妊娠期糖尿病”，当时行饮食干预及胰岛素治疗，空腹血糖控制在4．4～5．6mmol／L，餐后2h血糖控制在4．4～6．5mmol／L。患者妊娠40周足月顺产分娩出一体质量2．8kg.     

急性脑卒中并发2型糖尿病248例临床护理

对248例急性脑卒中并发2型糖尿病患者根据入院时空腹血糖水平制定监测血糖的动态时间，观察空腹血糖与病情及预后的关系。结果入院时空腹血糖〈16．8mmol／L者经全面细致治疗护理，预后较好；空腹血糖〉16．8mmol／L者，重症者多，预后差。认为急性脑卒中并发2型糖尿病患者的预后与入院时空腹血糖水平高低相关，故控制好血糖是预防及治疗其并发症的关键。     

糖尿病并发脑血管病102例临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病合并脑血管病及预后与血糖水平的关系。方法对糖尿病合并脑血管病及非糖尿病脑血管病的发病年龄、体重进行比较，根据人院时血糖水平将102例分为三组，观察其与病情及预后的关系。结果糖尿病合并脑血管病与非糖尿病脑血管病患者55岁以后发病者有明显差异，且与体重超重显著相关，并发脑梗死较非糖尿病多见。人院时血糖〈16．8mmol／L者，病情多较轻，血糖≥16．8mmol／L者，重症者多。预后差。结论糖尿病合并脑血管病临床症状的轻重及预后与人院时血糖水平的高低有关，若血糖≥16．8mmol／L提示脑组织损害范围较广，病情严重，所以，控制好血糖是预防及治疗的关键。     

糖尿病患者围手术期血糖控制与手术预后的关系

目的 观察糖尿病患者围手术期血糖控制对手术预后的影响。方法 比较50例糖尿病手术患者与50例无糖尿病手术患者的住院时间、术后拆线时间、切口愈合情况等；将50例糖尿病患者分为血糖〉8．30mmol／L组和〈8．30mmol／L组。比较其手术预后。结果 糖尿病患者较无糖尿病患者的住院时间、术后拆线时间长，切口甲级愈合率低。血糖〈8．30mmol／L者术后拆线时间比〉8．30mol／L者短。结论 糖尿病患者围手术期控制好血糖有助于改善手术预后。     

胰岛素强化治疗心内直视术后应激性高血糖的效果分析

目的探讨胰岛素强化治疗心内直视手术后应激性高血糖的效果及护理。方法将63例术后高血糖患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组（33例）和常规胰岛素治疗组（30例），强化治疗组对术后血糖超过8mmol／L者即行胰岛素治疗，剂量从0．1U／（kg·h）开始，根据血糖结果调整胰岛素用量，目标水平为血糖控制在6～8mmol／L；常规治疗组术后血糖超过11．1mmol／L才给予胰岛素治疗，目标水平为血糖控制在10～11．1mmol／L。结果强化治疗组患者血糖水于术后48h内控制在目标水平；常规治疗组患者术后48h内控制29例，死亡1例。胰岛素强化治疗组感染率、心律失常发生率低于常规治疗组，术后平均住院天数[（15．43±6．31）d]少于常规治疗组[（22．51±6．37）d]，均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论采取胰岛素强化治疗将血糖水平控制在6～8mmol／L，可以减少心内直视术后应激性高血糖患者的住院天数，降低并发症的发生率，改善患者预后。     

腹部手术后肠外营养期间的两种目标血糖控制方案对比分析

目的：探讨腹部手术后肠外营养期间的两种目标血糖控制方案对预后的影响。方法：选择112例腹部手术后的非糖尿病患者（血糖≥11．1mmol／L），随机分为两组：对照组（CT组，血糖目标值4．4～6．1mmol／L）和试验组（IT组，血糖目标值6．1～8．3mmol／L），分别监测血糖水平，统计血糖监测次数、低血糖事件、感染发生及切口愈合情况。结果：IT组的血糖监测次数、低血糖事件发生明显低于CT组（P〈0．05）；两组的感染发生率、切口愈合障碍率无统计学差异。结论：将术后患者的血糖控制于8．3mmol／L以下与4．4～6．1mmol／L相比，更为安全而且对患者的预后也是有利的。     

原发性肝癌合并糖尿病的外科治疗体会

目的总结原发性肝癌合并糖尿病的外科治疗经验．方法回顾性分析34例原发性肝癌合并糖尿病的临床资料。结果本组32例病人术前血糖控制在5．3—8．4mmol／L，手术切口甲级愈合30例．乙级愈合2例，并发肺部感染1例，8～11mmol／L波动2例，1例切口为乙级愈合，另1例术后并发脑梗塞死亡。结论原发性肝癌合并糖尿病患者手术前后稳定控制血糖对预防术后并发症的产生极为关键，胰岛素用量应根据患者的具体情况而充分个体化。     

短期胰岛素泵治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者C-肽的影响

目的观察短期胰岛素泵对严重高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者C-肽的影响。方法对60例初诊2型糖尿病住院患者应用胰岛素泵短期强化治疗1周,比较用泵前后血糖、C-肽变化。结果60例患者的空腹、餐后2h血糖分别于治疗后（2．8±1．8）d、（8．3±3．6）d达到良好控制,空腹血糖由（20．4±3．8）mmol／L降至（6．00±0．17）mmol／L,餐后2h血糖由（26．6±5．8）mmol／L降至（9．7±2.3）mmol／L,且未见明显低血糖。治疗后C-肽明显高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论对伴明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者,胰岛素泵短期强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.