丁苯酞对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP10表达的影响

目的研究丁苯酞干预对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后不同时点脑组织中热休克蛋白10(HSP10)表达的影响,并探讨丁苯酞对缺血性脑血管病保护作用的机制。方法采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉的方法制作大鼠前脑缺血再灌注模型;H&E染色和NSE免疫组化染色神经元,观察脑组织的形态变化和记数各组神经元数目;免疫组织化学检测对照组、缺血再灌注组及丁苯酞干预组大鼠脑组织HSP10的表达水平变化。结果脑缺血再灌注后丁苯酞干预组及缺血再灌注组HSP10表达水平于再灌注后6h开始上调,3d达到高峰,丁苯酞干预组各时间点HSP10阳性表达指数均高于缺血再灌注组,丁苯酞干预组脑组织的损伤程度明显轻于脑缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞可能通过上调大鼠缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织HSP10的表达,从而抑制前脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡,减少神经元死亡,减轻缺血再灌注后脑组织的损伤。     

丁苯酞对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的Fas／FasL蛋白表达的影响

目的研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后Fas和FasI。蛋白的表达和丁笨酞保护作用的机制。方法线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组和丁苯酞组;应用尼氏染色显示存活神经元,末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记（TUNEI。）方法检测程序化死亡细胞;免疫组织化学法观察脑缺血再灌注后6h、1d、3d、7d四个时间点脑组织中Fas和FasI．蛋白的表达变化。结果丁苯酞组皮层存活神经元数量多于缺血再灌注组,TUNEI．阳性细胞数减少,丁苯酞组在再灌注后各时间点的Fas和FasL阳性细胞数较缺血再灌注组少,差异均有统计学意义。结论丁苯酞可能通过抑制Fas／FasL蛋白的表达,从而减少神经元凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注后脑组织的损伤。     

丁苯酞对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后caspase-3表达的影响

目的:观察丁苯酞(NBP)对脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经保护作用及caspase-3表达的影响。方法:SD大鼠46只随机分成假手术组(n=6)、缺血再灌注组(n=10)、NBP大剂量组(80mg·kg-1,n=10)、NBP中剂量组(40mg·kg-1,n=10)和NBP小剂量组(20mg·kg-1,n=10),采用ZeaLonga法制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型,观察NBP对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的神经功能症状、组织形态学改变、以及对caspase-3表达的影响。结果:与假手术组相比,缺血再灌注组大鼠出现严重的神经功能缺失症状,光镜下脑组织出现明显的梗死缺血灶,皮质和海马区caspase-3表达增强;与缺血再灌注组比较,NBP治疗组能显著改善大鼠神经功能缺失症状,减少脑组织的梗死缺血损伤,降低caspase-3的表达,其中以NBP大剂量组的神经保护作用最为显著(P<0.001)。结论:NBP对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制caspase-3表达相关。     

丁苯酞对血管性痴呆大鼠nNOS及SS的影响

目的研究丁苯酞对血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)大鼠神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)及生长抑素(SS)的影响。方法采用结扎双侧颈总动脉方法制备慢性前脑缺血动物模型,100只老龄大鼠随机分5组,应用免疫组化方法对各组大鼠nNOS及SS表达进行检测。结果丁苯酞不同剂量治疗1个月后,nNOS阳性神经元表达减少(P<0.05),SS阳性细胞表达增加(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞可抑制nNOS阳性神经元表达,增加SS阳性细胞的表达。     

丁苯酞治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤作用机制的研究

丁苯酞软商品名为恩必普,其化学名称为消旋-3-正丁基苯酞,由石药集团恩必普药业有限公司生产,是我国拥有自主知识产权的国家一类新药.国内外有关丁苯酞注射液神经保护作用的大部分研究都集中在急性脑缺血模型,有关丁苯酞注射液作用于脑缺血再灌注模型的实验研究报道尚未见报道.     

