胸腔镜检查应用于胸膜、肺部肿瘤

胸腔镜检查作为诊断各种肺、胸膜疾患的一种方法,愈来愈受到重视,具体方法亦已有所介绍,本文着重讨论胸腔镜检查用于胸膜、肺肿瘤的诊断和对恶性胸腔积液的胸腔内滑石粉治疗。胸膜-肺肿瘤的诊断胸膜肿瘤各种原发或继发的恶性胸膜肿瘤、恶性胸腔积液临床诊断较为困难。常规胸腔穿刺和胸液细胞学检查阳性率甚低。胸膜针刺活检的阳性率亦仅50～60%左右。Armengod 通过对180例胸膜肿瘤的观察,发现仅95例病变侵犯壁层胸膜,因而认为作胸膜     

135例胸腔积液患者内科胸腔镜检查及临床意义

目的探讨内科胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液患者的临床意义。方法分析内科胸腔镜检查135例患者的临床资料。结果135例中,经胸腔镜胸膜活检确诊104例（77．0％）,其中病理为恶性肿瘤和结核性胸膜炎各51例（49．0％）,脓胸2例（1．9％）。135例胸腔积液患者经胸腔镜检查病因诊断阳性率85．9％。恶性肿瘤和结核性胸膜炎患者经胸腔镜胸膜活检阳性率分别为79．7％和91．1％。结论内科胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液患者有获得病理诊断、病因诊断及准确肺癌分期等临床意义。     

胸腔镜术对胸膜间皮瘤的诊断价值

目的分析胸腔镜术对胸膜间皮瘤的诊断价值。方法报告３２例经胸腔镜检查及组织学证实的胸膜间皮瘤患者在胸腔镜下图像及组织学特点，与胸部Ｘ线、ＣＴ、胸液细胞学和经皮穿刺胸膜活组织检查（活检）等方法阳性率比较。结果显示胸腔镜对胸膜间皮瘤的诊断率为１００％，组织学类型为：良性纤维型５例、上皮型９例、纤维肉瘤型１２例、混合型６例。其它检查方法阳性率分别是：胸部Ｘ线１３％、胸部体层摄片３３％、胸膜腔充气造影３８％、胸部ＣＴ６１％、胸液细胞学１５％及经皮穿刺胸膜活检２４％。结论胸腔镜可观察胸膜病变并能在直视下活检，是诊断胸膜间皮瘤的首选方法。     

胸膜活检对原因不明的渗出性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的观察胸膜活检术在渗出性胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法对146例渗出性胸腔积液患者行胸膜活检，同时取胸水及痰送检抗酸杆菌及癌细胞。结果146例胸膜活检第一次活检成功率71．9％，特异性病理诊断92例，病理诊断阳性率63％。恶性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率58％，胸水细胞学检查阳性率22％，痰找癌细胞阳性率16％。结核性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率66．6％，痰找抗酸杆菌阳性率5．2％。结论胸膜活检是一项安全、简单、有效的胸膜疾病的重要的内科确诊手段。     

内科电子胸腔镜诊断不明原因胸腔积液的临床观察

目的探讨内科胸腔镜对于不明原因胸腔积液诊治中的临床应用价值。方法我科2008年10月至2011年5月期间203例经过胸腔积液细胞病理和胸膜活检术仍不能确诊的胸腔积液患者进行胸腔镜检查。结果经内科胸腔镜明确诊断的病例数为172，占84．73％，其中确诊为肿瘤82例，占40．39％，其中肺腺癌75例，占36．95％，小细胞肺癌2例，占0．99％，鳞癌1例，占0．49％，肾癌胸膜转移1例，占0．49％，乳腺癌胸膜转移2例，占0．99％，非何杰金氏淋巴瘤1例，占0．49％，胸膜间皮瘤为20例，占9．85％，结核70例，占34．48％，慢性非特异性炎伴或不伴间皮细胞增生31例，占10．34％，同时本组病例未见严重并发症。结论内科胸腔镜对于不明原因胸腔积液的诊断是一种安全、简便、诊断率阳性高的方法，值得临床推广。     

肺癌合并胸水的胸腔镜检查

周围型支气管肺癌可合并胸腔积液,在诊断上较中心型更为困难,其原因为:①纤支镜检窥视不到;②经皮肺穿刺有胸水掩盖难确切定位:③行胸泣癌细胞检查阳性率低,且不能作为分型的依据;④胸膜活检阳性率达不到50%。为此必须行胸腔镜检查。现就胸腔镜检查简述如下。一、适应证:现有检查(除开胸外)未能确诊的胸     

