心内直视术1490例次血气检测结果临床分析

目的 正确评价心内直视术中直视术中机体代谢变化的特点。方法 对２２５例心内直视术１４９０例次血气检测结果进行分析。结果 ＰＯ２〉１３．３ｋＰａ的占６８．１％，ＰＣＯ２在正常范围的占７２．４％；ｐＨ值正常范围和硷质血症分别占４２．３％和４９．２％，实际碳酸氢盐和剩余硷高于正常的分别占４８．５％和５９．９％，电解质多在正常范围。结论 正确使用呼吸机，合理进行氧治疗，及时发现、处理并发症；酌情应用碳酸氢     

血气分析在体外循环手术围术期的应用及意义探讨

目的：为正确评价血气指标对体外循环（ＣＰＢ）围术期监测的意义。方法：对７５例心脏 病人ＣＰＢ围术期４９７例次的血ｐＨ、ＡＢ、ＢＥ、ＰＣＯ_２、ＰＯ_３及Ｋ~＋、Ｎａ~＋、Ｃｌ~－的测定结果进行分析。 结果： １．以ｐＨ正常及轻度碱血症占多数（４２％及２９％）,酸碱失调的主要原因为代谢性因素; ２． ＰＯ_２多升高（６８％）;３．Ｋ~＋,Ｃｌ~－多在正常水平（８０％,６３％）,Ｎａ~＋约一半高于正常（４７％）。结论： 围术期应注意①控制碳酸氢钠的投入,谨防代谢性碱中毒;②密切监测ＰＯ_２,避免ＰＯ_２过高;③防 止钢水潴留。     

原发性心脏肿瘤的外科治疗

报道１９８０年４月至１９９３年７月间收治的原发性心脏肿瘤５５例，占同期２２６９例心内直视手术的２．４２％，良性肿瘤５３例（粘液瘤４８例，脂肪瘤及横纹肌瘤各２例，纤维瘤１例）占９６．４％，恶性肿瘤２例（淋巴瘤及平滑肌肉瘤各１例）占３．６％，手术死亡率９．１％（５／５５），术后晚期死亡３例。就临床特征，手术及预后进行了简要讨论。     

原发性心脏肿瘤的外科治疗

报道１９８０年４月至１９９３年７月间收治的原发性心脏肿瘤５５例，占同期２２６９例心内直视手术的２．４２％。良性肿瘤５３例（粘液瘤４８例，脂肪瘤及横纹肌瘤各２例，纤维瘤１例）占９６．４％；恶性肿瘤２例（淋巴瘤及平滑肌肉瘤各１例）占３．６％。手术死亡中９．１％（５／５５），术后晚期死亡３例。就临床特征、诊断、手术及预后进行了简要讨论。     

经前路行颈椎后纵韧带骨化切除33例

对Ｃ_４水平以下节段性颈椎后纵韧带骨化（ＯＰＬＬ）３３例行前路骨化韧带切除术。２９例随访１～１０ａ，按ＪＯＡ标准评定疗效。结果：优（术后改善率８０％以上）１３例；良（５０％～７９％）１０例；改进（５％～４９％）３例；无变化（５％以下）２例；加重１例，有效率８９．６％。提示：Ｃ_４以下节段性ＯＰＬＬ适合前路开槽切除；Ｃ_４以上的节段性ＯＰＬＬ或连续型ＯＰＬＬ适合后路椎板成形椎管扩大术。充分暴露骨化灶的范围，才能将其完整切除。     

小儿心内直视术后高胆红素血症的研究

对４０例小儿先天性心脏病心内直视手术病例血清胆红素作前瞻性研究，术后总胆红素增高９例（２２．５％），直接胆红素增高６例（１５％），室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）及房间隔缺损者高胆红素血症发生率分别为２２．６％和２２．２％（Ｐ〉０．０５），２４例单纯ＶＳＤ发生２例，７例ＶＳＤ伴肺动脉高压（ＰＨ）发生５例（Ｐ〈０．０１）。９例均在术后２４小时内出现，７例第二天恢复正常，２例ＶＳＤ＋ＰＨ持续４和１４天。结果提示，     

