尿AD7c-NTP水平与载脂蛋白E ε4等位基因联合检测对轻度认知功能障碍的诊断价值

目的探讨尿AD7c-NTP水平与载脂蛋白Eε4等位基因(ApoEε4)联合检测在轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的诊断价值。方法检测54例MCI患者(MCI组)及60例健康者(正常对照组)的尿AD7c-NTP水平和ApoEε4表达。结果 MCI组尿AD7c-NTP水平及阳性率显著高于正常对照组(均P0.01)。MCI组ApoEε4阳性率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。联合检测的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及约登指数均高于尿AD7c-NTP检测和ApoEε4检测。结论尿AD7c-NTP水平与ApoEε4联合检测是鉴别及诊断MCI早期病变的较好指标,提升二者单独应用时的预测价值。     

尿AD7c-NTP表达水平对阿尔茨海默病早期诊断和病情评估价值的探讨

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病相关神经丝蛋白(AD7c-NTP)表达水平的变化在阿尔茨海默病(AD)早期诊断和病情评估中的意义。方法选取AD组58例(轻度AD组26例、中重度AD组32例),轻度认知功能障碍患者(MCI组)52例和对照组62例,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELLSA)测定各组患者尿AD7c-NTP值,通过MMSE量表评定并行统计学分析。结果不同受试组尿AD7c-NTP表达水平差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中AD组和MCI组尿AD7c-NTP水平均高于对照组,AD组高于MCI组,中重度AD组高于轻度AD组。经Spearman秩相关分析,轻度AD组、中重度AD组、MCI组尿AD7c-NTP表达水平与MMSE评分呈负相关,与病程呈正相关。ROC曲线所显示的曲线下面积为0.952(95%CI:0.913~0.992,P=0.000),当尿AD7c-NTP最佳临界值为1.76 ng/ml时,诊断AD的灵敏度和特异度分别是93.1%和90.3%。结论尿AD7c-NTP的表达水平对于AD的早期诊断和病情评估具有重要的参考价值。     

不同类型认知障碍患者的尿液AD7c-NTP与头部MRI、MRS的相关性研究

目的研究对不同类型认知障碍患者的尿液AD相关神经丝蛋白(AD7c-NTP)水平与头颅MRI中海马萎缩程度、MRS中N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)峰值水平的相互关系。方法选取阿尔兹海默病(AD)、血管性痴呆(VD)、轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者各30例,分别设为AD组、VD组、MCI组,另选取同期体检健康者30例作对照组。取所有受检者晨起时尿液,以酶联免疫吸附法测定AD7c-NTP水平,行头颅MRI及MRS检查。对比四组尿液AD7c-NTP水平、海马萎缩MTA评分、NAA峰值水平,分析尿液AD7c-NTP与海马萎缩MTA评分、NAA峰值水平相关性。结果 MCI组尿液AD7c-NTP水平高于对照组,VD组尿液AD7c-NTP水平高于MCI组,AD组尿液AD7c-NTP水平高于Va D组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MCI组海马萎缩MTA评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),VD组海马萎缩MTA评分高于MCI组,AD组海马萎缩MTA评分高于VD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MCI组NAA峰值水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),VD组NAA峰值水平低于MCI组,AD组NAA峰值水平低于VD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);尿液AD7c-NTP水平变化与海马萎缩MTA评分呈正相关关系(P0.05);与NAA峰值水平呈负相关关系(P0.05)。结论 AD、Va D、MCI患者尿液AD7c-NTP水平较高,且不同类型认知障碍患者尿液AD7c-NTP、海马萎缩MTA评分、NAA峰值水平存在明显差异,尿液AD7c-NTP水平变化与MRI改变呈正相关性,与MRS改变呈负相关性。     

阿尔茨海默病患者血清GFAP、BDNF及Hcy水平与认知功能的相关性

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与认知功能的相关性。方法选取2019年1月至2021年1月海口市中医医院脑病科收治的184例患者为研究对象,根据认知功能筛查分为AD组(n=92)、轻度认知功能障碍组(MCI组,n=46)和认知功能正常组(对照组,n=46)。对比三组临床基础资料及血清GFAP、BDNF、Hcy水平。Logistic回归分析影响认知功能障碍程度的危险因素。结果AD组患者年龄及血清GFAP、Hcy水平高于MCI组和对照组,而AD组受教育时间、MoCA评分及血清BDNF水平低于MCI组和对照组(P<0.05);MCI组患者血清GFAP、Hcy水平高于对照组,而MoCA评分、血清BDNF水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。AD组和MCI组MoCA评分与血清GFAP、Hcy水平均呈显著负相关,而MoCA评分与血清BDNF水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归显示,年龄、受教育时间、血清GFAP、BDNF及Hcy水平是MCI进展为AD的独立危险因素(P<...     

