共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
N. de N. Donaldson P. E. K. Donaldson 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1986,24(1):41-49
Actively balanced (‘Lilly’) stimulating current waveforms are generally considered to give very ‘safe’ stimulation. Although
this is perfectly true, the specification of the necessary waveform generators in neurological prostheses demands additional
complexity, and probably additional expense and development time as well. The paper and its companion enquire whether the
use of simple, passively charge-balanced stimulating pulses is equally safe, provided the stimulation parameters and circuitry
are designed with appropriate care. It is concluded that, in respect of safe deliverable charge density per pulse at the electrode,
release of noxious products and stimulating effectiveness, simple pulses need give no worse performance; in some circumstances
they may give better. 相似文献
2.
N. de N. Donaldson P. E. K. Donaldson 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1986,24(1):50-56
Actively balanced (‘Lilly’) stimulating current waveforms are generally considered to give very ‘safe’ stimulation. Although
this is perfectly true, the specification of the necessary waveform generators in neurological prostheses demands additional
complexity, and probably additional expense and development time as well. The paper and its companion enquire whether the
use of simple, passively charged-balanced stimulating pulses is equally safe, provided the stimulation parameters and circuitry
are designed with appropriate care. It is concluded that, in respect of safe deliverable charge density per pulse at the electrode,
release of noxious products and stimulating effectiveness, simple pulses need give no worse performance; in some circumstances
they may give better. 相似文献
3.
Moussavi ZK Leopando MT Pasterkamp H Rempel G 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2000,38(2):198-203
A simple, non-invasive acoustical method is developed to detect respiratory phases in relationship to swallows without the
direct measurement of airflow. In 21 healthy subjects (4–51 years) breath sounds are recorded at the trachea and at five different
recording locations at the chest wall, with simultaneous recording of airflow by a pneumotachograph. The chest signal with
the grestest inspiratoryexpiratory power difference (‘best location’) is either in the mid-clavicular line in the second interspace
on the left or third interspace on the right. Using the ‘best developed and achieves 100% accuracy in the estimation of respiratory
phases without using the measured airflow signal. Thus, acoustically monitoring breaths and swallows holds promise as a non-invasive
and reliable assessment tool in the study of swallowing dysfunction. 相似文献
4.
Choi BH Seo JW Choi JM Shin HB Lee JY Jeong do U Park KS 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2007,45(1):107-114
This paper introduces a new method, bed actigraphy (BACT) for user-friendly sleep-wake monitoring. BACT provides a non-intrusive
acquisition of activity data, and in particular does not require that sensors be attached to the subject’s body. The system
consists of four load-sensing cells supporting the bed, an A/D converter, and a microcontroller with appropriate software.
The performance of BACT was compared to that of standard polysomnography (PSG) recordings and wrist-worn actigraphy (ACT).
Ten normal volunteers underwent overnight PSG recordings and were examined simultaneously with BACT and ACT. An automatic
scoring algorithm scored each 30-s epoch of the BACT recordings for either ‘Wake’ or ‘Sleep.’ A sleep specialist manually
scored the PSG recordings, and the results were divided into ‘Wake’ and ‘Sleep’ categories. The three methods showed a significant
correlation when compared with in the contingency test. The mean epoch-by-epoch agreements between the BACT and PSG, ACT and
PSG, and BACT and ACT recordings were 95.2, 92.9, and 94.3%, respectively. The mean absolute differences in sleep percentage
(SP) between them were 1.8 ± 0.82, 3.4 ± 1.45, and 1.9 ± 1.16 %, respectively. BACT differentiation of the ‘Wake’ and ‘Sleep’
stages proved to be sufficiently robust, and its results were comparable to PSG analysis. This finding supports the experimental
and clinical value of bed-activity monitoring during sleep. 相似文献
5.
