心房颤动复律前后左房结构和功能变化的超声心动图研究

目的应用超声心动图观察心房颤动(简称房颤)患者复律前后左房结构和功能的变化。方法选择房颤患者20例,按心脏复律的方式分为直流电复律组7例,药物复律组13例,分别于复律前、复律后第1天、第3天、第7天、第1个月时应用超声心动图测定左房内径和容积,记录二尖瓣血流频谱A峰流速(VA)、A峰速度时间积分(A-VTI)、心房充盈分数(AFF)和左房射血力(LAEF)。分析左房内径、容积变化与左房收缩功能的关系。应用心房肌超声组织定征技术在左房后壁心肌和心包处测量背向散射积分值(IBS)及背向散射积分周期变异幅度(CVIB)评价心肌组织的声学特征。结果房颤时所有患者均存在左房扩大,而恢复窦性心律后直流电复律组和药物复律组的左房上下径均显著降低(P<0.05或0.01)。恢复窦性心律后第1天、第3天直流电复律与药物复律组比较,左房最大和最小容积显著增大(P<0.05或0.01),VA、A-VTI、AFF和LAEF明显降低。房颤时左房心肌标化IBS较健康对照组增大,而CVIB则降低(P均<0.01),直流电复律组恢复窦性心律后第1天、第3天左房心肌标化IBS及CVIB与房颤时比较无差异(P>0.05),而药物复律组左房IBS%与房颤时和直流电复律组比较显著降低,CVIB则显著增大。恢复窦性心律后第7天、第1个月时,两组左房IBS%与房颤时比较均显著降低,CVIB显著增大(P均<0.01),两组无差异。结论两种复律方式成功复律后随时间推移均可改善房颤患者的左房结构重构和功能。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动复律后左心房收缩功能改变与心房肌细胞凋亡的关系

目的:研究非瓣膜性心房颤动患者复律后左房收缩功能改变与心房肌细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法:超声观察27例患者(病例组)经药物复律后第1、15、30天时的二尖瓣血流并与15例窦性心律者(对照组)作比较,TUNEL法了解受检者的心房肌细胞凋亡指数。结果:病例组患者复律后15d的房缩期二尖瓣峰速血流、速度积分显著增大,且此后的2周内渐渐增大,而同期的左室舒张早中期血流蜂速、速度积分减小。与对照组相比,病例组心房肌细胞凋亡指数增高[(7.68±1.08)%:(2.16±0.59)%,P<0.05],而复律后第30天时房缩期二尖瓣血流仍较对照组显著减小(P<0.05)。相关分析显示:心房颤动患者心房肌细胞凋亡指数与30d内房缩期二尖瓣峰速血流变化率及速度积分变化率之间呈良好负相关(r=-0.58或-0.52,P<0.05)。结论:心房颤动患者恢复窦性心律后左房收缩功能的改变与其心房肌细胞凋亡有相关性,后者可能在一定程度上参与了影响患者复律后左房功能恢复的过程。     

心房颤动复律后维持窦性心律影响因素的临床分析

目的探讨心房颤动（Af）复律后维持窦性心律的影响因素。方法选择2006年～2008年首次诊断Af（发病时间〈3个月）经药物或直流电成功转复窦性心律的住院患者98例。随访6个月后Af未复发者为维持窦性心律组（A组）52例,Af复发者（B组）46例。回顾性对比分析两组的临床特征、心电图指标、超声心动图（UCG）参数及相互关系,探讨A组的独立预测因子及诊断价值。结果 6个月随访后,52例（占53%）仍维持窦性心律,46例Af复发,半数以上复发在复律后2周内。两组间在性别、年龄、基础心脏病、β受体阻断剂使用、复律方式、左心室射血分数（LVEF）等差异无统计学意义。B组与A组相比,复律前Af持续时间（28.7±26.3d对1.3±1.4d,P〈0.01）、P波最大时间（Pmax）（P〈0.01）和P波离散度（Pd）（52±12ms对40±10ms,P〈0.01）、左心房直径（LAD）（47±4mm对41±3mm,P〈0.01）和左房自发性声学显影（P〈0.01）差异有统计学意义;但是两组间P波最小时间（Pmin）差异无显著性。多元回归分析显示：Af持续时间〈7d（OR=2.61）、LAD〈45mm（OR=2.10）和Pd〈47ms（OR=3.72）是复律后维持窦性心律的独立预测因子,准确性分别为82%、83%和86%。Pmax和左房无自发性声学显影仅是单因素影响因子。结论复律前Af持续时间、左房大小和Pd是预测Af复律后维持窦性心律的重要因素。     