恶性胸膜间皮瘤的临床特点及鉴别诊断

目的探讨恶性胸膜间皮瘤的临床特点及其鉴别诊断。方法对山东省胸科医院2009年1月至2013年12月确诊的30例恶性胸膜间皮瘤及同期住院的30例肺腺癌胸膜转移及30例结核性胸膜炎的临床表现,影像学特点,实验室检查,胸腔镜下表现进行对比和分析。结果恶性胸膜间皮瘤的临床症状同结核性胸膜炎及肺腺癌胸膜转移组患者相比缺乏特异性。影像学表现中环状胸膜增厚,病侧肺容积小,纵隔固定在恶性胸膜间皮瘤中相对常见。实验室检查中恶性胸膜间皮瘤无特异性检查指标,肺腺癌胸膜转移患者血及胸水癌胚抗原(CEA)明显升高,胸水找肿瘤细胞阳性率高;结核性胸膜炎胸水腺苷酸脱氨酶是相对特异性指标。胸腔镜下表现中恶性胸膜间皮瘤主要表现为弥漫胸膜增厚及大小不等的结节,有的呈大的肿块样改变,质地相对较硬。肺腺癌胸膜转移主要表现为不同程度的胸膜增厚及孤立或多发小结节,部分可融合呈桑葚或菜花状,易于取病理。结核性胸膜炎以充血、水肿,黏连和分隔,包裹为主要表现,可见有粟粒状小结节分布。胸腔镜多点取材并行免疫组化各组病例均明确诊断。结论恶性胸膜间皮瘤临床表现缺乏特异性,易于误诊为肺腺癌胸膜转移及结核性胸膜炎,内科胸腔镜检查可准确诊断恶性胸膜间皮瘤等胸膜疾病,减少误诊。     

胸腔镜下结核性胸膜炎形态学特点及其诊断价值

目的观察结核性胸膜炎胸腔镜下形态表现，探讨胸腔镜检查诊断结核性胸膜炎的价值。方法回顾性分析125例经胸腔镜确诊的结核性胸膜炎患者胸腔镜下检查特点及病理检查结果。结果经胸腔镜直接确诊108例（86．4％），余17例根据镜下表现行诊断性抗结核治疗有效而确诊；镜下表现为胸膜充血、水肿16例，胸膜弥漫性充血并粟粒样结节42例，散在多发结节40例，胸膜肥厚24例。结论结核性胸膜炎胸腔镜下表现形态多样，主要变化为弥漫性充血水肿，病变主要分布于肋胸膜及膈胸膜上；胸腔镜对结核性胸膜炎诊断具有较高价值。     

胸腔镜检查对胸腔积液的诊治价值

为评介胸腔镜检查对胸腔积液的诊断和治疗价值，对278例经常规检查未明确病因的胸腔积液患者，采用胸腔镜直视下病变处取活组织检查（活检），根据活检结果，分别采取不同的方法治疗，结果显示，胸腔镜的诊断率为94．6％（263／278），胸膜转移癌，胸膜间皮瘤，结核性胸膜炎镜下形态不同，血性胸水中恶性占78．8％，草黄色胸液中恶性占46．5％，对恶性胸水患者经胸腔镜喷洒滑石粉或注入抗癌药物治疗，对良性胸水患者进行了对因治疗，278例中无严重并发症，本组资料证实胸腔镜检查对胸腔积液是一种安全，有效的诊断手段。     

胸膜刷检在恶性胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的观察胸膜刷检在恶性胸腔积液的诊断上的价值。方法15例胸腔积液患者胸腔穿刺术后行胸膜活检、抽取胸液、胸膜刷检分别留取组织及胸液送细胞学检查。结果恶性胸腔积液诊断的阳性率分别为：胸膜刷检73．3％（11／15），胸液细胞学检查53．3％（8／15），胸膜活检33．3％（5／15）。胸膜刷检的阳性率高于胸液细胞学检查及胸膜活检，比较有显著性差异。结论胸膜刷检在恶性胸腔积液的诊断有重要价值。     

Advanced techniques in medical thoracoscopy.