纤支镜检查时氧饱和度和心电图改变

对３２例接受纤支镜检查者，动态观察纤支镜检查术前、术中及ＢＡＬ和／或ＴＢＬＢ时的心率、血压、心电图、ＳＰＯ_２的变化。发现纤支镜插入气道前端到达隆突时，约４６．９％患者ＳＰＯ_２有不同程度下降、平均下降３．４３％。在ＢＡＬ和／或ＴＢＬＢ时，约有９４．２％患者ＳＰＯ_２下降，平均下降９．１９％。经统计学处理，两者都有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。鼻导管供氧３～５Ｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＳＰＯ２均有升高，平均升高１０％。ＥＫＧ术中窦性心动过速占４同３．７％，心率平均较前增快３６．３次／ｍｉｎ，其它ＥＫＧ改变（房早、Ｐ波高尖、ＳＴ－Ｔ改变）为１５．５％。术中心率增快经统计学处理有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

体外循环中温度变化对机体氧代谢的影响

对６０例先天性心脏病患者在体外循环下（ＣＰＢ）行心内直视术，通过观察其在鼻咽温降温３０℃（Ｔ１）、１８℃（Ｔ２）以及复温３０℃（Ｔ３）时体内氧供（ＤＯ２）、氧耗（ＶＯ２）以及氧摄取率（Ｏ２ｅｘｔ）的变化，探讨不同阶段的温度变化对机体氧代谢的影响。结果表明Ｔ２与Ｔ１相比，ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＶＯ２及ＭＡＰ显著降低，ＳｖＯ２与Ｏ２ｅｘｔ无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。Ｔ３与Ｔ１相比，Ｔ３时ＶＯ２、Ｏ２ｅｘｔ、Ｍ     

体外循环不阻断升主动脉下小儿、婴幼儿心内直视术136例分析

目的：评价体外循环下不阻断升主动脉行心内直视术对心肌的保护作用。方法：对１９９５年９月至１９９８年８月在先心心内直视术中应用此法的１３６例婴幼儿进行回顾性分析。全组男７７例,女５９例。年龄３个月～５岁（平均３６５±１２０岁）,体重５～１８（平均１４０１±３５２）。病种包括室间隔缺损１０３例,房间隔缺损１２例,法乐氏四联症１４例,法三２例,肺动脉瓣狭窄２例,部分性房室管通道２例,三尖瓣下移１例。结果：全组死亡３例（２２％）。术后并发症：低心排２例,支气管痉挛３例,二次止血１例。结论：体外循环下不阻断升主动脉行心内直视术是临床效果满意,安全有效的心肌保护方法。     

体外循环中血小板质和量破坏的临床初步观察

监测了２０例心内直视手术病人血小板计数、血小板最大聚集率（ＯＤｍａｘ）的动态变化及血小板超微结构的变化。结果提示，体外循环转流后：（１）血小板计数明显下降，转流期间维持手术前水平的６０％。转流结束后逐渐回升，术后２ｈ再度下降；（２）血小板聚集功能显著下降；（３）血小板伪足生成、畸形、破碎、脱粒和微管系统明显扩张。探讨了体外循环中血小报质量下降的机理及其临床意义．     

缺氧对耳蜗功能的影响

通过豚鼠自主呼吸闭路循环装置中的空气进行研究,其中呼出气中的CO_2被吸收。随着呼吸引起吸入气中O_2量逐渐降低,诱发动脉血PO_2下降。以耳蜗总和动作电位(CAP)为耳蜗功能衰变的指标,观察耳蜗功能衰变时的血PO_2值。结果表明平均动脉血PO_2降低到52kPa时,用短声阈上10dB(听力级)强度刺激引起CAP的N_1波波幅降低;动脉血PO_2降至4.3kPa时,所有的实验动物都发生了阈移。本研究提示平均动脉血PO_2在5.2kPa是豚鼠耳蜗功能衰变的阈值,并对其机制进行了探讨。     

中心静脉血、肘静脉血与混合静脉血血气指标值相关性研究

目的比较中心静脉血和肘静脉血血气值与混合静脉血正常血气值的相关性。方法监测54名马拉松赛业余选手（活动组）赛前的动脉血、肘静脉血血气和30名无心肺疾患的术后病人（静息组）全麻拔管前动脉血、中心静脉血和肘静脉血血气。比较肘静脉血、中心静脉血血气值与混合静脉血正常血气值的相关性。结果 84名被测者动脉PO2和PaCO2均正常;肘静脉血PO2均值30.1 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）低于混合静脉血氧分压（P vO2）23%,低于中心静脉PO218%左右。结论混合静脉血、中心静脉血和肘静脉的血气三者具有一定的相关性,在无条件监测PvO2时可用中心静脉或肘静脉血气值作参考。     

