PHI逆转K562/A02细胞阿霉素耐药的机制

目的 探讨异硫氰酸苯乙酯(PHI)逆转K562/A102细胞株阿霉素(ADM)耐药的可能机制.方法 将耐ADM的人慢性粒细胞白血病K562/A02细胞株分别与不同浓度(0,5,10,20,30,40和50μM)的PHI共同孵育后,流式细胞术检测细胞周期、细胞内ADM浓度以及P-糖蛋白1(P-gp1)表达水平;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测PHI作用前后细胞内mdr1 mRNA的转录水平.结果 与对照组相比,联合作用48 h后,随着PHI浓度的增加G2期细胞逐渐减少,G1期细胞明显增多,而S期细胞无明显变化;K562/A02细胞内ADM平均荧光强度均高于对照组,K562/A02细胞mdrl mRNA表达下降和P-gp1表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 PHI逆转K562/A02细胞耐药机制可能与细胞G1期阻滞和P-gp1表达下调有关.     

PHⅡ-7逆转肿瘤细胞K562/A02耐药机制的研究

目的阐明PHⅡ-7逆转肿瘤耐药的机制。方法用MTT法测定阿霉素、PHⅡ-7及二者联合用药对人白血病细胞系K562及其多药耐药细胞系K562/A02的IC50值,提取不同浓度PHⅡ-7作用48h后K562和K562/A02细胞RNA,以实时定量PCR的方法分析PHⅡ-7对MDR1基因表达水平的影响,最后通过激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪观察PHⅡ-7作用前后,K562和K562/A02细胞内阿霉素浓度的改变。结果 PHⅡ-7本身具有抗肿瘤活性,对K562和K562/A02IC50值分别为(1.37±0.37)μmol·L-1;(1.48±0.34)μmol·L-1。此外PHⅡ-7还能协同提高阿霉素的细胞毒作用,K562组CDI值为0.22,K562/A02组CDI值为0.09,其对耐药细胞的协同作用更为明显。阿霉素和PHⅡ-7同时作用于K562/A02,随着PHⅡ-7作用剂量的增加,K562/A02细胞MDR1基因表达水平逐渐下降;细胞内阿霉素浓度伴随PHⅡ-7作用时间的延长而逐渐提高。结论 PHⅡ-7不仅本身是有效的肿瘤细胞化疗药物,还具有下调MDR1耐药基因表达的作用,从而有效逆转K562/A02细胞的耐药现象,增强化疗药物阿霉素的细胞杀伤作用。     

AGEs与其受体相互作用与K562及K562/A02细胞耐药性

目的观察晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)与其受体相互作用是否与K562及K562/A02细胞对阿霉素(ADM)耐药性相关。方法用流式细胞术检测K562及K562/A02细胞晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)及P-糖蛋白(P-gp)的表达和细胞凋亡率,CCK-8法观察AGEs对K562及K562/A02细胞增殖的影响,计算AGEs作用下两种细胞对ADM的半抑制浓度(IC50)值,用半定量RT-PCR检测mdr1mRNA相对表达水平。结果 K562与K562/A02细胞RAGE表达比较差异无统计学意义。AGEs可呈浓度和依赖性促进K562及K562/A02细胞增殖(P<0.05);AGEs作用K562及K562/A02细胞48h后,K562细胞mdr1mRNA及P-gp的表达均为阴性,K562/A02细胞mdr1mRNA及P-gp的表达与不加AGEs组比较差异均无统计学意义。结论 AGEs不能改变K562细胞对ADM的敏感性,同时亦不能改变K562/A02细胞对ADM的耐药性;AGEs与其受体相互作用与K562及K562/A02细胞耐药性无关。     