丁苯酞预处理对脑缺血再灌注大鼠内质网应激的影响

目的 探讨丁苯酞预处理对脑缺血再灌注大鼠内质网应激的影响.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组、丁苯酞预处理组,每组10只大鼠.丁苯酞预处理组大鼠给予丁苯酞80 mg/kg灌胃,1次/d;缺血再灌注组和假手术组大鼠给予等量生理盐水替代.灌胃7d后,采用Zea Longa法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型.假手术组不插入线栓.采用TTC染色检测脑梗死面积;RT-PCR法测定脑组织葡萄糖调控蛋白78(GRP78) mRNA、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP) mRNA的表达.结果 假手术组大鼠脑组织未见梗死灶;丁苯酞预处理组大鼠脑梗死面积明显小于缺血再灌注组(P＜0.05).缺血再灌注组和丁苯酞预处理组大鼠脑组织GRP78 mRNA、CHOP mRNA的表达量明显高于假手术组(均P＜0.05);丁苯酞预处理组大鼠脑组织GRP78 mRNA、CHOP mRNA的表达量明显低于缺血再灌注组(均P＜0.05).结论 丁苯酞可能通过抑制内质网应激而起到脑保护作用.     

丁苯酞对帕金森病大鼠模型的疗效研究

目的研究丁苯酞对帕金森病(PD)大鼠行为学、中脑氧化应激水平及黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响并探讨其可能的疗效。方法采用鱼藤酮立体定向注射方法制作偏侧PD大鼠模型。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为按体质量丁苯酞20、40、80 mg/kg 3个治疗组及对照组,观察各组大鼠经丁苯酞干预前后旋转行为情况,采用分光光度计检测中脑还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)水平及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,另用免疫组化染色测定黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞数量。结果 (1)与治疗前相比,按体质量丁苯酞80 mg/kg治疗组治疗后旋转圈数明显减少(P0.05);(2)与对照组损毁侧相比,各治疗组损毁侧中脑GSH水平增高,MDA水平降低,SOD活性增强(P0.05,P0.01);(3)与对照组损毁侧相比,按体质量丁苯酞80 mg/kg治疗组损毁侧黑质TH阳性细胞计数增多(P0.05)。结论丁苯酞可显著改善PD大鼠旋转行为,增强抗氧化能力,提高黑质多巴胺能神经元残存率,提示其可能具有治疗和保护作用。     

丁苯酞预处理对脑缺血大鼠的脑保护作用

目的 研究丁苯酞预处理对脑缺血大鼠的脑保护作用.方法 33只雄性wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血模型组(脑缺血组)和丁苯酞预处理组(丁苯酞组),每组11只.丁苯酞组大鼠给予丁苯酞0.8 g/(kg·d)灌胃14 d.线栓法制作脑缺血大鼠模型,观察脑组织病理学改变,比较各组脑梗死体积、脑含水量及Smac、S100B蛋白水平.结果 丁苯酞组及脑缺血组梗死区及周边脑组织有明显缺血性改变,但丁苯酞组脑组织缺血性改变较轻.丁苯酞组脑梗死体积显著小于脑缺血组(P＜0.05).脑缺血组与丁苯酞组脑组织含水量及Smac、S100B蛋白水平明显高于假手术组(P＜0.05 ～0.01);丁苯酞组脑组织含水量及Smac、S100B蛋白水平明显低于脑缺血组(均P＜0.05).结论 丁苯酞预处理能减轻脑缺血性损害,降低脑组织Smac及S100B蛋白水平,有明显的脑保护作用.     

丁苯酞注射液对慢性脑缺血大鼠MDA、SOD的影响

慢性脑缺血是血管性痴呆、Binswanger、Alzheimer病的主要病因之一。国内外有关丁苯酞注射液神经保护作用的大部分研究都集中在急性脑缺血模型，有关丁苯酞注射液作用于慢性脑缺血模型的实验研究报道尚未见报道。本文就丁苯酞注射液对慢性脑缺血后脑组织MDA、SOD的影响做一报道。     

丁苯酞对实验性大鼠脑心缺血的保护作用

目的研究丁苯酞(NBP)对脑心缺血损伤模型大鼠的保护作用。方法取大鼠分别建立脑梗死和心肌梗死模型,将两种模型大鼠分别分为假手术(0.9%氯化钠注射液)组、模型(0.9%氯化钠注射液)组和NBP低、高剂量(20~40mg·kg~(-1))组。通过脑梗死面积和神经功能评分评价NBP的脑保护功能;通过心肌梗死面积和左室射血分数(LVEF)评价NBP的心脏保护功能。应用ELISA的方法检测大鼠血清中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的含量。结果与模型组比较,NBP低、高剂量组大鼠脑梗死面积明显减小,神经功能评分均明显减少(P0.05),心肌梗死的面积也减小,左室射血分数(LVEF)增加(P0.05)。血清中VEGF水平在NBP低、高剂量组较模型组均明显升高(P0.05)。结论 NBP对大鼠的脑心缺血具有改善作用,可能与上调VEGF有关。     

