华支睾吸虫性胆管炎的临床特点及治疗

目的 探讨华支睾吸虫性胆管炎的临床特点、诊断标准和治疗策略.方法 回顾分析57例华支睾吸虫性胆管炎临床诊疗资料.结果 华支睾吸虫性胆管炎均有反复发作的急性胆管炎表现:B超和CT检查肝脏边缘胆管细枝样扩张分别为72%和58%,边缘胆管和肝门部胆管成比例扩张分别为47%和42%;胆汁、十二指肠液和粪便检测华支睾吸虫卵阳性率分别为96%、79%和18%;经内镜乳头切开鼻胆引流术、腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管探查T型管引流术、开腹胆囊切除胆总管探查T管引流术或胆肠吻合术等方法,结合术后吡喹酮驱虫治疗,胆汁中华支睾吸虫卵和虫体转阴率为100%,57例患者均临床治愈,随访1~5年症状无复发.结论 华支睾吸虫性胆管炎有其临床特征;胆汁中华支睾吸虫卵的检测是确诊华支睾吸虫性胆管炎的金标准,治疗策略是先行抗感染保守对症治疗,病情稳定后采用内镜、腹腔镜和手术等个体化治疗,术后行驱虫治疗.胆汁中华支睾吸虫卵转阴是判断驱虫治疗效果的指标.     

华支睾吸虫致急性梗阻性胆管炎的治疗(附8例报告)

探讨华支睾吸虫引起急性梗阻性胆管炎的诊断、治疗。报道1990年以来，由大量华支睾吸虫和粘液团引起急性梗阻性胆管炎8例，均经手术证实。B型超声、CT检查示：以肝内小胆管扩张为主，大多从肝门向被膜方向均匀扩张。均行急诊胆道探查或经抗感染、护肝后胆道探查、T管引流，术后给予吡喹酮口服，痊愈。分析认为，华支睾吸虫所致急性梗阻性胆管炎有相对特征性的肝脏B型超声和CT改变，如能确诊，大多数病例可免于急诊胆道探查。     

华支睾吸虫致急性梗阻性胆和炎的治疗

探讨华支睾吸虫引起急性梗阻性胆管炎的诊断，治疗。报道１９９０年以来，由大量华支睾吸虫和粘液团引起急性梗阻性胆和炎８例，均经手术证实。Ｂ型超声，ＣＴ检查示，以肝内小胆管扩张为主，大多从肝门向被膜方向均匀扩张。     

腹腔镜治疗华支睾吸虫性胆管炎的临床研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨应用腹腔镜行胆总管切开探查加T管引流术治疗华支睾吸虫性胆管炎的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析江门市中心医院肝胆外科近三年来26例华支睾吸虫性胆管炎行腹腔镜治疗的临床资料。结果 26例患者均施行腹腔镜胆总管切开探查加T管引流术。无中转开腹,平均手术时间120 min,平均住院时间11 d。术后主要并发症:胆漏2例,胆道出血1例,经保守方法治愈。术后1周行驱虫治疗。结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开探查加T管引流术治疗华支睾吸虫性胆管炎是安全、有效、可行的。     

华支睾吸虫所致胆道梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨华支睾吸虫所致胆道梗阻的诊断及治疗。方法 对36例华支睾吸虫所致胆道梗阻进行回顾性分析。结果 本组36例中34例术前未能确诊,仅2例术前怀疑为寄生虫团块阻塞。36例患者经手术切开胆总管取虫和术后驱虫治疗,全部治愈出院。30例随访1～3年,无复发。结论 对病人有长期食鱼生史,出现胆道梗阻症状和体征,B超示胆总管无回声团块,CT示胆总管中等密度团块状肿物,应首先考虑诊断为华支睾吸虫引起胆道梗阻的可能。胆总管切开取虫,胆道反复用生理盐水冲洗,术后驱虫治疗,必要时用胆道镜取虫,可取得满意的疗效。     

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目的：探讨华支睾吸虫病所致梗阻性黄疸的临床病理特点及治疗方法，提高诊治水平。方法：对近年来收治的华支睾吸虫病所致梗阻性黄疸8例病人进行回顾性总结和临床分析并文献复习。结果：8例病人均有明确食生鱼史。引起梗阻性黄疸的原因：1例合并有肝门部胆管癌，1例合并胆管结石，5例为炎性胆管狭窄。全部病人均有嗜酸性粒细胞增多症。CT和B超检查见胆管扩张。粪便中均找到华支睾吸虫卵。5例病人手术治疗。术中在胆管内发现华支睾吸虫成虫及虫卵。结论：华支睾吸虫病所致梗阻性黄疸的病因是炎性胆管狭窄、胆石症、胆管癌和成虫及虫卵阻塞胆管。食生鱼史、嗜酸性粒细胞增多症、粪便中找到华支睾吸虫卵、CT及B超特征性改变均有助于诊断。吡喹酮治疗有效。伴有胆管癌、胆结石及重症胆管炎时应及时手术。     