干扰α烯醇化酶对耐药细胞株K562/A02耐药性的影响

目的肿瘤耐药的产生是肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因之一,α烯醇化酶(eno1)与肿瘤细胞耐药产生和发展密切相关。探究eno1对人慢性粒细胞白血病耐药细胞株K562/A02生长及耐药的影响。方法筛选3株稳定干扰eno1的细胞系K562/A02-sheno1和对照细胞系K562/A02-shcon;采用细胞计数法测定细胞生长速率,MTT法测定细胞增殖能力,细胞内罗丹明123含量测定细胞外排药物能力,real-time PCR反应测定基因mRNA表达水平,Western blot实验测定基因蛋白表达水平。结果与敏感性细胞株K562相比,eno1在耐药细胞株K562/A02中为高表达状态,其在mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达分别增高(2.85±0.56)倍和(1.43±0.05)倍;而K562/A02细胞生长速率与K562细胞相比差异无显著性。K562/A02-sheno1细胞系与对照组K562/A02-shcon相比生长速率降低,对抗肿瘤药物紫杉醇和阿霉素的敏感性均增强,且K562/A02-sheno1细胞系中罗丹明123含量也明显增高。K562/A02-sheno1细胞系中耐药相关基因MDR1表达水平降低。结论稳定干扰eno1表达能抑制K562/A02细胞生长,有效逆转K562/A02细胞耐药性,提高其对药物的敏感性,其机制与MDR1基因表达相关。     

复方当归注射液逆转K562/A02细胞多药耐药的研究

目的:研究复方当归注射液对人红白血病多药耐药(MDR)细胞株K562/A02MDR1、多药耐药相关蛋白(MRP)、拓扑异构酶Ⅱ(TopoⅡ)、谷光甘肽-S-转移酶-π(GST-π)基因及其相应蛋白表达的影响。方法:采用台盼蓝染色法检测复方当归注射液的细胞毒作用;采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹法分别检测复方当归注射液在非细胞毒浓度(IC10)作用下对K562/A02细胞上述基因及其表达的影响。结果:复方当归注射液作用后,K562/A02细胞中MDR1基因及P-gp表达降低(P<0.01);TopoⅡ蛋白表达增高(P<0.01),TopoⅡ基因表达无显著变化(P>0.05);MRP、GST-π基因及其蛋白的表达无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:复方当归注射液能部分逆转K562/A02细胞的耐药性,其作用机制可能与下调K562/A02细胞MDR1mRNA的表达,导致细胞膜上P-gp的表达量减少及在蛋白水平上调K562/A02细胞TopoⅡ的表达有关。     

木犀草素抑制白血病耐药株K562/A02的GST-π表达

目的 探讨木犀草素(luteolin)对白血病耐药株K562/A02细胞谷胱甘肽S转移酶π(GST-π)的影响.方法 木犀草素30 mmol/L预处理K562/A02细胞第1、3、5d后,MTT法测定阿霉素IC50,采用722分光光度计测定细胞内GSH含量及Western Blot法测定木犀草素处理后GST-π蛋白表达.结果 木犀草素对K562/A02的耐药性具有明显的逆转作用,用木犀草素处理后,对阿霉素药物敏感性的相对逆转效率第1、3、5d分别为10.7％、42.7％和15.8％;木犀草素显著降低K562/A02细胞内GSH含量,GST-π蛋白的表达于用药后第1、3、5d分别下降22％、56％和34％.结论 木犀草素具有较强的逆转K562/A02细胞多药耐药的作用,其逆转机制可能与降低细胞内GSH含量,下调K562/A02细胞GST-π蛋白的表达相关.     