麻醉期间硝普钠降压对脑循环与心功能影响的实验研究

本文报告静脉普鲁卡因复合麻醉期间,使用硝普钠降压,观察犬右侧颈内动脉和椎动脉的血流变化,动脉血和颈内静脉血氧分压、动静脉血糖差值的改变和全身血流动力学等指标。结果表明:降压期问脑血流有一定程度的下降,尤以平均动脉压(MAP)7.9kPa(60mmHg)时更为显著。但对脑代谢无明显影响,心排血量增加,外周阻力减低,颈内静脉血氧分压维持在正常水平,显示脑组织并无缺氧情况。提示用硝普钠进行控制性降压是安全的。     

中低温低流量体外循环在婴儿心内直视手术的临床研究

目的：探讨先天性心脏病婴儿进行心内直视手术时,应用中低温低流量体外循环的安全性和可行性。方法：40例因先天性心脏病行心内直视手术患儿,随机分为观察组（n=20）：应用中度低温低流量的灌注技术;对照组（n=20）：应用浅低温高流量的灌注技术。记录转机时间、手术时间、降温时间、复温时间、不良反应的发生,对两组术中血气、术后脑功能进行对比。结果：中低温低流量灌注时静脉血氧饱和度均在80％以上,无缺氧酸中毒的血气表现,血乳酸值也未升高,观察组与对照组各时间点的动一颈内静脉血的乳酸浓度差无明显变化（P〉O．05）,术后恢复良好,术后无明显体外循环相关并发症。结论：对婴儿进行心内的直视手术时,采用中低温低流量体外循环,能够满足脑组织的氧供,而且减少血液的破坏,保持术野的清晰,有利于减少长时间高流量灌注的不良反应,为临床开展婴儿复杂型先心手术的脑保护提供新手段。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭120例疗效观察

目的探讨无创双水平正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发型呼吸衰竭的临床应用价值。方法对120例COPD急性加重并发型呼吸衰竭患者应用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗,观察治疗前后血气分析(pH,PO2,PCO2,SaO2)和肺功能(FVC,FEV1)指标变化。结果无创通气治疗后PO2,SaO2,FEV1均明显升高,PCO2明显降低,pH明显好转,均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论应用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗COPD并发型呼吸衰竭可提高PO2、SaO2,降低PCO2,改善肺功能。     

Are "pink puffers" more breathless than "blue bloaters"?

Breathlessness, disability, and exercise tolerance were assessed in 26 patients with severe chronic airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) less than or equal to 1 litre) divided into two groups--15 patients who were normocapnic (pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) less than 5.5 kPa (less than 41.4 mm Hg)), and 11 patients who were hypercapnic (Paco2 greater than 6 kPa (greater than than 45.1 mm Hg)). The two groups were well matched for spirometric values (FEV1 0.59 1 and 0.62 1, respectively). All of the hypercapnic patients could improve blood gas tensions towards normal by hyperventilation. There were no significant differences in visual analogue scores of breathlessness during treadmill exercise, disability (oxygen-cost diagram, dyspnoea grade), or exercise tolerance (six-minute walk, maximal consumption of oxygen during bicycle ergometry, distance walked to exhaustion in progressive treadmill test). The findings show that the "fight" to maintain normal blood gas tensions in the face of severe airflow limitation does not have an appreciable cost in terms of disability.     