外科治疗合并华支睾吸虫感染的胆道疾病125例

目的　探讨外科治疗合并华枝睾吸虫感染的胆道疾病特点。方法　回顾 1997年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 12月手术或内镜治疗的合并华枝睾吸虫感染的胆道疾病 12 5例 ,良性病变 10 7例(85 .6 % ) ,恶性病变 18例 (14 .4 % ) ,合并重症胆管炎 (ACST) 2 1例 (16 .8% ) ,合并梗阻性黄疸 6 3例 (5 0 .4 % ) ,急诊手术 4 2例 (33.6 % )。手术方式以胆囊切除、胆总管探查和内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术 (EST)为主。结果　良性病变中 1例死于术后ACST ,5例结石复发 2次手术。恶性病变中围手术期死亡 3例 ,生存期 3个月至 2年。结论　不仅华支睾吸虫本身可引起胆道外科疾病 ,而且引起一系列合并症 ,外科治疗时应同时注意对吸虫病的处理     

华支睾吸虫病与肝胆道疾病

华支睾吸虫病与肝胆道疾病吴志棉，曹绣虎华支睾吸虫是一种胆道寄生虫，他的寄生可引起一系列肝胆管病理变化。结合本院１９６０年～１９９０年住院病人中１００９例华支睾吸虫感染病例，需肝胆手术治疗者９５例，可见肝吸虫病与肝胆管疾病关系相当密切，应引起人们高度重...     

非流行区华支睾吸虫感染致胆道急症诊治研究

目的探讨非流行区华支睾吸虫感染导致胆道外科急症的临床特点及诊治方法。方法对1998年1月至2007年4月中国医科大学附属盛京医院普外科收治的华支睾吸虫感染导致胆道外科急症21例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果5例直接确诊,行经内镜下鼻胆管引流(ENBD)或内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST),未行外科手术。其余的手术中或术后确诊,7例行胆囊切除术,6例行胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石、T管引流术,2例行胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行胰十二指肠切除术。全部手术病人术中或术后均发现胆汁内有华支睾吸虫成虫和(或)虫卵。结论非流行区胆道外科急症的病人应注意病因诊断。华支睾吸虫感染病人常具有典型的病史和辅助检查改变,一经确诊,除必要的外科治疗外均应进行驱虫治疗。     

外科治疗合并华支睾吸虫感染的胆道疾病125例

目的 探讨外科治疗合并华枝睾吸虫感染的胆道疾病特点。方法 回顾1997年1月至2001年12月手术或内镜治疗的合并华枝睾吸虫感染的胆道疾病125例，良性病变107例（85．6％），恶性病变18例（14．4％），合并重症胆管炎（ACST）21例（16．8％），合并梗阻性黄疸63例（50．4％），急诊手术42例（33．6％）。手术方式以胆囊切除，胆总管探查和内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（EST）为主。结果 良性病变中1例死于术后ACST，5例结石复发2次手术。恶性病变中围手术期死亡3例，生存期3个月至2年。结论 不仅华支睾吸虫本身可引起胆道外科疾病，而且引起一系列合并症，外科治疗时应同时注意对吸虫病的处理。     

Biochemical prediction of acute cholangitis and symptomatic bile duct stones by gallstone hepatitis

We have adopted the clinical concept of gallstone hepatitis indicated by marked serum transaminase elevation due to an acute inflammatory liver cell necrosis in the early stages of gallstone impaction in the bile duct as clinical and biochemical criteria for identifying high-risk patients for acute cholangitis or bile duct stones causing symptoms (symptomatic bile duct stones, SBDS).One hundred and fifty-eight (80.2%) of 197 patients with acute gallstone disease and concomitant elevation of serum transaminase (gallstone hepatitis) underwent emergency treatment, either surgery (138 patients) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD)/endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) (20 patients). One hundred and forty-two (89.9%) and 67 (42.4%) were confirmed to have SBDS and acute cholangitis, respectively, in the early stage of the disease. The majority of the patients who had no bile duct stones identified at surgery had either biliary pancreatitis or multiple small stones in the gallbladder. They were assumed to have migrating stones or false negative operative cholangiograms.In conclusion, gallstone hepatitis indicates that SBDS and acute cholangitis are probable, and facilitates rapid selection of patients for urgent biliary tract exploration in patients with acute gallstone disease.     

