急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的局部动脉溶栓治疗

目的　检验局部注射尿激酶动脉溶栓治疗急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的安全性和疗效。方法　分析 5 4例接受局部动脉溶栓治疗的颈内动脉系统急性脑梗死患者 ,其中颈内动脉主干闭塞 3例(5 .6 %) ,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞 46例 (85 .2 %) ,大脑前动脉闭塞 5例 (9.2 %)。结果　预后好的患者共有 41例 (75 .9%) ,血管再通程度 >5 0 %39例 (72 .2 %) ,再通程度 <5 0 %的 15例 (2 7.8%)。颅内出血率为 2 0 .4%,病死率为 7.4%。结论　局部动脉溶栓是一种有效的治疗方法 ,可以提高血管再通率 ,改善脑梗死患者的预后。     

急性缺血性脑梗死动脉内溶栓临床疗效评价

目的评价尿激酶动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法对162例急性缺血性脑梗死患者应用尿激酶进行局部动脉内溶栓治疗,分析不同阻塞血管部位血管再通率和3个月后格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)之间的关系。结果脑血管造影发现血管闭塞162例,其中颈内动脉系统闭塞119例(73.5%):颈内动脉(ICA)主干闭塞27例(16.7%),大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞63例(38.9%),大脑前动脉(ACA)闭塞29例(17.9%);椎基底动脉(VBA)闭塞43例(26.5%)。溶栓后再通分别为11例,40.7%;49例,77.8%;20例,68.9%和23例53.5%。治疗后3个月恢复良好者90例(55.6%),预后差72例(44.4%)。颅内出血8例(4.9%);再灌注损伤73例(45.1%);再栓塞6例(3.1%)。分析后认为ICA主干、VBA动脉再通率较低,预后差;MCA、ACA再通率高,预后好;开始治疗时间血管再通率和临床疗效相关(相关系数r=0.86)。结论局部动脉溶栓可以明显改善脑梗死患者的预后;预后和开始治疗的时间、血管再通有相关性,大脑中、前动脉血管再通率高,预后较好;颈内动脉主干血管阻塞很难再通;椎基底动脉血管再通后症状有所改善;血管不能再通或并发脑出血预后较差。     

大脑中动脉闭塞的超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗

目的 :探讨超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的价值。方法 :经股动脉穿刺 ,将微导管超选择插至闭塞血管远端或置于血块内注入尿激酶 (UK)进行溶栓治疗。 12名急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者接受了溶栓治疗。结果 :8例获得大脑中动脉完全再通 ,3例获得部分再通 ,1例没有发生再通。随访 5个月 ,6人生活能完全自理 ,2人生活部分自理 ,3人无法生活自理 ,1人死亡。结论 :超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗可作为急性大脑中动脉闭塞可供选择的治疗方法之一。     

超选择性动脉溶栓联合血管内干预治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的临床探讨

目的探讨超选择性动脉溶栓联合血管内干预治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。方法回顾分析我院住院治疗的21例进行超选择性动脉溶栓的急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料。结果21例患者中,颈内动脉系统病变16例．其中颈内动脉闭塞2例,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞6例,大脑前动脉闭塞1例,脑血管造影未见异常者7例。椎基底动脉闭塞5例,闭塞血管再通者,大脑中动脉4例,椎基底动脉2例。其中7例患者动脉溶栓的同时进行了血管内治疗,5例球囊成形术和2例支架植入术。临床症状完全恢复7例,明显好转或进步8例,无效3例,死亡3例;溶栓后脑出血2例．存活病例无1例并发脑出血及消化道出血。结论对选择的急性缺血性脑卒中患者进行超选择性动脉溶栓联合血管内干预治疗是安全有效的。     

动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗死时间窗选择与疗效分析

目的 探讨动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的时间窗选择与疗效的关系.资料与方法 245例脑梗死均在CT检查及血管造影基础上接受选择性动脉内接触性溶栓治疗,其中在发病后6 h以内溶栓者56例,6～24 h溶栓者189例.分析两组患者的血管再通率和90天预后.结果 脑血管造影发现颈内动脉(ICA)系统闭塞173例,椎基底动脉(VBA)系统闭塞72例;溶栓后ICA系统再通113例,VBA系统再通37例.治疗后90天预后好者180例,预后差者65例.溶栓后颅内出血12例.6 h内组和6～24 h组患者血管内溶栓治疗后90天预后良好率分别为80.35 %(45/56)和71.43 %(135/189),血管再通率分别为66.07%(37/56)和59.79%(113/189),血管再通中位时间分别为67 min和73 min.结论 动脉内接触性溶栓可以明显改善脑梗死患者的预后,仅以发病时间不超过6 h作为动脉内溶栓治疗标准不够全面,应当根据病情适当放宽动脉内溶栓的时间窗.     