支气管堵塞管行左下肺叶隔离对患者肺内分流及氧合作用的影响

目的 比较支气管堵塞管(BB)行左下肺叶隔离与左双腔支气管导管(DLT)行右单肺通气对肺功能正常患者肺内分流(Qs/Qt)和氧合作用影响的差异.方法 拟行左侧削胸下段食管手术患者36例,随机分成BB组和DLT组,每组各18例.丙泊酚靶控输注静脉诱导后,BB组插入ID8.0单腔气管导管,纤维支气管镜引导9FrCoopdech BB置入左下肺叶支气管,DLT组插入左DLT.两组均作双肺间歇正压通气,20 min后摆放有侧卧位,DLT组行右单肺通气,BB组对堵塞管套囊充气行右肺和左上肺叶通气.于双肺通气后20min(T1),右单肺通气或右肺和左上肺叶通气后20min(T2),开胸见左肺或左下肺叶完全萎陷后(T3),术毕拔出气管导管前(T4)抽取足背动脉血及右心房血进行血气分析,计算Qs/Qt.并请手术医生在开胸后即刻评价术野清晰度.术后第1天作动脉血气分析和胸片检查.结果 两组患者术野评价,各时点pH、PaCO_2、血红蛋白,T1的Qs/Qt、PaO_2、PO_2、氧合指数无统计学差异.在T_2～T_4时点,BB组的Qs/Qt低于DLT组,PaO_2、PO_2、氧合指数高于DLT组(P<0.05或0.01).BB组术后无肺不张病例,DLT组有2例发生左下肺不张.BB组术后第1天的PaO_2、氧合指数高于DLT组,术后住院天数比DLT组短(P<0.01).结论 支气管堵塞管行左下肺叶隔离能在左侧剖胸下段食管手术中减少患者的肺内分流、改善术中术后的氧合.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the differences in intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) and arterial oxygenation between selective left lower lobar blockade by Coopdech endobronchial blocker tubes (BB) and one lung ventilation (OLV) by left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tubes (DLT) in patients with normal pulmonary function. Methods Thirty-six patients (aged 32-64 years) scheduled for lower esophageal surgery were allocated randomly into BB and DLT groups (n=18). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with Propofol by target controlled infusion with intravenous administration of sufentanil and cisatracurium if needed. A 35 to 39 French tube was placed in the DLT group, and an 8.0-mm (internal diameter) single-lumen endotracheal tube was used in the BB group where a 9 French Coopdech BB was advanced into the left lower lobar bronchus guided by a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The variables recorded were blood gas analysis data from the venous and arterial blood samples at 20 min after two-lung ventilation in supine position (T_1), 20 min after initiation of one-lung ventilation or selective left lower lobar blockade by inflating BB balloons in the right lateral decubitus position (T_2), total collapse of the left lung or the left lower lobe after the pleura was opened (T_3), and before tracheal extubation (T_4). Qs/Qt was calculated using a standard formula based on the three-compartment model. Upon pleura opening, the effectiveness of lung collapse was evaluated by the surgeon who performed the surgery. Chest radiograph and arterial blood gas analyses were performed the day after the operation. Results Both of the groups were similar with regard to rank of the surgical exposure, pH, PaCO_2, hemoglobin from T_1 to T_4, Qs/Qt, PaO_2, PO_2, and oxygenation index at T1. In BB group, a significant reduction of Qs/Qt and greater improvements in PaO_2, PO_2, oxygenation index at T_2, T_3 and T_4 were observed in comparison with those in DLT group (P<0.05 or <0.01). No lobe collapse was observed postoperatively in BB group, but 2 patients in DLT group showed left lower lobe atelectasis. The patients in BB group showed better postoperative arterial oxygenation and shorter postoperative hospital stay (P<0.01). Conclusion Selective left lower lobar blockade by Coopdech endobronchial blocker tube during lower esophageal surgery provides a lower intraoperative intrapulmonary shunt and a better intra- and postoperative arterial oxygenation.     

Respiratory Insufficiency in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Arterial blood gases and pH were assessed in 115 patients who had suffered a myocardial infarction, with or without complicating cardiogenic shock or cardiac standstill. In 11 of the 78 uncomplicated cases and in 16 of the 37 complicated cases, the arterial O₂ tension was much lower than would be expected on the basis of a three-fold drop in cardiac output, indicating considerable right to left shunting. The death rate in the patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction was 32% and that of the complicated cases 65%. In both groups it was greatest when the arterial pH was low, indicating that correction of the acidosis is essential. In many instances administration of 100% oxygen is inadequate to restore the oxygen tension to normal levels, and controlled ventilation may be necessary to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. The findings indicate the necessity for repeated assessment of the arterial blood gas tensions and pH in any patient who has suffered a myocardial infarction. If the management of such patients is designed to provide adequate oxygenation, to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation and to correct the acid-base disturbances, the patient may be tided over the stage of “cardiac pump failure”.     

Non-arterial assessment of blood gas status in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.

Assessment of blood gas status is important in the management of patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Arterial puncture is often painful and may damage the arterial wall. Measurement of oxygen saturation by transcutaneous oximetry offers a non-invasive alternative to arterial methods but does not allow assessment of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. We have examined the value of oximetry and dorsal hand venous carbon dioxide as an alternative to arterial puncture. Transcutaneous oxygen saturation correlated with arterial oxygen saturation (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001) with an error of 2.1% and dorsal hand venous carbon dioxide tension correlated with the arterial tension (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) with an error of 8%. Changes in oximetric oxygen saturation and venous carbon dioxide tension following oxygen therapy reflected arterial values. Assessment of blood gas status using oximetry and dorsal hand venous carbon dioxide tension is a useful alternative to arterial puncture.