For expert pulmonologists, advanced procedures in medical thoracoscopy are the nonroutine and more complex applications of the method. The main current indications are the treatment of infected pleural space, forceps lung biopsy and sympathectomy. In parapneumonic effusions and empyema, medical thoracoscopy is as a drainage procedure, intermediate between tube thoracostomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), which is efficient, significantly lower in cost and avoids surgical thoracoscopy under general anaesthesia. It is essential that it is performed early in the course of the disease and is particularly advisable for frail patients at high surgical risk. The efficacy of forceps lung biopsy has been demonstrated in diffuse lung diseases, whereas results in localised lung diseases and chest-wall lesions have been less positive. However, VATS is currently the preferred approach for these indications. The technique still maintains its efficacy for visceral pleura and peripheral lung biopsy, in particular in the presence of pleural effusion and lung disorders. At the present time, thoracoscopic sympathectomy is minimally invasive and is an accepted intervention for patients with a variety of autonomous nervous system disturbances. Essential hyperhidrosis patients, and well-selected patients with other disorders, can be helped with this procedure, which can also be performed by interventional pulmonologists.     

Pleural Lavage: A Novel Diagnostic Approach For Diagnosing Exudative Pleural Effusion

Patients with pleural effusions frequently present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The diagnosis is based on the interpretation of the results of thoracentesis or pleural biopsy. When a malignant tumor metastasizes to the pleura, tumor cells can be seeded over the mesothelial surface or in the subserous layer. In the former situation, tumor cells are abundant in pleural fluid, but in the latter, few malignant cells are exfoliated into the pleural cavity, and microscopic deposits may not be visualized at thoracoscopy. Pleural lavage cytologic study at the time of thoracoscopy has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of thoracoscopic pleural lavage as an adjuvant in the diagnostic workup of patients with exudative pleural effusions. Fifty patients with exudative pleural effusions were investigated by pleural fluid cytologic findings, Abram's pleural biopsy, thoracoscopy, and pleural lavage cytologic findings. After aspiration of all pleural fluid, 300 mL saline was instilled into the pleural cavity and then recovered for cytologic analysis. The final diagnoses were 32 malignant (64%), 15 tuberculous (30%), and 3 idiopathic (6%) effusions. In the malignant group, thoracoscopic biopsy had the highest yield (94%) followed by lavage cytologic analysis (84%), fluid cytologic analysis (62%), and biopsy with Abram's needle (50%). The sensitivity of combined thoracoscopy and lavage cytologic analysis was 96%. In the patients with tuberculous pleuritis, the yield from the pathologic examination of the biopsy specimen was 93% with thoracoscopy and 60% with the Abrams needle. The diagnostic yield with cytologic analysis on pleural lavage fluid is significantly higher than that on pleural fluid. This is probably because the cells in the lavage fluid are fresher and better preserved than those in the regular pleural fluid, which may have undergone degenerative changes, yielding false-negative results. Pleural lavage cytologic analysis should be performed in patients with suspected malignant pleural effusion who are subjected to diagnostic thoracoscopy, because it may provide additional information to thoracoscopic biopsy. Accepted for publication: 21 November 2000     

Is medical thoracoscopy efficient in the management of multiloculated and organized thoracic empyema?

Background: Pleural empyema can be subdivided into 3 stages: exudative, multiloculated, and organizing. In the absence of clear septation, antibiotics plus simple drainage of pleural fluid is often sufficient treatment, whereas clear septation often requires more invasive treatment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to report our experience and analyze the safety and efficacy of medical thoracoscopy in patients with multiloculated and organizing empyema. Methods: We performed a retrospective study reviewing the files of patients referred for empyema and treated by medical thoracoscopy at our department from July 2005 to February 2011. Results: A total of 41 patients with empyema were treated by medical thoracoscopy; empyema was free flowing in 9 patients (22%), multiloculated in 24 patients (58.5%), and organized in 8 patients (19.5%). Medical thoracoscopy was considered successful without further intervention in 35 of 41 patients (85.4%): all of the 9 patients with free-flowing fluid, 22 of the 24 patients with multiloculated empyema (91.7%), and only 4 of the 8 patients with organizing effusion (50%). Conclusions: Our study confirms that multiloculated pleural empyema could safely and successfully be treated with medical thoracoscopy while organizing empyema can be resistant to drainage with medical thoracoscopy, requiring video-assisted thoracic surgery or open surgical decortications; among this population, the presence of separate 'pockets' not in apparent communication with each other often leads to a surgical approach.     