大脑中动脉闭塞的超选择动脉同溶栓治疗

目的：探讨超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的价值。方法：经股动脉穿刺,将微导管超选择插至闭塞血管远端或置于血块内注入尿激酶（UK）进行溶栓治疗,12名急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者接受了溶栓治疗。结果：8例获得大脑中动脉完全再通,3例获得部分再通,1例没有发生再通。随访5个月,6人生活能完全自理,2人生活部分自理,3人无法生活自理,1人死亡,结论：超选择性动脉内溶栓治疗可作为急性大脑中动脉闭塞可供选择的治疗方法之一。     

动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死

目的　观察动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的临床效果 ,并分析影响预后的因素。方法　对 32例发病在 2～ 2 0h内的急性缺血性脑梗死患者进行动脉内溶栓治疗。尿激酶平均用量 6 5万U。患者病情在入院时由神经科医师以美国国立卫生研究院卒中分数 (NIHSS)综合评分。临床结果评价在溶栓后 3个月进行 ,按改良的Rakin分数 (MRS)分为好结果 (MRS 0～ 3)、差结果 (MRS 4～ 6 )两类。结果　灌注溶栓治疗后脑血管造影复查 ,闭塞血管再通率达 6 2 .5 % ,其中闭塞时间 6h内的 1 4例中 ,部分或完全再通 1 3例 ,闭塞时间在 6～ 2 0h的 1 8例中 ,部分或完全再通 7例。 2 0例患者 (6 2 .5 % )为好结果 ,1 2例 (37.5 % )为差结果 ,其中 2例死亡。 2例 (6 .2 5 % )发生症状性脑出血。良好的预后与入院时NIHSS评分 <2 0 (P <0 .0 1 )及血管再通 (P <0 .0 2 5 )密切相关 ,而血管再通又与开始溶栓时间 <6h有关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死是一种安全有效的方法 ,可使大部分患者闭塞动脉再通 ,提高临床治疗效果。血管闭塞时间越短 ,疗效越佳     

缺血性脑卒中超早期静脉溶栓治疗

目的 :评价超早期尿激酶静脉溶栓疗法对急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。材料和方法 :随机选择 2 0例急性缺血性脑卒中患者 ,发病时间在 6h以内 ,半小时之内静脉滴注尿激酶 15 0× 10 4U/人 ,溶栓前、溶栓后 15min及 2 4h分别做血管造影检查 ,并记录比较患者溶栓前后临床神经功能缺损评分 (欧洲脑卒中评分 )及治疗 90天研究终点时的BarthelIndex和改良RankinScale。结果 :大脑中动脉闭塞 8例 ,6例完全再通 ,1例部分再通 ;大脑前动脉闭塞 1例 ,完全再通 ;颈内动脉闭塞 6例 ,3例部分开通 ,3例未通 ;豆纹动脉闭塞的 5例 ;4例临床完全恢复。本组病例中 2例继发症状性脑出血。有 3例患者死亡 ,死亡率为 15 %。结论 :超早期静脉溶栓可以使闭塞的血管再通 ,改善患者预后 ,但必需严格把握适应证 ,否则会增加脑出血的发病率及患者的死亡率。     

颅内动脉溶栓联合机械碎栓治疗急性脑梗死

目的探讨动脉溶栓联合机械碎栓治疗急性脑梗死的可行性和安全性。方法通过对9例急性脑梗死患者实施动脉内尿激酶溶栓联合机械性碎栓介入治疗(其中大脑前动脉A1段栓塞1例、大脑中动脉M1段栓塞6例、颈内动脉C1段狭窄1例、颈内动脉主干栓塞1例;起病距介入治疗时间3 h内2例,3～6 h 5例,>24 h 2例。结果7例6 h以内急性脑梗死患者主要栓塞血管得到100%开通,2例大于24 h患者症状得到改善(颈内动脉C1段狭窄1例、颈内动脉主干栓塞1例)。结论超选择局域性动脉内尿激酶溶栓联合机械碎栓治疗6 h以内急性脑梗死,能使闭塞的血管尽快开通,是一种安全有效的介入治疗术式。     