Colony stimulating factor-1 potentiates neuronal survival in cerebral cortex ischemic lesion

The effect of the cytokine, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), on neuronal survival in cerebral cortex ischemic lesion was determined. Ischemic lesions were made in C₃H/HeJ mice by disrupting blood vessels that penetrate the cerebral cortex from the pial-vascular plexus. Recombinant human colony stimulating factor 1 (rhCSF-1) was delivered in chitosan microcapsules that were either implanted intraperitoneally 2 weeks before surgery or at the site of the lesion at the time of surgery. Neuronal survival was twofold greater and the size of the infarct was considerably smaller in animals that received rhCSF-1-containing microcapsules. There was no significant difference whether the microcapsules were implanted intraperitoneally or at the site of the lesion. We found that CSF-1 receptor (c-fms) was upregulated in neurons at the site of the lesion and we propose that neuron rescue in ischemic damage is potentiated by CSF-1 signaling through CSF-1 receptor in the neurons. Received: 31 October 1995 / Revised: 15 April 1996 / Accepted: 10 May 1996     

Function of SERCA mediated calcium uptake and expression of SERCA3 in cerebral cortex from young and old rats

Previous work on peripheral sympathetic neurons indicated that a decline in sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) function occurs with advancing age. Therefore, an age-related decline in mechanisms controlling intracellular calcium homeostasis could contribute to altered neuronal function and/or degeneration. In this study we sought to extend the findings on peripheral neurons and to detect possible age-related declines in SERCA function and expression of SERCA3 in central neurons from cerebral cortex from young (6-month) and old (20-month) rats. Functional studies compared ATP-dependent 45Ca(2+)-uptake into microsomes and plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs). We and found no significant difference in 45Ca(2+)-uptake between microsomes or PMVs between young and old animals. On the other hand expression of SERCA3 mRNA in rat cerebral cortex showed a significant decline with advancing age. However, comparison of SERCA3 protein content did not reveal a corresponding decline; implying that SERCA mRNA turnover rates may be greater in the younger group. Although the present work with rat cerebral cortex does not indicate an age-related decline in SERCA function, previous work from our laboratory on sympathetic nerves and by others on the hippocampus indicate such a decline. In light of our previous and current studies, aging may affect calcium homeostatic mechanisms in central and peripheral autonomic neurons differently.     

Characteristics of protective effects of NMDA antagonist and calcium channel antagonist on ischemic calcium accumulation in rat hippocampal CA1 region

Effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel antagonists on ischemia-induced intracellular free Ca(2+) accumulation in rat hippocampal slices were examined. Ischemia caused a large Ca(2+) accumulation in CA1 region but a small Ca(2+) accumulation in CA3 and dentate gyrus regions. When applied during ischemia, the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 ((+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate) inhibited the ischemic Ca(2+) accumulation only in the CA1, but the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) inhibited it in all the three regions. The L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonists nifedipine and verapamil inhibited the ischemic Ca(2+) accumulation only in the CA1 region, but omega-conotoxin, a N- and L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonist inhibited the Ca(2+) accumulation in all the three regions of the hippocampus. When applied after 5-min ischemia, nifedipine but not MK-801, inhibited sustained postiscehmic Ca(2+) elevation in the CA1 region but not in the CA3 and dentate gyrus regions. These findings suggest that the enhanced ischemia-induced Ca(2+) accumulation in the CA1 region is mediated via activation of both NMDA receptors and L-type-like Ca(2+) channels. It appears that sustained postischemic Ca(2+) elevation in the CA1 region is mediated via activation of L-type-like Ca(2+) channels, but not of NMDA receptors.     

Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on somatostatin level and binding in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus

The effects of severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia on somatostatin level and specific binding in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were examined using 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin as a ligand. Severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia did not affect the level of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the brain areas studied. However, the number (but not the affinity) of specific somatostatin receptors was significantly decreased in membrane preparation from the hippocampus but not in the cerebral cortex at the onset of hypoglycemic coma (5-10 min). Administration of glucose at the onset of hypoglycemic coma brought about extensive recovery of hippocampal somatostatin receptor number. These results suggest that glucose modulates the somatostatin receptor in the rat hippocampus. The physiological significance of these findings remains to be clarified.     