APOE ε4等位基因与尿AD7c-NTP联合检测在AD早期诊断中的初步研究

目的探讨APOEε4等位基因与尿AD7c-NTP联合检测在阿尔兹海默病(AD)早期诊断预防中的价值。方法根据中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版(CCMD-3)有关精神分裂症及轻度阿尔兹海默病的诊断标准,选取76例临床诊断疑似AD患者(PAD组),另选90例健康者作为对照组。对比两组APOEε4等位基因频率和尿AD7c-NTP含量对AD的诊断价值。结果 (1)APOEε4等位基因表达频率在PAD组显著高于对照组(P≤0.05);(2)尿AD7c-NTP在PAD组中的含量较对照组显著升高(P≤0.01);(3)对APOEε4、AD7c-NTP及二者联合检测进行比较发现,APOEε4对AD诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数分别为:44.64%、88.33%、78.13%、63.10%、0.33;尿AD7c-NTP诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数分别为:78.57%、83.33%、81.48、80.65%、0.62;APOEε4与AD7c-NTP联合检测的诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数分别为:91.18%、91.55%、83.78%、95.58%、0.82。结论 APOEε4等位基因与尿AD7c-NTP联合检测是监测及诊断AD早期病变的较好指标,提升二者单独应用时的预测价值,宜作为AD易发人群鉴别和早期诊断的生物标记物。     

尿AD7c-NTP、血浆Hcy与老年性痴呆患者关系的研究

目的研究尿AD7c-NTP和血浆Hcy与老年性痴呆患者(AD)的关系。方法筛选轻度AD患者67例、中重度AD患者53例、健康老年人120例,分别采用双抗体夹心法(ELISA法)和循环酶法检测患者尿液AD7c-NTP和血浆Hcy的含量。结果 3组尿AD7c-NTP含量差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且轻度AD组和中重度AD组比较、轻度AD组和健康对照组比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);轻度AD组和中重度AD组尿AD7c-NTP含量与MMSE呈负相关。根据ROC曲线,确定尿AD7c-NTP的值大于1.75ng/ml为诊断AD的切点。3组血浆Hcy含量差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且轻度AD组和健康对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但轻度AD组和中重度AD组比较差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);轻度AD组和中重度AD组血浆Hcy含量与MMSE无明显相关性。根据ROC曲线,确定血浆Hcy的值大15.55μmol/L作为诊断AD的切点。结论尿AD7c-NTP和血浆Hcy与老年性痴呆密切相关,临床中可将二者联合的检测结果用作诊断AD的辅助指标。     

尿液AD7c-NTP检测在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的价值

目的 探讨尿液阿尔茨海默病(AD)相关神经丝蛋白(AD7c-NTP)表达水平在AD及遗忘型轻度认知障碍(aMCI)中的诊断价值.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测尿液AD7c-NTP表达水平,比较54例AD组、68例aMCI组及46例对照组患者的尿液AD7c-NTP表达水平的差异,并分析尿液AD7c-NTP检测在AD及aM...     

老年抑郁症患者认知功能损害的随访研究

目的探讨老年抑郁症患者抑郁症状与认知功能损害的关系及其对老年抑郁症转归的影响。方法以2010年1月-2011年12月就诊于青岛市精神卫生中心的老年抑郁症患者为研究组(SD组,n=64),均符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第3版)》(CCMD-3),选择同期于青岛大学附属医院进行健康体检的老年人为正常对照组(NC组,n=60)。于基线期和24个月后对两组进行颅脑CT检查和尿液中AD7c-NTP的含量检测,并采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、简明精神状态评价量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定抑郁等精神症状。结果24个月时,SD组HAMD评分低于基线水平,但仍高于NC组(P0.01);SD组MMSE评分低于基线水平及NC组(P0.01);24个月时,SD组患者尿中AD7c-NTP含量较基线期和NC组水平高(P0.05或0.01);基线期SD组、NC组MMSE评分均与受教育程度呈正相关(P0.05),24个月后,SD组MMSE评分与受教育程度呈正相关(P0.01),与年龄、HAMD评分呈负相关(P0.01),NC组MMSE与受教育程度呈正相关(P0.01),与年龄呈负相关(P0.01)。结论老年抑郁症患者存在一定的认知功能损害,抑郁症状可能影响认知功能的恢复,可能是认知功能损害的危险因素。     

阿尔茨海默病患者尿中AD7c-NTP含量的研究

目的探讨尿中阿尔茨海默病相关神经丝蛋白(AD7c-NTP)含量在阿尔茨海默病(AD)诊断中的意义。方法采用直接竞争性酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA),检测218例老年人,其中AD组46例、血管性痴呆组(VD组)50例、智能正常老年对照组122例尿液中AD7c-NTP含量,所有数据均经过SPSS软件进行统计学处理。结果AD组、VD组及智能正常老年对照组尿液中AD7c-NTP含量分别为33.35±1.61、18.19±1.41、18.30±1.45μg/ml,AD组明显高于其他两组,而VD组与智能正常老年对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);91.4%的AD病例AD7c-NTP含量升高((22μg/ml),非AD病例中90.7%均为正常(?22μg/ml)。结论尿液中AD7c-NTP含量检测作为无创性检查,在AD诊断中具有重要的临床参考价值。     

阿尔茨海默病患者血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的改变及意义

目的研究阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的改变及意义。方法对40例AD患者(AD组)用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清BDNF水平、聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性对APOE基因进行分型及神经心理评估,并与遗忘型轻度认知障碍(a MCI组)患者和正常对照者(正常对照组)进行比较,分析AD患者血清BDNF水平及与临床指标的相关性。结果与正常对照组相比,AD和a MCI血清BDNF水平差异无统计学意义(F=1.21,P=0.33);a MCI、轻度AD、中重度AD组间BDNF水平差异无统计学意义(F=2.31,P=0.08);相关分析发现是否携带APOEε4等位基因和简易精神状态检查(MMSE)评分不能影响血清BDNF水平(P>0.05)。结论血清BDNF水平既不能作为AD早期诊断的外周标志物,也不能反映AD病情的严重程度。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.