返流性胆管炎与胆肠吻合术

目的 探讨返流性胆管炎的病因、治疗与胆肠吻合术的关系。方法 回顾性研究74例返流性胆管炎的病因、病理、治疗方法和效果。结果 胆道返流的主要原因为胆总管十二指肠吻合(19例)或Oddi括约肌切开(2例)术后和Oddi括约肌松弛，失去抗返流功能(53例)。反复胆道返流可导致肝胆系统急慢性炎症、结石再发。行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y型吻合术38例和胃部分切除胃空肠吻合术20例，观察6年半的优良率为83％。结论 反复胆道返流与胆管炎和结石再发密切相关，通过外科手术消除或减轻胆道返流因素，可获得良好的效果。     

肝吸虫病与缩窄性十二指肠乳头炎及其经内镜治疗

目的研究肝吸虫病与缩窄性乳头炎的关系,缩窄性乳头炎与肝吸虫病反复发作的关系,以及经内镜治疗的可行性.方法开腹手术和内镜治疗肝吸虫性胆管疾病分别为101例和24例.开腹手术为胆囊切除、胆总管探查;内镜组为经十二指肠镜找到乳头,行十二指肠乳头切开(EST),然后行胆总管造影,必要时放置鼻胆管引流.结果开腹组行T管造影,发现63.2%(36/57)出现Oddi括约肌狭窄,内镜组100%的乳头炎有不同程度的硬化表现,50%(12/24)Oddi括约肌狭窄,而同期行经内镜逆行胆管造影(ERCP)的非肝吸虫病者的硬化性乳头炎仅占8.3%(1/12)(P=0.025).结论肝吸虫病是引起缩窄性乳头炎的重要原因之一;缩窄性乳头炎可能是肝吸虫性胆管炎反复发作的病理基础之一;经内镜治疗安全、有效、创伤小而且住院时间短.     

Comprehensive study of percutaneous transhepatic aspiration bile culture and cholangiography

In this study, the results of transhepatically aspirated bile culture, and cholangiography done in 220 cases with biliary tract diseases were presented. Aerobes and anaerobes were found in 76.4% and 64.7% of all samples respectively. Patients with partial common bile duct obstruction from stricture and choledocholithiasis had markedly higher positive cultures than that with simple gallbladder stones and complete common duct obstruction secondary to carcinomas of the pancreas or ampulla. Bile culture from patients with symptomatic cholangitis was much more often positive than those with asymptomatic cholangitis. It was also found that patients with positive bile cultures were more prone to after-PTC acute cholangitis. This study suggested that bile organisms are mainly from the gut, bile organisms and bile duct obstruction are two major causes of acute cholangitis, abrupt elevation of bile pressure during PTC procedure was also a causing factor of acute cholangitis. The authors advocate the comprehensive and prophylactic use of antibiotics both effective to aerobes and anaerobes in the treatment of biliary tract infection.     

磁共振胆胰管成像在腹腔镜手术治疗胆道结石中的应用价值

目的:探讨磁共振胆胰管成像(magnetic resonanced cholangio-pancreatography,MRCP)在腹腔镜手术治疗胆道结石中的应用价值。方法:连续为251例经B超诊断为胆道结石、最终行腹腔镜手术的患者术前行MRCP,以了解胆道结石、胆道变异情况,并与手术结果、术后病理进行对照分析。结果:MRCP诊断单纯性胆囊结石212例,胆囊结石合并肝内胆管结石2例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石23例,单纯胆总管结石10例,胆囊癌、胰头癌各1例,其中胆道变异15例;以上病例均与手术结果、术后病理相符;2例仅提示胆总管扩张,未提示具体病因,经手术证实为化脓性胆管炎伴结石。MRCP对胆道结石、胆总管结石、胆道变异的诊断准确率分别为99%(247/249)、94%(33/35)、100%(15/15)。结论:MRCP对胆道结石及胆道变异具有较高的诊断准确率,腹腔镜胆道手术前常规行MRCP具有较高的临床价值。     