Tamoxifen, a chloride channel blocker, reduces glutamate and aspartate release from the ischemic cerebral cortex

The effects of the anti-estrogen, anion channel blocker, tamoxifen on amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex was investigated using a cortical cup technique. Tamoxifen (20 μM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid), applied topically, inhibited the ischemia-evoked efflux of aspartate, glutamate, taurine and phosphoethanolamine. Reductions in the ischemia-evoked levels of these amino acids suggest that tamoxifen may attenuate chloride-related osmotic cell swelling and the associated regulatory volume decrease (RVD) release of amino acids.     

Serotonin distribution in rat cerebral cortex; radioenzymatic assays with thin-layer chromatography

Serotonin was measured in six different cortical regions of the rat by a specific and sensitive radioenzymatic assay which includes thin-layer chromatography in the last separation step. The indoleamine was found to be unevenly distributed throughout the cortical regions examined; and the highest concentrations were determined for the prefrontal and the occipito-temporal cortex lateral to the hypothalamus. These results correlate with anatomical and electrophysiological studies which support a modulatory role for the serotonin afferent innervation of the cerebral cortex.     

Microsphere embolism-induced changes in noradrenaline release in the cerebral cortex in rats

The present study was undertaken to elucidate pathophysiological changes in noradrenaline release, phosphorylation of synapsin I and ultrastructure of the cerebrocortical nerve terminals following microsphere embolism in rats. In the microdialysis study, K⁺-stimulated noradrenaline release in the cerebral cortex was not altered on the 1st day but markedly decreased on the 3rd and 7th days after the embolism. Synaptosomes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of the operated animals on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after the embolism. The level of calmodulin and the phosphorylation of synapsin I in the synaptosomes were not altered up to the 7th day, but the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and synapsin I in the synaptosomes were significantly decreased by microsphere embolism. Electron microscopic study showed no appreciable changes in the structure of the synaptosomes on the 1st day, but a large number of clumps of synaptic vesicles were observed on the 3rd and 7th days after the embolism. These results suggest that microsphere embolism-induced changes in noradrenaline release from nerve terminals are due to a failure in the process following phosphorylation of synapsin I. Aggregation of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals may contribute to the pathogenesis of microsphere embolism.     

二氮嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究二氮嗪开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道对大鼠脑缺血再灌注细胞凋亡的影响。方法采用线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,将20只大鼠随机分成4组,假手术组、缺血组、缺血＋二氮嗪治疗组和缺血＋二氮嚷＋MitoK（ATP）通道特异性抑制剂5-HD组。观察各组凋亡细胞数和凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的变化。结果与缺血组比较,二氮嗪使凋亡细胞数明显减少（83．2±9．04 vs 123．96±13．45）,Bcl-2表达增高（0．17±0．01 vs 0．13±0．01）,Bax表达下降（0．15±0．02 vs 0．20±0．03）,差异具有显著性（P＜0．05）。5-HD能取消这些作用（P＜0．05）。结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤时,二氮嗪能通过上调半暗带区Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达,减少神经元凋亡,对脑缺血损伤起保护作用。     

Age-related changes in the distribution of nitrotyrosine in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats

A wealth of indirect evidence implicates oxidative damage of cellular constituents in aging, as well as in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative diseases of later years. In the present study, we have determined age-related changes in the distribution of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. In adult rats, no 3-NT-immunoreactive cells were found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, whereas 3-NT immunoreactivity was significantly increased in aged rats. Some pyramidal cells of CA3 area and granule cells of the dentate gyrus highly expressed 3-NT in aged rats. Many interneurons located within stratum pyramidale and stratum oriens of CA1 were strongly immunoreactive for 3-NT. Our first demonstrations of increased 3-NT in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus during aging implicate these areas as sites for functionally significant oxidative damage. The mechanisms underlying the increased immunoreactivity for 3-NT, and the functional implications of this increase, require elucidation.     

Age-related changes in CREB binding protein immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats

Although the role of cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP) in the neuroprotective mechanisms has been the focus of many studies, very little is known about the expression or function of CBP in aged brains. We have therefore examined age-related changes in CBP expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus with an immunohistochemical technique. In the cerebral cortex, the distribution patterns were not different between adult and aged groups, but the staining intensity of CBP was significantly decreased in aged rats. In the hippocampus, a distinct immunoreactivity pattern was observed in the CA1-3 areas and dentate gyrus. CBP immunoreactivity was significantly deceased in the pyramidal layer of CA1-3 regions in aged hippocampus. In the dentate gyrus of aged rats, significant decreases were also found in the granule cell layer and polymorphic layer. The first demonstration of age-related decreases in CBP expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus may provide useful data for investigating the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and depression.