核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病二例

目的探讨核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床、病理及基因突变特征。方法分析两例核黄素反应性LSM患者的临床资料。结果本组两例患者表现为慢性起病的四肢和躯干肌无力,不能耐受疲劳,例2累及吞咽功能,例1累及咀嚼功能。两例肌肉活检发现肌纤维内大量脂肪沉积,未见肌纤维坏死和再生,改良Gomori三色染色、琥珀酸脱氢酶染色未发现线粒体酶活性缺失。两例患者均有2个以上位点突变,有明确临床意义的突变均为ETFDH外显子改变,应用核黄素治疗后两例明显好转。结论本病多累及躯干和四肢肌,表现为肌无力和疲劳不耐受;病理特征为肌肉脂肪沉积,基因突变多为ETFDH改变。核黄素单一治疗对本病有显著疗效。     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病两家系临床分析

目的探讨由ETFDH基因突变引起的核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(Lipid storage myopathy,LSM)的临床特点以及核黄素的治疗效果。方法通过肌肉磁共振(MRI)、肌肉活检及基因检测确诊两家系3例LSM患者,并评估给予核黄素治疗前后患者运动症状的变化。结果 2例左侧三角肌肌肉MRI与肌肉活检提示肌肉脂质沉积,基因检测揭示1例存在ETFDH基因c.1395dupT(p.G466Wfs*24)和c.770AG(p.Y257C)复合杂合突变,2例存在ETFDH基因c.770AG(p.Y257C)纯合突变,3例经核黄素治疗1个月后运动症状均得到显著改善。结论对于无明显诱因引起的双下肢无力患者,可通过肌肉活检和基因检测进行确诊,且核黄素能够有效改善运动症状。     

脂质沉积性肌病合并横纹肌溶解的临床与病理特征(附1例报告)

目的 研究脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathies,LSM)合并横纹肌溶解( rhabdomyolysis,RM)的临床与病理学特征.方法 回顾性分析1例LSM合并RM患者的临床和病理学资料.结果 本例患者青年起病,主要表现为运动不耐受,上消化道出血后病情加重,出现四肢近端肌无力,咀嚼、抬头困难,肌痛明显,一过性棕色尿.肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)显著升高.肌电图示:肌源性损害.病理检查示:HE染色见大量筛状空泡纤维和坏死肌纤维,油红"O"(ORO)染色见脂滴显著增加.经糖皮质激素和左旋肉碱等治疗后,患者症状迅速缓解.结论 LSM患者短时间内出现肌无力明显加重伴棕色尿及CK显著升高,应考虑合并RM,肌活检示肌纤维内脂滴显著增加并出现大量坏死肌纤维是其肌肉病理特征.     

电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶基因突变所致的核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病的临床、病理和基因特征分析

目的分析电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶(ETFDH)突变所致的核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(RR-MADD)的临床特点、肌肉病理以及血、尿质谱筛查结果和基因突变特点,旨在为早期诊断和治疗提供帮助。方法回顾性分析该院2009年至2019年确诊的15例ETFDH突变所致的脂质沉积性肌病患者的各项资料。结果 15例患者平均发病年龄为(32.1±13.6)岁,均以肢体无力为首发症状,其中四肢起病者占53.3%,双下肢起病者占46.7%。所有患者的肌酶水平均升高;肌电图结果提示80%呈肌源性损害,13.3%为肌源性合并神经源性损害,6.7%结果正常。血、尿质谱的阳性检出率分别为66.7%和22.2%;基因检测提示所有患者存在ETFDH基因不同位点突变,其中单一杂合突变和复合杂合突变各占40%,纯合突变占20%。结论该病以波动性肌无力伴肌酶升高为主要表现,患者应尽快行肌肉病理检查,同时联合血、尿代谢筛查和基因检测有助于RR-MADD患者早期诊断和及时治疗。     

ETFDH基因突变致核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病18例临床、病理和基因突变特点分析

目的 探讨ETFDH基因突变致核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病(Riboflavin-responsive lipid storage myopathy, RR-LSM)的临床、病理和ETFDH基因突变特点。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2020年12月就诊于我院,经肌肉活检病理确诊和基因检测证实的18例RR-LSM患者的临床和病理资料,并采取外周血DNA进行Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序,进行数据读取和生物信息学分析。结果 18例患者中男女各9例,发病年龄9～60岁,平均(29.83±13.44)岁,病程1 m～22 y,平均4.5 y。主要临床表现为肢体近端无力和运动不能耐受,伴颈伸肌无力14例,咀嚼肌无力9例,吞咽困难5例,恶心纳差5例,少数患者伴有肌肉疼痛和呼吸困难。本组患者肌肉病理均可见肌纤维内有大量脂质沉积,5例可见少量坏死肌纤维,伴有CD68(+)的巨噬细胞浸润。18例患者经核黄素治疗均获得良好疗效。本组病例均检测到ETFDH基因突变,其中复合杂合突变15例(83.3%),单一杂合突变2例(11.1%),纯合突变1例(5.6%)。共发现20个突变位点,其中频率最高...     