This study is concerned with mathematical modelling of the fundamental relationship which exists between the current density
and the overpotential across the metalsolution interface in the linear range using methods of system theory enhanced by ‘fractal’
concepts. A primer for both 1/f-type scaling and ‘anomalous’ relaxation/dispersion concepts is provided, followed by a brief
review of the research history pertinent to the metal electrode polarization dynamics. Next, the ‘fractal relaxation systems’
approach is introduced to characterize, systems which attenuate with a fractional power-low dependence on frequency through
a ‘scaling exponent’. The ‘singularity structure’ which is a scaling, rational system function is proposed to expand fractal
systems in terms of basic subsystems individually representing elementary exponential relaxations and collectively exhibiting
scaling properties. We stress that the ‘singularity structure’ carries scaling information identical to the conventional ‘distribution
of relaxation times’ function. ‘Structure scale’ and ‘view scale’ concepts are presented in the due course to streamline the
analysis of scaling phenomena in general and the polarization impedance in particular. System theory-wise, the notable result
is that the fractional power function attenuation, or equivalently, the logarithmic nature of the distribution function translates
into the ‘self-similar’ pattern replication of the system singularities in the s-plane. The singularity arrangement is governed
by a recursive rule solely based on the knowledge of the fractional power factor or the scaling exponent. 相似文献
6.
Ansuini C Tognin V Turella L Castiello U 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2007,178(2):194-205
The aim of the present study was to determine whether and how hand shaping was affected by the presence of a distractor object
adjacent to the to-be-grasped object. Twenty subjects were requested to reach towards and grasp a ‘convex’ or a ‘concave’
object in the presence or absence of a distractor object either of the same or different shape than the target object. Flexion/extension
at the metacarpal-phalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal joints of all digits, and abduction angle between digits were
measured by resistive sensors embedded in a glove. The results indicate robust interference effects at the level of reach
duration and the extent of fingers’ abduction angles together with changes at the level of a single joint for the thumb. No
distractor effects on individual fingers’ joints except for the MCP of the middle and little fingers were found. These findings
suggest that the presence of distractor object affects hand shaping in terms of fingers’ abduction angles, but not at the
level of ‘shape dependent’ fingers’ angular excursions. Furthermore, they support the importance of the thumb for the guidance
of selective reach-to-grasp movements. We discuss these results in the context of current theories proposed to explain the
object selection processes underlying the control of hand action. 相似文献
7.
Various methods for automatic electrocardiogram T-wave detection and Q-T interval assessment have been developed. Most of
them use threshold level corrsing. Comparisons with observer detection were performed due to the lack of objective measurement
methods. This study followed the same approach. Observer assessments were performed on 43 various T-wave shapes recorded:
(i) with 100 mms−1 equivalent paper speed and 0.5mVcm−1 sensitivity; and (ii) with 160 mms−1 paper speed and vertical scaling ranging from 0.07 to 0.02 m Vcm−1, depending on the T-wave amplitude. An automatic detection algorithm was developed by adequate selection of the T-end search
interval, improved T-wave peak detection and computation of the angle between two 10ms long adjacent segments along the search
interval. The algorithm avoids the use of baseline crossin direct signal differentiation. It performs well in cases of biphasic
and/or complex T-wave shapes. Mean differences with respect to observer data are 13.5 ms for the higher gain/speed records
and 14.7 ms for the lower gain/speed records. The algorithm was tested with 254 various T-wave shapes. Comparisons with two
other algorithms are presented. The lack of a ‘gold standard’ for the T-end detection, especially if small waves occur around
it, impeded adequate interobserver assessment and evaluation of automatic methods. It is speculated that a simultaneous presentation
of normal and high-gain records might turn more attention to this problem. Automatic detection methods are in fact faced with
‘high-gain’ data, as high-resolution analogue-to-digital conversion, is already widely used. 相似文献
8.
Neurologists diagnose many muscular and nerve disorders by classifying the resistance to passive motion of patients' limbs.
Over the past several years, a computer-based instrument has been developed for automated measurement and parameterization
of this resistance. In the device, a voluntarily relaxed lower extremity is moved at constant velocity by a motorized driver.
The torque exerted on the extremity by the machine is sampled, along with the angle of the extremity. In this paper a computerized
technique is described for classifying a patient's condition as ‘Normal’ or ‘Parkinson disease’ (rigidity), from the torque
versus angle curve for the knee joint. A Legendre polynomial, fit to the curve, is used to calculate a set of eight normally
distributed features of the curve. The minimum probability of error approach is used to classify the curve as being from a
normal or Parkinson disease patient. Data collected from 44 different subjects was processed and the results were compared
with an independent physician's subjective assessment of rigidity. There is agreement in better than 95% of the cases, when
all of the features are used. 相似文献
9.
