耳外伤患者的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

目的：分析耳外伤患者脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）的表现。方法：对108例耳外伤患者进行BAEP检测,测定Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ各波潜伏期（PL）、峰间潜伏期（IPL）、两耳间PL或IPL之侧间差（ILD）等指标。结果：108例（141耳）中异常91耳,异常率为64．5％。主要异常表现为病例组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波PL明显延长,与对照组相比,差异有非常显著意义（P〈0．01）,IPL则无明显改变（P〉0．05）,Ⅴ波反应阈升高。结论：BAEP检测是一项客观敏感的神经电生理学检查法,对于评价耳外伤后的听觉传导通路功能状况具有重要价值。     

脑干听觉诱发电位和纯音电测听在甲状腺机能减退患者中的应用价值

目的:探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)、纯音电测听(PTA)在甲状腺机能减退症(甲减)中的应用价值. 方法:选择200例甲减患者进行BAEP及PTA检测,并分别对治疗前后结果进行比较.结果:治疗后 BAEP Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期(PL) 及Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ的波间潜伏期(IPL)与治疗前相比明显缩短(P<0.01),其中Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波有一个以上波的PL缩短或治疗前波形消失者占72.5%; Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ中有一个以上的IPL缩短者占85%; Ⅴ波波幅增高并且Ⅴ/Ⅰ大于0.5或双侧Ⅴ波的潜伏期侧差(IDL)小于0.3 ms、Ⅲ-Ⅴ IPL小于Ⅰ-Ⅲ IPL的占68.5%.PTA检测在治疗前后听阈检测方面无明显差异.结论:PTA检测有很大的主观性,不利于甲减患者治疗结果的观察随访,BAEP可客观的反映听觉系统和脑干功能状况,因此可以代替PTA检测,并可用于对甲减患者的治疗结果进行随访.     

肝豆状核变性患者VEP、SEP及BAEP的对比研究

目的 :观察肝豆状核变性 (Wilson)病患者及直系亲属视觉诱发电位 (VEP)、体感诱发电位 (SEP)及脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)的变化。方法 :对 10例Wilson病患者及其 18名直系亲属进行VEP、SEP及BAEP检测并分析其结果。结果 :5例患者双侧和 2例患者单侧VEP的P10 0潜伏期 (PL)延长。 1例患者双侧和 3例患者单侧SEP的N13-N2 0的波间潜伏期 (IPL)延长。 1例患者双侧和 2例患者单侧BAEP的Ⅲ -Ⅴ的IPL和Ⅰ -Ⅴ的IPL延长。提示Wilson病患者视觉、躯体感觉及听觉神经传导通路有不同程度的电生理活动障碍。 18名直系亲属中有 4名双侧和 3名单侧VEP的P10 0PL有不同程度的延长 ,2名亲属单侧BAEP的Ⅲ -Ⅴ和Ⅰ -Ⅴ的IPL延长。结论 :Wilson病患者的VEP、SEP及BAEP有明显的变化 ,提示Wilson病患者早期即有感觉通路功能异常     

40例听神经瘤患者的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

目的：分析听神经瘤患者脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）的改变及特点。方法：对40例听神经瘤患者（80耳）进行BAEP检测，测定Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ各波潜伏期（PL）、峰间潜伏期（IPL）、双耳间PL或IPL之侧间差（ILD）等数值。结果：患侧异常率为100％。主要表现为Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波消失，Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期延长，Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ波峰间期延长。听神经瘤对侧异常率为68％。主要表现为Ⅲ-Ⅴ波峰间期延长。结论：BAEP检测是一项客观敏感的神经电生理学指标，对于听神经瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

亚临床肝性脑病患者BAEP的研究

目的:探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)对评价亚临床肝性脑病患者早期脑力能状况价值.方法:对94例经临床确诊的肝硬化失代偿期的患者进行BAEP检测,并与100例正常对照者进行对比分析.结果:疾病组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期(PL)及Ⅰ~Ⅲ、Ⅲ~Ⅴ、Ⅰ~Ⅴ波波峰间期(IPL)均延长.期中以Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期(PL)及Ⅰ~Ⅲ、Ⅲ~Ⅴ、Ⅰ~Ⅴ波波峰间期(IPL)延长较明显,与正常对照组比较有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论:BAEP对亚临床肝性脑病患者患者工能的评价提供了一项客观指标,有助于临床早期诊断和治疗.     