The diagnostic value of pleural biopsy by medical thoracoscopy in tuberculous pleural effusions

目的 评价经内科胸腔镜胸膜病变活检对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值及安全性。方法 2015年6月至2018年10月,首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院、首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院、北京积水潭医院、卫生部北京医院等4家临床中心采用前瞻性多中心诊断试验方法,对参照入组标准顺序纳入的229例不明原因胸腔积液的入院患者行内科胸腔镜检查,并对活检留取胸膜病变组织标本行结核分枝杆菌GeneXpert MTB/RIF(简称“GeneXpert”)和BACTEC MGIT 960培养(简称“MGIT 960”)及常规病原学检测和病理学检查。结果 229例患者经内科胸腔镜取胸膜活检组织行病理学和病原学检查结果显示,临床不能明确诊断者23例(10.0%),确诊者为206例(90.0%),其中129例(56.3%)确诊为结核性胸膜炎,77例(33.6%)诊断为其他原因所致的胸腔积液。胸膜活检组织经GeneXpert或MGIT 960检测结核感染的阳性率[分别为27.9%(64/229)和17.0%(39/229)]与病理学检测阳性率[(23.1%,53/229)]比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.32,P=0.251;χ²=2.67,P=0.103);但GeneXpert+MGIT 960联合检测的阳性率[32.8%(75/229)]明显高于传统病理学检测(χ²=5.25,P=0.022)。结核性胸膜炎患者的胸腔镜镜下特征性表现在纤维粘连带[70.5%(91/129)]、弥漫性粟粒结节状病灶[41.1%(53/129)]、纤维素沉积[40.3%(52/129)]等方面均明显高于其他原因胸腔积液者[分别为32.5%(25/77)、6.5%(5/77)、15.6%(12/77)],但散在多发结节状病灶[26.4%(34/129)]明显低于其他原因胸腔积液者[53.2%(41/77)](χ²=28.41、28.52、24.42、15.06,P值均=0.000)。229例患者胸腔镜术后均未出现严重不良事件,224例(97.8%)有轻中度胸痛,口服止痛药2~3 d后可缓解;134例(58.5%)活检部位有少量出血,107(46.7%)例局部皮下气肿,均未给予特殊处理,拔管后2~3 d内吸收;仅2例患者术后出现脓胸,引流管留置14 d后行胸腔镜胸膜剥离术,随访6个月后均安全拔管。结论 内科胸腔镜镜下表现、胸膜病变活检组织标本病理和病原学检测均有助于结核性胸膜炎的诊断,而且安全性高,建议临床大力推广应用。     

Thoracoscopy in chronic pleural effusion (author's transl)]

123 patients with chronic pleurisy were investigated by thoracoscopy. The endoscopic biopsy is positive in 16 out of 17 cases of mesothelioma (96%), in 57 out of 72 cases of pleural metastasis (79%), and in 6 cases out of 7 pleural tuberculosis. Begnin pleural asbestosis was confirmed in 5. Endoscopic biopsy is thus more efficient than results obtained with pleural needle biopsy and exudative cytology. Thoracoscopy can be performed without any serious complications, this is not always true with open thoracotomy.     

经内科胸腔镜胸膜病变活检对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值

目的 评价经内科胸腔镜胸膜病变活检对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值及安全性。方法 2015年6月至2018年10月,首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院、首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院、北京积水潭医院、卫生部北京医院等4家临床中心采用前瞻性多中心诊断试验方法,对参照入组标准顺序纳入的229例不明原因胸腔积液的入院患者行内科胸腔镜检查,并对活检留取胸膜病变组织标本行结核分枝杆菌GeneXpert MTB/RIF(简称“GeneXpert”)和BACTEC MGIT 960培养(简称“MGIT 960”)及常规病原学检测和病理学检查。结果 229例患者经内科胸腔镜取胸膜活检组织行病理学和病原学检查结果显示,临床不能明确诊断者23例(10.0%),确诊者为206例(90.0%),其中129例(56.3%)确诊为结核性胸膜炎,77例(33.6%)诊断为其他原因所致的胸腔积液。胸膜活检组织经GeneXpert或MGIT 960检测结核感染的阳性率[分别为27.9%(64/229)和17.0%(39/229)]与病理学检测阳性率[(23.1%,53/229)]比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.32,P=0.251;χ²=2.67,P=0.103);但GeneXpert+MGIT 960联合检测的阳性率[32.8%(75/229)]明显高于传统病理学检测(χ²=5.25,P=0.022)。结核性胸膜炎患者的胸腔镜镜下特征性表现在纤维粘连带[70.5%(91/129)]、弥漫性粟粒结节状病灶[41.1%(53/129)]、纤维素沉积[40.3%(52/129)]等方面均明显高于其他原因胸腔积液者[分别为32.5%(25/77)、6.5%(5/77)、15.6%(12/77)],但散在多发结节状病灶[26.4%(34/129)]明显低于其他原因胸腔积液者[53.2%(41/77)](χ²=28.41、28.52、24.42、15.06,P值均=0.000)。229例患者胸腔镜术后均未出现严重不良事件,224例(97.8%)有轻中度胸痛,口服止痛药2~3 d后可缓解;134例(58.5%)活检部位有少量出血,107(46.7%)例局部皮下气肿,均未给予特殊处理,拔管后2~3 d内吸收;仅2例患者术后出现脓胸,引流管留置14 d后行胸腔镜胸膜剥离术,随访6个月后均安全拔管。结论 内科胸腔镜镜下表现、胸膜病变活检组织标本病理和病原学检测均有助于结核性胸膜炎的诊断,而且安全性高,建议临床大力推广应用。     