Janan C. Karatas Stephen Matthey Bryanne Barnett 《Archives of women's mental health》2009,12(2):97-103
Routine Comprehensive Psychosocial Assessment was implemented antenatally at a public hospital in Sydney in 2000. The assessment,
completed on all women, classifies them as (1) currently, or at high-risk of becoming, distressed, or, (2) not currently,
or at low risk of becoming, distressed during the perinatal period. This pilot study followed up a sample of women (N = 50) from the latter group at 6 weeks postpartum to explore the accuracy of ‘low risk’ identification. All but one woman
reported that they continued to do well during their pregnancy. By 6 weeks postpartum only one woman scored high on the validated
depression measure though data from a semi-structured interview indicated that a further four women experienced sub-clinical
difficulty in the early weeks postpartum. The antenatal classification of women as ‘low risk’ using this assessment method
appears to be substantially accurate, though this finding needs to be replicated in a larger study. 相似文献
10.
Troxclair DA Schmidt BA Herderick EE Boudreau DA Malcom GT Strong JP 《Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology》2006,449(6):707-715
Transverse, white-streak ‘wrinkles’ in the aorta were first described as Querlinien (cross lines) or Wellenlinien (wave lines)
in the German literature in the early 20th century. These rhythmic structures were previously thought to be artifacts of stretching
and shrinkage of the aorta. Not until the 1970s was it proposed that the areas of rhythmic wrinkling (RW) might be part of
the process of atherosclerosis. We analyzed 2,650 aortas from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth
(PDAY) study for prevalence, extent, and topographical distribution of these areas of RW. Furthermore, we investigated the
possible relationship of RW to atherosclerotic sudanophilic stained ‘fatty streaks’ and elevated intimal lesions called ‘raised
lesions’ (RL). This study provides evidence that (1) the prevalence of RW is fairly high in the aorta and occurs in a specific
distribution in both the thoracic and abdominal aorta; (2) RW seems to precede the development of RL, with RL occurring in
the same topographical areas as RW; and (3) RW may be associated with the subsequent development of advanced atherosclerosis,
particularly raised lesions. 相似文献
11.
Silva MS Martins CR Bezerra IC Nagata T de Avila AC Resende RO 《Archives of virology》2001,146(7):1267-1281
Summary. In order to determine the diversity of the movement protein (NSM) among tospoviruses, the NSM genes of five distinct tospovirus species occurring in Brazil (Tomato chlorotic spot virus, Groundnut ring spot virus, Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus and Iris yellow spot virus) were cloned, sequenced and compared with NSM sequences of other available tospoviruses. The ‘D-motif’, a conserved region present in the majority of ‘30K superfamily’
virus movement proteins, is present in all NSM amino acid sequences available. In addition to the ‘D-motif’, a conserved phospholipase A2 motif was found. The NSM amino acid sequence comparisons among tospovirus species revealed several conserved regions located in the internal part
of the protein and diverse domains mainly located in the amino-terminus. Prediction of secondary structure showed similar
patterns among all NSM proteins analyzed. Considering the geographical prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of N and NSM proteins, tospoviruses were tentatively clustered in ‘American’ and ‘Eurasian’ groups. Both phylogenetic trees may reflect
the natural evolution of tospovirus species within distinct ecological niches. The sequence information obtained in this work
would facilitate functional analysis of NSM during the tospovirus infection process.
Received July 18, 2000 Accepted February 28, 2001 相似文献
12.
目的:探讨经肛吻合器直肠切除术(STARR)治疗以直肠前突(或合并直肠黏膜内脱垂)为主的女性出口梗阻型便秘的临床疗效。方法:简介手术所用的肛肠吻合器。对58例以直肠前突(或合并直肠粘膜内脱垂)为主要病因的女性出口梗阻型便秘患者实施STARR手术前后的主观感受、便秘评分、排粪造影进行分析比较。结果:术后所有病人主观感觉排便困难症状缓解,排便较术前畅通;术后1周、1月、3月与术前便秘评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1、3月排粪造影结果提示直肠前突、直肠黏膜内脱垂较术前明显好转(P<0.01)。结论:STARR手术是治疗以直肠前突(或合并直肠粘膜内脱垂)为主因的女性出口梗阻型便秘的一个安全有效的手术方式,但应严格掌握其适应证。 相似文献
13.
