4-去氧-4β-芳甲磺酰胺基-4′-去甲鬼臼脂素的合成及体外抑制肿瘤细胞活性

目的　寻找高效低毒的鬼臼脂素类抗肿瘤药物。方法和结果　设计合成了4-增碳侧链的磺酰胺基鬼臼脂素衍生物(1-15),均为新化合物。并对这些化合物进行了体外抑制KB细胞和L1210白血病细胞活性试验。结论　化合物2,3,8,9,11和12有显著的体外抑制肿瘤细胞活性。     

3α-溴-表苦鬼臼脂素及其衍生物:具抗癌活性的鬼臼脂素新类似物(英文)

本文制备了3α-溴-表苦鬼臼脂素,首次在鬼臼脂素结构修饰中在Ｃ环3-位引入取代基。其体外抑制KB细胞和L1210白血病细胞活性均高于阳性对照药。在碱性条件下,其可被方便地转化为4β-羟基-2,3-不饱和苦鬼臼脂素,进而2,3-不饱和鬼臼脂素衍生物可被合成。由于具有较好的体外抑制肿瘤细胞活性,该化合物可作为结构修饰的先导化合物。由于3-位溴原子的引入,其又是鬼臼脂素类化合物结构转化的中间体。     

1,2,3-三氮唑类苦参碱衍生物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计并合成了1,2,3-三氮唑类苦参碱衍生物,并对其进行体外抗肿瘤活性研究。方法以苦参碱为起始原料,通过水解反应、N-烷基化反应、click反应等反应得到目标化合物。采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法考察所合成目标化合物对HeLa、MCF-7和HepG23种肿瘤细胞的体外抗增殖活性。结果合成了9个1,2,3-三氮唑类苦参碱衍生物,其结构经~1H-NMR,~(13)C-NMR及HR-MS确定,抗肿瘤活性测试结果表明该类化合物具有一定的抗肿瘤活性,其中化合物5h对MCF-7肿瘤细胞表现出良好的活性,且活性优于母体化合物苦参碱。结论部分目标化合物具有较好的抗肿瘤活性,为该类抗肿瘤化合物的进一步优化提供思路。     

新型L-精氨酸衍生物的设计、合成及其生物活性研究

目的设计合成L-精氨酸衍生物类氨肽酶N(APN)抑制剂,并通过活性研究寻找先导化合物。方法以L-精氨酸为原料,经胍基保护、缩合、异羟肟酸化等步骤合成目标化合物,通过体外抑酶实验和抗肿瘤细胞增殖实验测定目标化合物的活性。结果合成了16个未见文献报道的L-精氨酸衍生物,结构经核磁共振氢谱及质谱确证。其中,化合物5e、5h、11e、11g、11h的体外抑酶活性较好,化合物5f抗肿瘤细胞活性最好,能抑制4种高表达APN的肿瘤细胞HL-60、A549、ES-2、PLC的增殖。结论目标化合物有较好的APN抑制活性和抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性,其中化合物5f可作为先导化合物展开进一步研究。     

3-取代2-吲哚酮类化合物的合成与抗肿瘤活性研究

目的寻找新的具有血管内皮细胞生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制活性的3-取代2-吲哚酮类化合物。方法以2-吲哚酮为原料，利用缩合反应合成目标化合物，并进行体外初步药效学评价。结果设计并合成了5种化合物，其中4种为首次发现，体外初步药效学研究表明，所合成的化合物均具有抑制S-180肿瘤细胞生长的活性，其中化合物Ⅱ活性最强。结论3-取代2-吲哚酮类化合物具有抑制S-180肿瘤细胞生长的活性，化合物中吲哚环平面与相应的芳环平面之间处于垂直状态时活性较强。     

紫苏醇类似物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性

目的设计合成紫苏醇类似物,探讨在紫苏醇羟基的α碳原子上引入烷基、环外烯丙位引入取代哌嗪基团对化合物抗肿瘤作用的影响。方法以紫苏醛为原料,经格氏反应、氧化、酰化和胺解等反应合成紫苏醇衍生物,以MTT法考察目标化合物对7种肿瘤细胞的增殖抑制作用。结果与结论合成了10个未见文献报道的紫苏醇类似物,经1H-NMR、MS波谱分析确证结构。体外抗肿瘤活性研究显示,大多数目标化合物对7种肿瘤细胞的抗增殖活性均强于紫苏醇。     

4'-去甲基表鬼臼毒素芳香酰胺类衍生物的设计、合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的为寻找高效低毒且作用谱广的鬼臼脂素类抗肿瘤药物,合成了20个4'-去甲基表鬼臼毒素芳香酰胺类化合物。方法以4'-去甲基表鬼臼毒素为原料,首先与氯乙腈进行取代反应,再与硫脲反应,最后与不同的取代芳香羧酸成酰胺制得目标化合物。采用MTT法测定目标化合物体外对人肺腺癌细胞A549、人肝肿瘤细胞株HepG2、人口腔癌KB细胞、L1210白血病细胞的抑制活性。结果与结论合成了20个未见文献报道的新化合物,目标化合物的结构均经~1H-NMR和MS谱确证,活性测试结果表明,大部分目标化合物均具有一定的肿瘤细胞增殖抑制活性。     

甘草次酸C3、C30衍生物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计并合成甘草次酸C3、C30衍生物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行研究。方法以甘草次酸为先导化合物,对其C3位羟基、C30位羧基进行结构修饰,并采用SRB法对目标化合物进行体外抗肿瘤活性研究。结果设计合成了12个新型甘草次酸衍生物,并利用MS、1H-NMR及元素分析确证了结构;体外实验中,目标化合物对MCF-7和A549肿瘤细胞的抑制活性均明显强于甘草次酸,其中化合物GA-I1、GA-I2和GA-II1对MCF-7和A549两种细胞表现出很好的抑制活性,明显高于对照药吉非替尼。结论甘草次酸衍生物具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,值得进一步研究。     

九节龙皂苷衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的:合成九节龙皂苷衍生物并研究其抗肿瘤活性。方法:以九节龙皂苷Ⅰ为先导物,对其30位醛基进行结构修饰,合成一系列衍生物,通过体外细胞培养方法检测其对9种常见肿瘤细胞系的抗肿瘤活性。结果:获得了3个新的皂苷修饰物,其中化合物1和化合物3对常见的9种瘤株的IC₅₀与原皂苷相比均降低（P<0.05）,化合物1和化合物3对肿瘤细胞的抑制率较原皂苷增强。结论:通过对九节龙皂苷进行结构修饰,能增加其抗肿瘤活性。     

3-取代吲哚-2-酮类化合物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成对微管蛋白和血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)激酶具有双重抑制作用的3-取代吲哚-2-酮类化合物,考察其体外抑瘤活性。方法以取代的苯胺为起始原料,经缩合、环合、还原、取代等反应制得系列目标化合物,并考察该系列化合物对微管蛋白和肿瘤细胞的抑制活性。结果共合成了11个新的目标化合物。实验结果显示,化合物j9对微管蛋白和VEGFR-2激酶具有双重抑制活性。所有目标化合物对3种肿瘤细胞株均有中等强度的抑制活性。结论该类化合物是一类具有多靶点作用的抗肿瘤化合物。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.