Autofluorescence videothoracoscopy in exudative pleural effusions: preliminary results.

Videothoracoscopy has been proven to be a safe tool to establish the diagnosis in >90% of patients with exudative pleural effusions of unknown origin. In the majority of patients with malignant pleural diseases, the endoscopic appearance of pleural lesions during white light thoracoscopy is suggestive of malignancy, but could be misleading in some cases. The aim of the present study was to estimate whether the combination of thoracoscopy with autofluorescence modalities would be useful to further improve the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional method. The present study displays early results of thoracoscopy performed consecutively with a normal light source and with autofluorescence light in 24 patients with exudative pleural effusion during 2003-2004. In all cases of malignant pleuritis (carcinoma or mesothelioma), the colour of the affected area of the pleura changed from white/pink to red (sensitivity 100%). However, in two cases of chronic pleuritis, a colour change from white/pink to orange/red was recorded (specificity 75%). In conclusion, the calculated positive predictive value of colour change for malignant pleuritis during autofluorescence thoracoscopy in this study was 92%. However, the clinical value of autofluorescence thoracoscopy in daily practice remains to be proven.     

可弯曲内科胸腔镜术对胸膜疾病的诊治价值

目的探索可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜诊治胸膜疾病的价值及可行性。方法采用Olympus LTF-240型可弯曲内科胸腔镜对114例胸膜疾病患者在局麻下行开放式胸腔镜术，包括诊断组（含不明原因胸腔积液者及肺癌分期诊断者）、气胸组、胸膜固定术组及脓胸组。结果72例不明原因胸腔积液中确诊58例（80．1％），包括胸膜转移癌39例（肺癌胸膜转移38例、食管癌胸膜转移1例），胸膜间皮瘤3例，结核性胸膜炎15例，矽肺累及胸膜1例；未确诊的病例包括12例病理示非特异性炎症、2例胸腔镜检查未见异常。6例肺癌分期诊断者2例证实胸膜转移。13例气胸治愈7例（53，8％），胸膜固定术28例胸水均得到控制，脓胸6例均得到治愈。无1例出现严重并发症。结论可弯曲内科电子胸腔镜术容易耐受、安全、微创、费用低，是诊断疑难胸膜疾病及治疗难治性胸腔积液、脓胸的有效而实用的方法。     

Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of pleural disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy and safety of thoracoscopy for the evaluation of pleural disease. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of patients referred for thoracoscopy. SETTING: University hospital specializing in chest diseases. PATIENTS: We studied 102 patients with pleural disease, the cause of which had not been determined after initial investigation, including thoracentesis and needle biopsy. Eighty-six patients had pleural effusion, 11 had pleural mass, and 5 had pleural effusion in association with a known primary lung carcinoma. INTERVENTION: All patients had thoracoscopy under local anesthesia with mild sedation. Visually directed biopsies were done of parietal pleura. MEASUREMENTS: We recorded clinical characteristics, laboratory data, findings and duration of thoracoscopy, and any complications associated with the procedure. Hospital and clinic follow-up records were reviewed, and patients were contacted by telephone 12 and 24 months after thoracoscopy to assess their health status. MAIN RESULTS: One hundred and four thoracoscopies were done in 102 patients. A definitive diagnosis was established in 95 patients: 42 had malignant pleural disease and 53 had benign pleural disease. A diagnosis of benign pleural disease using thoracoscopy could not be confirmed in the remaining 7 patients because of insufficient follow-up information. Overall, thoracoscopy was 96% accurate with a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 93% for the diagnosis of pleural malignancy. Thoracoscopy was well tolerated under local anesthesia and entailed hospitalization for less than 24 hours in most cases. No deaths occurred, although 1.9% of patients had major complications, and 5.5% had minor complications. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with pleural disease remaining undiagnosed after usual initial investigation, thoracoscopy done under local anesthesia is a rapid, safe, and well-tolerated procedure with an excellent diagnostic yield that is equivalent to that of thoracotomy.