急性脑梗塞动脉内溶栓治疗时间窗选择与疗效分析

目的探讨急性脑梗塞动脉内溶栓治疗时间及梗塞部位等因素对疗效的影响。方法288例脑梗塞患者均在CT检查及血管造影基础上接受选择性动脉溶栓治疗,其中在6h以内溶栓者76例,6~24h溶栓者212例。统计2组患者的血管再通率和90d后预后情况。结果脑血管造影发现血管闭塞245例,其中颈内动脉系统闭塞173例,椎基底动脉(VBA)闭塞72例;溶栓后再通分别为112例、38例。治疗后90d恢复良好者180例,预后差108例。颅内出血2例。不同治疗时间2组患者治疗后90d预后良好率分别为80.35%和71.43%,血管再通率分别为67.86%和59.26%,血管再通中位时间分别为68min和73min。结论动脉溶栓治疗脑梗塞,动脉内溶栓时间窗与多种因素密切相关。     

Combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The intravenous use of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rTPA) in acute ischemic stroke has been investigated in three large trials. Limited series have reflected outcome after local intraarterial thrombolysis (LIT) in the cerebral territory. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis using rTPA (actilyse) for acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Forty-five patients with acute onset of severe hemispheric stroke and without signs of major cerebral infarction on early CT scans were randomized by order of admission. Twelve patients were treated with 50 mg actilyse (maximal dose, 0.7 mg/kg); three had occlusion of the internal carotid artery and nine had occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Thrombolysis was started by LIT and continued intravenously within 6 hours of stroke onset. Outcome, assessed after 1 and 12 months according to the modified Rankin scale (MRS), was considered good (MRS score, 0-3) for patients who were functionally independent and poor (MRS score, 4-5) for those who were dependent or had died. RESULTS: In the thrombolysis group, outcome was good in eight patients at 1 month and in 10 patients at 12 months; in the control group, outcome was good in seven (21%) and 11 (33%) patients, respectively. Of the eight patients with a good outcome after thrombolysis, four had complete and one had partial recanalization. In the control group, the rate of intracerebral hemorrhage was 6%. Mortality at 1 month in the thrombolysis and control groups was 17% and 48%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combined intraarterial/intravenous thrombolysis with low-dose rTPA may be a safe and effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke within 6 hours in carefully selected patients.     

Brain single-photon emission CT studies using 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD early after recanalization by local intraarterial thrombolysis in patients with acute embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The brain distribution of 9mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) correlates with regional brain perfusion, whereas 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) reflects not only perfusion but also the metabolic status of brain tissue. We compared 99mTc-ECD single-photon emission CT (SPECT) with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT early after recanalization by local intraarterial thrombolysis (LIT) in patients with acute embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion. We also assessed the predictive value of 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD SPECT for the development of ischemic brain damage. METHODS: 99mTc-HMPAO and consecutive 99mTc-ECD SPECT studies were performed in 15 patients within 3 hours of LIT. The two SPECT studies were obtained independently using a subtraction technique. SPECT evaluation was performed using semiquantitative region-of-interest analysis. Noninfarction, infarction, and hemorrhage were identified by follow-up CT or MR imaging. RESULTS: Forty-five lesions were identified (21 noninfarctions, 19 infarctions, and five hemorrhages). Regardless of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT findings, lesions showing isoactivity (count rate densities of 0.9 to 1.1 as compared with the contralateral side) on 99mTc-ECD SPECT were salvaged. Lesions with hypoactivity (values < 0.9) on 99mTc-ECD SPECT developed irreversible brain damage. Hemorrhage appeared in lesions with both hyperactivity (values > 1.1) on 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and hypoactivity on 99mTc-ECD SPECT. CONCLUSION: The brain distribution of 99mTc-ECD in a reperfused area identified by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT early after recanalization of acute ischemic stroke is dependent on cerebral tissue viability. By combining 99mTc-ECD and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT, performed within the first few hours of LIT, it is possible to identify patients at risk for hemorrhagic transformation reliably.     

Mechanical thrombectomy with snare in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Introduction We evaluated the efficacy and safety of thrombus extraction using a microsnare in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods This was a prospective, observational, cohort study in which consecutive patients with AIS (<6 hours of ischemia for anterior circulation and <24 hours for posterior circulation) who had been previously excluded from intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombolysis were included and followed-up for 3 months. Mechanical embolectomy with a microsnare of 2–4 mm was undertaken as the first treatment. Low-dose intraarterial thrombolysis or angioplasty was used if needed. TIMI grade and modified Rankin stroke scale (mRSS) score were used to evaluate vessel recanalization and clinical efficacy, respectively. Results Nine patients (mean age 55 years, range 17–69 years) were included. Their basal mean NIHSS score was 16 (range 12–24). In seven out of the nine patients (77.8%) the clot was removed, giving a TIMI grade of 3 in four patients and TIMI grade 2 in three patients. Occlusion sites were: middle cerebral artery (four), basilar artery (two) and anterior cerebral artery plus middle cerebral artery (one). The mean time for recanalization from the start of the procedure was 50 min (range 50–75 min). At 3 months, the mRSS score was 0 in two patients and 3–4 in three patients (two patients died). Conclusion According to our results, the microsnare is a safe procedure for mechanical thrombectomy with a good recanalization rate. Further studies are required to determine the role of the microsnare in the treatment of AIS.     