非风湿性心房颤动患者经药物复律后左房收缩功能的改变

目的探讨非风湿性心房颤动患者经药物复律后左房收缩功能的改变。方法观察了23例患者药物复律第1、8、15、30及60天时的二尖瓣血流变化并与20例正常人作对比研究。结果患者复律后2周内的左室舒张晚期二尖瓣血流峰速、速度积分显著增大,此后2周内渐大,而同期的左室舒张早期血流峰速、速度积分减小;与正常人相比,患者1个月、2个月时左室舒张晚期二尖瓣血流仍有显著性不同(P<0．05),但两者间无显著性差异。结论患者恢复窦性心律后左房收缩功能恢复主要在1个月内逐步进行,且2个月内不能完全恢复,多普勒超声观察有助于指导药物治疗及疗效评价。     

瓣膜置换术后心房颤动患者门诊药物复律的初步观察

目的:了解瓣膜置换术后对伴有持久性心房颤动(Af)的门诊患者进行药物复律的安全性及有效性.方法:瓣膜置换术后伴有持久性Af且无三尖瓣中度以上反流及明显肝肾功能异常的患者78例,治疗组38例,对照组40例.治疗组口服小剂量胺碘酮、卡托普利、维生素C、辛伐他汀联合复律治疗,每个月门诊随访1次.治疗6个月后进行心脏超声心动图及心电图检查,对照组患者根据情况采用地高辛或(和)美托洛尔控制心室率.结果:治疗组患者连续2～6(5.4±3.2)个月门诊药物复律治疗,14例恢复窦性心律,转复成功率36.84%(14/38).对照组患者中无一例恢复窦性心律,2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组患者中复律成功的患者与未成功的患者在年龄、术前Af持续时间、手术前后左房径改变(△LAD1)等方面的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).多元回归分析显示:瓣膜置换术后门诊患者持久性Af复律的有效性主要与患者年龄、Af持续时间、手术前后△LAD1有关.结论:瓣膜置换术后持久性Af患者的门诊药物复律是安全的,其有效性主要与患者年龄、Af持续时间、手术前后△LAD1有关.     

心房颤动自发复律对老年患者左房功能的影响

目的本文探讨老年患者心房颤动自发复律后心房功能恢复的特点.方法采用SONOS 5500型彩色多普勒血流显像仪,观察20例老年对照组和20例非瓣膜病阵发性心房颤动(PAF)患者在心房颤动自发复律后24 h,72 h及7 d左心房收缩功能.观察以下指标:①左房内径LAD和左室内径LVD;②左室射血分数(LVEF);③二尖瓣E峰峰值速度E(cm/s);④二尖瓣A峰峰值速度A(cm/s);⑤取心尖四腔切面AQ技术观察左房:左房最大容积LAVmax,左房最小容积LAVmin,左房收缩期前容积LAVp,左房主动排空容积LAAEV=LAVp-LAVmin,左房主动排空分数LAAEF(%)=LAAEV/LAVp.结果老年PAF组较老年对照组左房内径[(4.24±0.43)cm vs(3.83±0.22)cm,P＜0.05]及左房容积[(70.43±12.70)ml vs(46.2±4.91)ml,P＜0.05]增大;二尖瓣峰流速A(cm/s)在心房颤动自发复律后24 h,48 h明显降低,7 d有所增高,但仍较对照组低[(45.4±12.37)cm/s;(56.64±16.24)cm/s;(65.01±13.58)cm/s vs(74.55±5.97)cm/s,P＜0.05];老年PAF组自发复律后LAAEF(%)降低,至7 d部分恢复,仍较对照组明显降低[(15.72±5.22)%;(16.42±5.20)%;(18.89±7.70)% vs(34.65±7.83)%,P＜0.05].结论老年心房颤动患者左房内径和左房容积增大,心房颤动自发复律7 d时LAAEF仍降低.由于自发复律后仍存在左房收缩功能障碍,且窦性心律难以维持,因此对于左房容积增大的老年PAF患者,抗凝治疗非常重要.     