煤工尘肺合并低氧血症42例患者脑干听觉诱发电位检测报告

目的:分析煤矿工人尘肺合并低氧血症患者脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的改变及特点,研究这些患者长期慢性脑部缺氧对脑干功能的影响。方法:对42例煤矿工人尘肺合并低氧血症患者与对照组进行BAEP测试,测定Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ各波潜伏期(PL)、峰间潜伏期(IPL)、两耳间PL或IPL之差(ILD),Ⅰ-Ⅲ/Ⅲ-Ⅴ之IPL比,同侧Ⅴ/Ⅰ波幅比等数值。结果:病例组IPL明显延长,与对照组比较差异非常显著(P<0.01)。结论:BAEP能敏感反映煤矿工人尘肺合并低氧血症患者脑干的功能障碍,其对早期了解肺性脑病脑干功能有一定价值。     

脑干听觉诱发电位在后循环缺血患者中的应用价值分析

目的:探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)检查对后循环缺血(PCI)患者的诊断价值.方法:对80例诊断为PCI的患者进行BAEP检查,并选择50例正常组进行对照检查,测量Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波峰潜伏期(PL)和Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ波峰间潜伏期(IPL).结果:BAEP总异常率为78％,其中内耳型10例,脑干型39例,混合型13例,与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);PCI组与对照组比较,PCI患者的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的PL和Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ波IPL均延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:BAEP为后循环缺血的病情评估提供重要的参考价值.     

脑干听觉诱发电位对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值

目的 :探讨脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值。方法 :对 12 6例前庭系统性眩晕者进行BAEP检查 ,并以 5 0名正常健康受试者作对照。结果 :12 6例中BAEP异常 90例 ,异常率 71 4 %。其表现分为二组 :①内耳型组 37例 ,可见Ⅰ波消失或Ⅰ波和其后各波均消失 ,或Ⅰ波潜伏期 (PL)延长及其后各波相应延长 ,同时Ⅰ波至Ⅴ波峰间期 (IPL)延长 ;②脑干型组 5 3例 ,表现为Ⅰ波正常 ,Ⅲ波或Ⅴ波PL延长或波形消失 ,Ⅲ—Ⅴ、Ⅰ—ⅢIPL延长 ,Ⅴ /Ⅰ波幅比小于 0 5及双侧Ⅴ波PL侧间差 >0 4ms。结论 :BAEP对于前庭周围性眩晕和前庭中枢性眩晕的鉴别有一定的参考价值     

脑干听觉诱发电位对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值

目的：探讨脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）对前庭周围性眩晕和中枢性眩晕的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对96例前庭系统性眩晕患者（研究组）及50名（100只耳）健康人（对照组）进行BAEP检查，观察两组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期（PL）、波形分化情况，Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ波的峰间潜伏期（IPL）、两耳侧间差（ILD）以及Ⅴ／Ⅰ波幅比值。对照组50名均为与研究组年龄、性别相匹配的健康人。结果：对照组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波波形分化良好、重现性佳，各波PL及IPL均正常，Ⅱ一Ⅴ IPL〈Ⅰ～Ⅲ IPL，同侧Ⅴ／Ⅰ波幅比值大于0．5，各波PL侧差（ILD）〈0.4ms研究组96例中有68例（71％）异常。两组的PL和IPL数值进行比较存在着显著性差异（P〈0．01）。研究组68例BAEP异常者，依其表现分为两型。①内耳型28例，表现为Ⅰ波分化不良或波形消失，PL延长及其后各波相应延长，Ⅰ—ILD大于0.4ms；②脑干型40例，表现为Ⅰ波正常，Ⅲ波或Ⅴ波PL延长或波形消失，Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ—Ⅴ的IPL延长，Ⅴ／Ⅰ波幅比小于0．5及双侧Ⅴ—ILD〉0．4ms，两型之间的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波PL及Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ—Ⅴ的IPL存在着显著性差异（P〈0．01），而Ⅰ-Ⅲ的IPL无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：BAEP是鉴别前庭系统周围性和中枢性眩晕比较敏感的诊断方法。     

BAEP在婴幼儿听力检测中的应用

目的:探讨脑干听觉诱发电位( BAEP)在婴幼儿听力检测中的应用价值.方法:对60例用耳声发射仪做听力筛查“未通过”的婴幼儿进行BAEP检测,分别记录BAEP V波反应阈和各波潜伏期(PL)、峰间潜伏期(IPL)、波幅及波形分化情况.结果:BAEP检查结果:本组60例患儿(118只耳)中,异常109只耳,异常率近92％,仅有9只耳BAEP完全正常.BAEP的异常主要表现为Ⅰ、Ⅲ、V波潜伏期的延长,共72只耳;其次为波形分化的异常,其中11只耳未引出明显反应波,16只耳仅可分辨出V波、且波潜伏期均明显延长;Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ峰间期延长62只耳;另有6只耳Ⅴ/Ⅰ波幅比＜0.5.BAEPV波反应阈:31dBnHL以下者仅8只耳,其余均存在不同程度听力障碍,其中轻度26只耳,中度32只耳,重度24只耳,极重度18只耳.结论:BA强检测对听力筛查“未通过”婴幼儿的进一步诊治具有重要意义.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.