Local intra-arterial thrombolysis in the carotid territory: does recanalization depend on the thromboembolus type?

Little is known about whether recanalization of carotid territory occlusions by local intra-arterial thrombolysis (LIT) depends on the type of the occluding thromboembolus. We retrospectively analysed the records of 62 patients with thromboembolic occlusions of the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation or the middle cerebral artery who were undergoing LIT with urokinase within 6 h of symptom onset. We determined the influence of thromboembolus type (according to the TOAST criteria), thromboembolus location, leptomeningeal collaterals, time interval from onset of symptoms to onset of thrombolysis, and patient's age on recanalization. The thromboembolus type was atherosclerotic in six patients, cardioembolic in 29, of other determined etiology in four, and of undetermined etiology in 23 patients. Thirty-three (53%) thromboembolic occlusions were recanalized. The thromboembolus location but not the TOAST stroke type nor other parameters affected recanalization. In the TOAST group of patients with cardioembolic occlusions recanalization occurred significantly less frequently when transoesophageal echocardiography showed cardiac thrombus. The present study underlines the thromboembolus location as being the most important parameter affecting recanalization. The fact that thromboembolic occlusions originating from cardiac thrombi had a lower likelihood of being resolved by thrombolysis indicates the thromboembolus type as another parameter affecting recanalization.     

Clot removal therapy by aspiration and extraction for acute embolic carotid occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of our retrospective study was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of clot removal therapy by aspiration and extraction for patients with acute stroke with embolic internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. METHODS: Of 814 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to our institution from March 2003 to April 2005, clot removal therapy was performed for 14. Inclusion criteria were patients (1) presenting within 6 hours of onset of cardioembolic stroke, (2) with serious neurologic symptoms defined by a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of at least 11, (3) without extensive high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted MR images but with decreased ipsilateral hemispheric cerebral blood flow on perfusion-weighted images (perfusion/diffusion mismatch), and (4) with total ICA occlusion on angiograms. We removed clots by aspiration and extraction with a microsnare through either a guiding or balloon guide catheter. Radiographic results, 7-day NIHSS, 3-month modified Rankin Scale, and procedure-related complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 10 patients treated with the balloon guide catheter to temporarily interrupt proximal flow, 7 obtained complete or partial recanalization. The 4 patients treated with the guiding catheter had no recanalization. Of the 7 patients with recanalization, 6 had favorable 7-day neurologic and 3-month functional outcome; all showed anatomic crossflow via the anterior communicating artery. A procedure-related complication, distal embolization into the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery, occurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Balloon guide catheter-assisted clot removal therapy for embolic ICA occlusion may provide a high recanalization rate and good clinical outcome in patients with anatomic crossflow.     

Predictors of clinical outcome in patients receiving local intra-arterial thrombolysis without subsequent symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage against acute middle cerebral artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The factors that predict favorable outcome after local intra-arterial thrombolysis (LIT) remain unknown. We aimed to clarify these factors in patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion treated by LIT. METHODS: We performed LIT in 26 consecutive patients who had middle cerebral artery occlusion with a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score or=3). RESULTS: The duration from symptom onset to hospital admission was 0.96 +/- 0.87 (mean +/- SD) hour and from onset of stroke to LIT was 3.78 +/- 1.17 hours. No patients developed symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage or died. Thirteen patients achieved good outcomes. No significant differences existed between the two groups in baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, time from stroke onset to LIT, blood pressure, early CT signs, or subsequent hemorrhagic transformation shown by CT. However, univariate analysis showed that patients with good outcomes were younger, more often had absence of hypertension history, had better collaterals shown by angiography, and had better recanalization rates than those with poor outcomes. NIHSS scores after LIT were lower in patients with good outcomes than in patients with poor outcomes. Logistic regression analysis indicated improvement of the NIHSS scores by >or=2 immediately after LIT was independently associated with good outcome. CONCLUSION: Improvement of the NIHSS score by >or=2 immediately after LIT is a useful predictor of patient outcome at discharge.