缬沙坦对单纯收缩期高血压伴阵发性心房颤动的疗效

目的探讨缬沙坦对单纯收缩期高血压伴阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者的疗效。方法将67例单纯收缩期高血压伴阵发性房颤患者随机分成缬沙坦治疗组与氨氯地平对照组,比较两组用药6个月后血压、房颤发作情况、心电图P波时限(PWD)以及左房内径(LAD)、容积(LAV)、血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的变化。结果两组血压均达到目标水平,且无差异。与对照组比较,治疗组维持窦性心律比例更高(82.8%vs53.1%,P<0.05);PWD、LAD、LAV、血浆BNP水平下降更明显(P均<0.05)。PWD与LAD、LAV呈正相关。结论缬沙坦有益于单纯收缩期高血压伴阵发性房颤患者维持窦性心律,并可以改善左房结构重构和电重构。     

心房颤动山羊模型转复窦性心律后血液和心房肌组织中醛固酮水平的变化

目的:研究心房颤动(Af)山羊模型恢复窦性心律后血液和心房肌组织中醛固酮水平的变化.方法:18只成年山羊,体重相仿,雌雄不限,随机分成3组,其中窦性心律组(A组)6只,Af模型组(B组)6只,Af模型复律组(C组)6只,3组均行开胸手术,左心耳缝入起搏电极,A组不起搏,B、C组持续快速心房起搏3个月形成Af模型,3个月后处死A、B组山羊,取左、右心房肌组织冻存,C组停止起搏,予心律平静脉注射或加用直流电复律,维持窦性心律3个月,之后处死C组山羊,取左、右心房肌组织冻存,用ELISA法测定各组心肌标本中醛固酮水平.C组在Af前、Af后3个月、复律后2周、1个月、2个月、3个月时各留取血清标本,用放射免疫法测定血清醛固酮水平.结果:C组心肌组织醛固酮水平低于B组(P＜0.01),与A组比较则差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),左、右心房肌组织醛固酮水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Af复律后2周、1个月、2个月、3个月血清醛固酮水平呈递减变化.结论:Af恢复窦性心律后血液和心房肌组织中醛固酮水平下降.     

血浆脑利钠肽与房颤病人复律和复发的临床研究

目的研究阵发性或持续性房颤(Af)病人转复窦性心律时,血浆脑利钠肽(BNP)水平及其临床意义。方法选取62例心功能(1~3)级病人,采用放免法测定房颤及窦性心律时病人血浆中BNP的浓度,观察两组BNP水平、房颤发作次数。结果病人房颤发生时BNP浓度为(88.36±22.32)pg/mL,比复律后窦性心律时(57.48±20.32)pg/mL明显增高(P<0.05),高BNP水平病人组房颤发生次数较低BNP水平病人多。多因素分析显示血浆BNP水平与Af持续时间是转律后窦性心律维持的独立影响因子。结论血BNP浓度增高是发生心房颤动的预告因子,高水平的BNP更容易复发房颤,血浆BNP水平低或Af持续时间短者转律后窦性心律较易维持。     

胺碘酮与普罗帕酮对换瓣后慢性房颤电复律后维持窦性心律效果比较

风心病瓣膜病变并慢性房颤(Af)为临床最常见的心律失常之一,瓣膜置换术电复律后窦性心律的维持,仍为目前临床研究的热点。本研究旨在分析小剂量胺碘酮与普罗帕酮对电复律转复后维持窦性心律的疗效。 1 资料和方法 选择上海长海医院1993年1月至1997年1月风心病慢性Af伴二尖瓣病变或合并主动脉瓣病变行单瓣或双瓣置换术者,于换瓣术后3～12个月行同步直流电复律共108例,电复律患者中9例行电复律失败,其余99例电转复为窦性心律后,给予小剂量胺碘酮或普罗帕     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.