Sorcin过表达——白血病多药耐药的一种新机制

目的研究sorcin基因与白血病多药耐药的相关性。方法用NorthernBlot和WesternBlot方法,检测人白血病耐药细胞株K562/A02及其野生型细胞株K562中sorcin基因和蛋白表达水平的差异。设计针对sorcin基因的反义寡核苷酸,通过脂质体将其导入K562/A02细胞,通过WesternBlot方法检测转染前后细胞内sorcin蛋白表达的变化,运用MTT方法检测转染反义寡核苷酸后细胞对阿霉素敏感性的变化。结果NorthernBlot和WesternBlot结果表明,K562/A02细胞中sorcin表达水平明显高于K562敏感细胞。将sorcin基因反义寡核苷酸转入K562/A02细胞后,细胞内sorcin蛋白表达明显下降,对阿霉素的敏感性提高。结论作为一种耐药相关基因,sorcin参与了白血病多药耐药细胞耐药表型的形成,有望成为今后白血病耐药诊断和治疗的新靶点。     

五味子甲素对K562/ADR、HL60/ADR、MCF-7/ADR多药耐药逆转机制的研究

目的探讨五味子甲素(schizandrin A or deoxyschizan-drin,schA)对白血病细胞K562/ADR、HL60/ADR、乳腺癌细胞MCF-7/ADR多药耐药的逆转作用,并初步探讨其逆转机制。方法 MTT法检测schA对耐药细胞的逆转作用;流式细胞仪检测schA对细胞内柔红霉素、罗丹明-123含量和细胞表面P-gp表达水平的变化;用Real-time PCR方法检测schA对细胞内mdr1 mRNA和mrp1 mRNA表达;生化检测法检测schA对细胞内GSH含量的变化。结果耐药逆转实验显示:不同浓度的schA对作用机制不同的化疗药物耐药产生不同的逆转效果;蓄积实验表明schA可增加柔红霉素、罗丹明123在耐药细胞内的蓄积,并且有良好的剂量依赖关系;schA处理K562/ADR、HL60/ADR细胞24 h后,能降低P-gp蛋白和mdr1、mrp1基因的表达;schA处理K562/ADR、HL60/ADR细胞4 h后,可降低细胞内谷胱甘肽含量。结论 schA对耐药机制不同的细胞株K562/ADR、HL60/ADR均有耐药逆转作用,推测可能是与抑制细胞表面的P-gp蛋白功能和表达,降低mdr1、mrp1耐药基因的表达和降低细胞内谷胱甘肽含量有关,schA通过影响上述机制,进而增加细胞内的药物浓度,达到有效杀灭肿瘤细胞的作用。     

半夏水提取液逆转多药耐药细胞系K562/A02耐药性的研究

目的观察非细胞毒性浓度半夏水提取液对耐阿霉素的人白血病细胞系K562/A02多药耐药性的逆转作用,并探讨其逆转机制.方法采用MTT法测定半夏水提取液的细胞毒性及其对K562/A02细胞敏感性的影响,用流式细胞仪检测非细胞毒性浓度的半夏水提取液处理后K562/A02细胞膜表面糖蛋白P170表达的变化.结果半夏水提取液对K562/A02细胞有一定的细胞毒作用,非细胞毒性浓度半夏水提取液可显著降低阿霉素对K562/A02细胞的IC50,显著降低细胞膜糖蛋白P170的表达.结论半夏水提取液可部分逆转多药耐药细胞系K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的耐药性.     

木犀草素抑制白血病耐药株K562/A02的GST-π表达

目的探讨木犀草素（luteolin）对白血病耐药株K562/A02细胞谷胱甘肽S转移酶π（GST-π）的影响。方法木犀草素30 mmol/L预处理K562/A02细胞第1、35、d后,MTT法测定阿霉素IC50,采用722分光光度计测定细胞内GSH含量及Western Blot法测定木犀草素处理后GST-π蛋白表达。结果木犀草素对K562/A02的耐药性具有明显的逆转作用,用木犀草素处理后,对阿霉素药物敏感性的相对逆转效率第1、3、5 d分别为10.7%4、2.7%和15.8%;木犀草素显著降低K562/A02细胞内GSH含量,GST-π蛋白的表达于用药后第1、35、d分别下降22%5、6%和34%。结论木犀草素具有较强的逆转K562/A02细胞多药耐药的作用,其逆转机制可能与降低细胞内GSH含量,下调K562/A02细胞GST-π蛋白的表达相关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.