Maggie Kirkman Heather Rowe Annarella Hardiman Shelley Mallett Doreen Rosenthal 《Archives of women's mental health》2009,12(6):365-378
The aim was to identify from empirical research that used quantitative or qualitative methods the reasons women give for having
an abortion. A search was conducted of peer-reviewed, English language publications indexed in eight computerized databases
with publication date 1996–2008, using keywords ‘abortion’ and ‘reason’ (Medline: ‘induced abortion’ OR ‘termination of pregnancy’
OR ‘elective abortion’ and ‘reason’). Inclusion criteria were empirical research on humans that identified women’s reasons
for undergoing an abortion, conducted in ‘high-income’ countries. 19 eligible papers were found. Despite variation in methods
of generating, collecting, and analysing reasons, and the inadequacy of methodological detail in some papers, all contributed
to a consistent picture of the reasons women give for having an abortion, with three main categories (‘Woman-focused’, ‘Other-focused’,
and ‘Material’) identified. Ambivalence was often evident in women’s awareness of reasons for continuing the pregnancy, but
abortion was chosen because continuing with the pregnancy was assessed as having adverse effects on the life of the woman
and significant others. Women’s reasons were complex and contingent, taking into account their own needs, a sense of responsibility
to existing children and the potential child, and the contribution of significant others, including the genetic father. 相似文献
14.
Chambers AF 《Clinical & experimental metastasis》2009,26(1):61-66
Tumor metastasis is responsible for most cancer deaths, and can occur after long periods of tumor dormancy. Information learned
from experimental studies on tumor metastasis and dormancy is shedding light on mechanisms responsible and possible therapeutic
approaches. ‘Seed’ (the cancer cell) and ‘soil’ (the microenvironment of the secondary organ) factors contribute to metastatic
outcome. This review considers the possibility that various dietary components may affect both ‘seed’ and ‘soil’ compartments,
thereby influencing the growth of metastases, and discusses an experimental study on dietary genistein that illustrates this
concept. While studies on human diet are complex, the possibility that relatively non-toxic dietary intervention strategies
could impact on metastasis and patient survival is attractive and worthy of further study in appropriate experimental models
of metastasis and tumor dormancy. 相似文献
15.
This pilot study explored the effects of an 8-week mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group on pregnant women. Participants
reported a decline in measures of depression, stress and anxiety; with these improvements continuing into the postnatal period.
Increases in mindfulness and self-compassion scores were also observed over time. Themes identified from interviews describing
the experience of participants were: ‘stop and think’, ‘prior experience or expectations’, ‘embracing the present’, ‘acceptance’
and ‘shared experience’. Childbirth preparation classes might benefit from incorporating training in mindfulness. 相似文献
16.
Pataky TC Latash ML Zatsiorsky VM 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2007,179(2):301-312
The purpose of this study was to characterize finger interactions during radial/ulnar deviation, including interactions with
flexion movements. Subjects performed single-finger and multi-finger maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and maximal forces
and various indices of interaction among the fingers were quantified. MVCs in radial/ulnar deviation were 50–80% as strong
as in flexion. Along with the ‘master’ fingers (i.e., those explicitly instructed to produce force), substantial force production
was also observed in ‘slave’ fingers (i.e., those not explicitly instructed to produce force), a phenomenon termed: force
‘enslaving’. In addition, a drop in MVC during multi-finger tasks as compared to single finger tasks (force ‘deficit’) was
also observed. A previously unreported phenomenon that we term: ‘preferred direction enslaving’ was also apparent; both master
and slave fingers produced force in the instructed direction with a non-zero perpendicular component. Due to the architectural
separation of the involved muscles, preferred direction enslaving provides strong evidence that enslaving results from neural
rather than biomechanical factors. A final new phenomenon: ‘negative deficit’, or force ‘facilitation’ was observed in 46.4%
of the trials in 21 out of 23 subjects during multi-finger lateral efforts and was further demonstrative of extensive interconnection
among neurons serving hand muscles. The data were modeled with high accuracy (∼4% mean square error) using a linear neural
network with motor ‘commands’ as inputs and finger forces as outputs. The proposed network, equivalent to linear regression,
can be used to determine the extent to which finger forces are influenced by peripheral constraints during functional prehensile
activities. 相似文献
17.