十二指肠镜、腹腔镜联合治疗肝外胆管结石

目的探讨十二指肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石并胆管结石的临床效果。方法回顾分析7年间106例胆囊结石并胆管结石患者的临床资料。106例均先行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开(EST)取石、鼻胆引流(ENBD)然后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。结果EST取石成功101例(95.3%);并发症包括胰腺炎(高淀粉酶血症)11例(10.4%),出血1例,急性胆管炎2例,均经对症处理治愈。全组病例无死亡,均痊愈出院。85例获平均3.1年随访,术后复发胆管结石5例(5.9%),十二指肠乳突部再狭窄1例;另发生胆管癌2例,其他原因死亡2例。结论联合EST和LC治疗肝外胆管结石是一种安全有效的微创手术方法。     

三镜在高龄胆总管结石并发急性重症胆管炎治疗中的应用

目的总结腹腔镜、十二指肠镜及胆道镜在高龄胆总管结石并发急性重症胆管炎治疗中的效果。方法收集2008年5月至2012年12月期间来我院治疗的高龄胆总管结石并发急性重症胆管炎患者86例,分析患者的手术方式及治疗效果。结果①行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（LC）＋胆总管切开联合胆道镜下取石术患者31例,手术成功31例,发生胆管穿孔1例（3.22%）;总有效率为96.77%（30/31）;住院时间（9.05±2.11）d,住院费用（1.47±0.34）万元。②行十二指肠镜下乳头切开取石术＋LC手术患者43例,手术成功42例,1例转其他术式手术成功,发生残余结石2例（4.65%）;总有效率为97.67%（42/43）;住院时间（8.64±1.20）d,住院费用（2.36±0.62）万元。③行十二指肠镜下鼻胆管引流术＋LC＋胆总管切开联合胆道镜下取石术患者12例,手术成功12例,无转其他术式情况,无并发症发生;总有效率为91.67%（11/12）;住院时间（11.06±2.33）d,住院费用（2.79±0.41）万元。所有患者未发生肠穿孔、大出血、重症胰腺炎等严重并发症,无死亡。结论三镜在高龄胆总管结石并发急性重症胆管炎中的治疗效果良好,根据患者不同情况选择合适术式,手术成功率高,并发症发生率和死亡率低。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术结石滑入胆总管致急腹痛6例分析

目的：探讨腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）结石滑入胆总管的原因及其所致急腹痛的诊治。方法：回顾性分析自1999年1月至2006年12月行LC时发生的6例结石滑入胆总管致急腹痛患者的临床资料。结果：三所医院共行LC3432例,发生结石滑入胆总管致急腹痛6例,发生率为0.175%。结论：萎缩性胆囊炎、胆囊充满型结石、胆囊张力过高、胆囊泥沙样结石以及胆囊管结石患者行LC时,结石容易滑入胆总管;胆囊结石滑入胆总管致急腹痛时,应首先施行保守排石治疗,若结石较大可行十二指肠乳头切开取石,若发生胆漏或急性胆管炎保守治疗无效时,应积极施行剖腹探查术。     

Gallstone cholangitis: a 10-year experience of combined endoscopic and laparoscopic treatment

BACKGROUND: To date, no procedure has yet been identified as the gold standard for the treatment of gallstone cholangitis in the laparoscopic era. METHODS: The data of 109 consecutive patients with acute cholangitis were prospectively entered into a computerized database. All patients were managed according to a standard protocol. The main treatments were endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), followed by interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Patients in whom ERC or endoscopic stone clearance failed were managed by emergency open common bile duct exploration. LC was performed with a standardized four-cannula technique. The mean duration of surgery, conversion rate, and postoperative outcome of these patients were evaluated. RESULTS: ERC was successful in 103 patients (94.5%). In five of these patients (4.8%), no bile duct stones were found. The 98 patients (95.2%) with common bile duct stones were referred for ES. The bile duct stones were successfully removed after ES in 93 cases (94.9%). The overall failure rate of ERC and ES for choledocholithiasis was 10.1%. Self-limiting pancreatitis occurred in four patients (4.3%). Overall, two of the 109 patients died (1.8%). After ES, 81 patients underwent LC. LC was performed successfully in 74 patients (91.3%). Conversion to open surgery was required in seven patients (8.7%). The morbidity rate after cholecystectomy was 7.4%; the morbidity rate after open bile duct exploration was 36.4% (p<0.05). Fifteen patients were managed conservatively after initial endoscopic management of their cholangitis. The overall incidence of recurrent biliary symptoms was significantly higher among patients with gallbladder in place than for patients who underwent cholecystectomy (38.5% vs 1.5%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ES followed by LC is a safe and effective approach for the management of gallstone cholangitis; cholecystectomy should be performed in patients with gallstone cholangitis unless the operative risk is extremely high. These high operative risk patients and those who refuse surgery after ES should be warned that they are at high risk for recurrent biliary symptoms.