核黄素反应性多酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症的临床表现与基因突变多样性

目的探讨核黄素反应性多酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(MADD)的临床表现和基因突变的多样性。方法与结果收集5例核黄素反应性MADD患者的临床特征、血清学指标、肌电图、肌肉组织活检和基因分析结果,对核黄素反应性MADD的临床特点进行回顾分析和总结。5例患者发病年龄为13～32岁,平均20.40岁;临床表现为波动性或进行性肌无力,主要累及面部、颈部、四肢近端和呼吸肌,运动、劳累或感染后症状加重;血清肌酸激酶水平轻至中度升高,其中2例血清乳酸水平于运动后明显升高;4例呈肌源性损害,1例在疾病早期呈神经源性损害、晚期以肌源性损害为主;肌肉组织活检有2例肌纤维内可见大量油红O染色阳性脂肪滴沉积。基因分析显示,4例表现为ETFDH基因纯合或复合杂合突变,分别携带G250A纯合突变(1例)、G250A和G524A复合杂合突变(2例)、T1211C和C1454G复合杂合突变(1例),1例携带ETFDH基因G1399C杂合突变和ETFB基因C725T杂合突变。结论中国大陆核黄素反应性MADD患者主要表现为骨骼肌受累的脂质沉积性疾病,呈进行性或波动性病程,应注意与各种类型的肌营养不良症、线粒体肌病、糖原贮积病、重症肌无力和周围神经病相鉴别;ETFDH基因突变是其主要致病原因。由于核黄素反应性MADD患者预后良好,对于疑似病例可以小剂量维生素B2进行诊断性治疗,同时结合尿有机酸、血酰基肉碱、肌肉组织活检和基因检测以明确诊断。     

脂质沉积性肌病合并阿托伐他汀钙致横纹肌溶解症的临床及病理特征

目的研究脂质沉积性肌病(Lipid storage myopathy,LSM)合并阿托伐他汀钙致横纹肌溶解症(Rhabdomyolysis,RM)的临床表现及病理特征。方法回顾性分析1例LSM合并阿托伐他汀钙所致RM的临床和病理学资料。结果本例脑梗死患者在规律服用拜阿司匹林、阿托伐他汀钙1年后渐出现睁眼困难、饮水呛咳、四肢乏力。入院查肌酸激酶(CK)水平显著升高,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)水平偏高。肌肉活检:肌原纤维间脂滴轻度增多,部分区域肌纤维变性、横纹模糊。停用阿托伐他汀钙8 d后肌酸激酶水平和症状完全恢复正常和消失。结论 LSM患者既往有阿托伐他汀钙用药史,逐渐出现四肢乏力,停用阿托伐他汀钙后患者症状迅速消失,应考虑合并阿托伐他汀钙致RM,肌原纤维间脂滴轻度增多合并部分区域肌纤维变性、横纹模糊是肌肉病理特征。     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病一家系ETFDH基因突变研究

目的探讨核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病一家系ETFDH基因的突变方式。方法分析核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病家系的临床资料,采用PCR方法对家系中的2例患者、先证者的儿子及孙子以及100名健康对照者的ETFDH基因所有外显子进行DNA测序。结果 2例患者的ETFDH基因第7及10号外显子各发现一个突变,分别是c. 770A G和c. 1270_1273del;先证者的儿子携带c. 1270_1273del突变。先证者的孙子及100名健康对照者未发现上述突变。结论该c. 1270_1273del突变为新发现的致病性突变,与c. 770A G突变共同作用导致核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病,基因检测有助于明确诊断及提供遗传咨询。     

核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病治疗前后肌肉病理比较:一例报告并文献复习

目的观察核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病治疗前后肌肉组织变化。方法对1例核黄素反应性脂质沉积性肌病患者随访10年,比较左卡尼汀治疗前后临床表现和肌肉病理变化,并行电子转移黄素蛋白脱氢酶(ETFDH)基因突变分析。结果患者具有脂质沉积性肌病的主要表现,四肢乏力、抬头费力、吞咽困难等;血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶水平明显升高;肌电图呈肌源性损害;肌肉病理观察可见大量脂质沉积;ETFDH基因突变分析呈杂合突变。经左卡尼汀治疗数年后恢复正常生活和工作,肌肉组织活检呈正常形态。结论脂质沉积性肌病患者经适当治疗后,不仅临床症状可完全缓解,而且可逆转肌肉病理改变。     

脂质沉积性肌病临床、神经电生理及肌肉病理研究

目的 研究脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床、神经电生理及肌肉病理学特征.方法 回顾性分析8例LSM患者的临床、肌肉病理和神经电生理资料.结果 此组患者为亚急性或慢性起病,主要表现为近端肌无力,活动后易疲劳,血清肌酶升高;HE染色见肌纤维内出现大量裂隙样改变及微小空泡,油红O染色反应增强,表现为肌纤维内空泡或裂隙充满脂肪滴,ATP染色显示两型肌纤维均受累,以I型肌纤维为主;电镜证实肌纤维内有大量脂肪滴沉积.部分病例肌电图表现为肌源性损害.8例LSM患者经卡尼汀和糖皮质激素治疗均有效.结论 LSM是一种以肌无力和运动不耐受为主要表现的脂质代谢性肌病,病理改变以肌纤维内脂质沉积为主,采用卡尼汀和糖皮质激素等治疗效果较好.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.