The way people cope with stressors of day to day living has an important influence on health. The aim of the present study was to explore whether genetic and environmental variations in stress-coping differ over time during adulthood. The brief COPE was mailed to a large sample of the UK female twins (N = 4,736) having a wide range of age (20–87 years). Factor analyses of the items of the brief COPE yielded three coping scales: ‘Problem-Solving’, ‘Support Seeking’, and ‘Avoidance’. Monozygotic and dizygotic twin correlations tended to become lower with age for all three scales, suggesting that unique environmental factors may become more important with age during adulthood. Model-fitting results showed that relative influences of unique environmental factors increased from 60 % at age 20 years to 74% at age 87 years for ‘Problem-Solving’ and 56 % at age 20 years to 76% at age 87 years for ‘Avoidance’. During the same age period, genetic factors decreased from 40 to 26 % for ‘Problem-Solving’ and from 44 to 24 % for ‘Avoidance’. For ‘Seeking Support’, the magnitude of genetic and unique environmental factors was not significantly different across the adulthood. For all three scales, shared environmental effects were negligible. Overall, our findings implicate that the effects of environment that stem from idiosyncratic experience of stressful life events accumulate and become increasingly important in adulthood. 相似文献
18.
S. Liendl C. J. Lauer R. M. Hoffmann 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2004,8(3):67-70
Summary
Question of the study Sleep logs are common tools in sleep research and clinical routine. Usually sleep logs have to be completed during a 2-week
period, with the first week serving as an adaptation to the instrument itself. In the present study, we investigated whether
there is indeed such an adaptation bias or not.
Patients and methods A total of 236 chronically sleep-disordered outpatients completed the standardized sleep log ‘Abend-Morgen-Protokoll’ during
a 2-week pre-screening period prior to the first visit in our sleep ambulance. Two sets of items were established, the ‘instrumental’
and the ‘therapeutic’ set. The respective ratings of the first and second week (week A, B) were compared to evaluate clinically
relevant changes.
Results The ratings of several ‘instrumental’ items significantly differed between week A and B. However, these changes—on average—were
only marginal and therefore of little clinical importance. Regarding the ‘therapeutic’ set of items, no systematic variations
could be ascertained over the assessment period.
Conclusion The present investigation could not confirm the presence of adaptation biases (instrumental, therapeutic) in a large sample
of chronically sleep-disordered outpatients. Therefore, we consider a 1-week pre-screening period via sleep log as sufficient
for the diagnostic process in these patients.
相似文献
19.
A simulation of the SA node is presented, based on a 2D array (15×15) model of randomly distributed pacemaker cells, interacting
via a phase response curve (PRC). The model involves only the basic properties that play a direct role in the determination
of the SA node rhythm: intrinsic cycle length and PRC. The PRC reflects the ‘type’ of interaction of each pacemaker cell with
the outside world (neighbouring cells, external stimulus, etc.). A major outcome of this study is the demonstration that global
dynamics and the degree of ‘disorder’ of the SA node are strongly affected by the cycle length distribution of the model,
as well as spatial inhomogeneity in the cell-to-cell ‘electrical’ coupling (PRC). Those factors also determine the conduction
velocity throughout the SA node and may therefore be responsible for anisotropic conduction. For example, lowering the PRC
parameters (d and a) by 25% increases the array activation time from 46 to 126 ms. The model also responds appropriately to
a perturbation such as a vagal pulse. This pulse produces a shift of the dominant pacemaker to another site in the array and
a transient lengthening of the array cycle length, for example from 312 to 355 ms. 相似文献
20.
Zhuanghua Shi Lihan Chen Hermann J. Müller 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2010,203(4):723-735
Research on multisensory interactions has shown that the perceived timing of a visual event can be captured by a temporally
proximal sound. This effect has been termed ‘temporal ventriloquism effect.’ Using the Ternus display, we systematically investigated
how auditory configurations modulate the visual apparent-motion percepts. The Ternus display involves a multielement stimulus
that can induce either of two different percepts of apparent motion: ‘element motion’ or ‘group motion’. We found that two
sounds presented in temporal proximity to, or synchronously with, the two visual frames, respectively, can shift the transitional
threshold for visual apparent motion (Experiments 1 and 3). However, such effects were not evident with single-sound configurations
(Experiment 2). A further experiment (Experiment 4) provided evidence that time interval information is an important factor
for crossmodal interaction of audiovisual Ternus effect. The auditory interval was perceived as longer than the same physical
visual interval in the sub-second range. Furthermore, the perceived audiovisual interval could be predicted by optimal integration
of the visual and auditory intervals. 相似文献