扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除累及鞍旁的垂体腺瘤

对于局限型垂体腺瘤(直径＜2 cm,鞍内)采取传统的经鼻蝶窦入路可全切肿瘤.而对于侵袭性垂体腺瘤(直径＞2 cm,侵入鞍旁海绵窦),如何行扩大入路尽可能切除肿瘤引起广泛的讨论.     

伴甲介型、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤经蝶入路手术治疗研究

目的 探讨伴甲介型、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤经蝶人路手术治疗的方法及特点.方法回顾性分析中山大学附属三院神经外科自2004年6月至2009年6月收治的32例经蝶入路手术治疗的伴甲介型、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料,其中伴甲介型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤5例,伴鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤27例.根据术前CT多平面重建、CT仿真内镜及MRI影像资料,指导术中暴露鞍底,切除肿瘤.结果 未使用定位设备的情况下,术中均能顺利暴露鞍底,切除肿瘤,平均手术时间86min.术后3 d内MRI复查示肿瘤全切除25例,次全切除6例,大部分切除1例.结论 对于伴甲介型、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤经蝶入路手术治疗,通过术前详细的影像学检查、术中磨钻及显微镜或内镜的使用,术中能准确辨认及充分暴露鞍底、切除肿瘤.     

翼点入路显微切除侵袭型垂体腺瘤

目的 总结经颅翼点人路显微切除侵袭型垂体腺瘤的经验，争取尽可能对肿瘤全切，减少并发症。方法 2000年至2004年采用Yasargil翼点入路在显微镜下切除侵袭型垂体腺瘤57例，全部属于Hardy分级Ⅲ级以上的侵袭型垂体腺瘤，术中注意充分利用鞍区周围的各个自然解剖间隙，应用良好的显微技术切除向各个方向侵袭生长的肿瘤。结果 全组病例无死亡，无与手术相关的新的神经功能障碍，获得显微镜下全切49例，占86％，次全切8例。结论 侵袭型垂体腺瘤的显微手术在绝大多数情况下可以经翼点入路完成，熟练掌握规范的手术入路和局部显微解剖以及良好的显微外科技巧是保证手术疗效的根本。     

经纵裂蝶窦入路显微外科切除巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的 研究巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤的手术入路,探讨肿瘤全切除的方法,以及术后并发症的防治。方法 采用改良冠状开颅,经大脑纵裂、蝶窦入路。结果：施术３０例,肿瘤显微镜下全切除２２例,全切除率达７３％。２７例随访２～３年,２３例恢复正常工作,肿瘤无复发。结论：该手术入路充分显露蝶鞍、蝶窦、鞍旁及鞍后,是切除巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤的较理想方法。     

经蝶入路显微切除大和巨大型垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨大和巨大型垂体腺瘤较理想的手术治疗原则。方法 所有病例采用经唇下蝶窦入路显微镜下肿瘤切除术。结果 30例肿瘤手术全切除26例,4例肿瘤因侵袭入鞍膈上和/或海绵窦内而行大部分切除,其中1例经额术后再二期经鼻蝶入路显微切除鞍内和蝶窦内肿瘤。结论 多数大和巨大垂体腺瘤可选择经鼻蝶入路全切。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶治疗伴甲介型蝶窦垂体腺瘤

目的探讨伴甲介型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析12例甲介型蝶窦垂体腺瘤病人的临床资料。术前行CT多平面重建,术中应用神经内镜经鼻蝶入路结合磨钻暴露鞍底,切除垂体腺瘤。结果未使用定位设备的情况下,术中均能顺利暴露鞍底,切除肿瘤。术后MRJ复查示肿瘤全切除10例,次全切除2例,无严重并发症发生。随访6—12个月,病人恢复良好。结论经鼻蝶人路手术治疗甲介型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤,通过术前详细的影像学检查、术中神经内镜结合磨钻的使用,均能准确辨认及暴露鞍底、切除肿瘤,是一种创伤小、治疗效果良好的微侵袭神经外科手术方法。     

多模态技术辅助神经内镜下切除复发侵袭性垂体大腺瘤

目的探讨应用神经导航血管融合重建和神经电生理监测等技术,在神经内镜下经鼻扩大入路切除复发垂体侵袭性大腺瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析9例复发侵袭性垂体大腺瘤病例资料。术前行鞍区薄层CT、垂体MRI与MRA或CTA融合重建图像,并均行多模态技术辅助下内镜经蝶入路手术。结果肿瘤全切除6例,次全切除3例。术后短暂脑脊液鼻漏3例,尿崩4例,均对症治疗后缓解。无颅内感染、出血及手术死亡。随访1～40个月,平均15个月,肿瘤无复发。结论术前详尽影像评估联合神经导航技术,对术中确定鞍底开窗范围,辨认颈内动脉位置,评估病人前后交通动脉开放情况及预判肿瘤切除程度有重要意义。多模态技术导引下,内镜手术可更彻底切除复发的侵袭性垂体大腺瘤,并且更好保护颈内动脉、海绵窦、鞍区周围脑神经及垂体相关结构。     

巨大侵袭型垂体腺瘤经颅切除的显微手术策略和并发症防治

目的探讨巨大侵袭型垂体腺瘤经颅切除的显微手术策略和并发症防治。方法对46例巨大侵袭型垂体腺瘤患者,根据术前影像学资料选用不同的手术入路,术中经鞍区不同解剖腔隙显微镜下先行瘤内切除肿瘤,再分离视神经,注意保护鞍区的微血管。结果肿瘤全切除34例,次全切除12例。16例出现尿崩;10例出现下丘脑功能损伤表现;术中视神经均解剖保留,视力好转24例,无改善9例,加重10例。结论选择合理的手术入路是巨大垂体腺瘤手术成功的前提,熟练掌握鞍区的微血管解剖,娴熟的显微手术技术是避免术后并发症的关键。     

经眶额蝶联合入路显微手术切除大型,巨大型垂体腺瘤

目的：介绍一种新联合入路及其在４１例大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤显微手术的运用经验，并与经蝶入路、经颅入路及经额下—蝶窦入路进行比较。方法：作一个眶额骨瓣，于鞍结节处将经额入路（于额叶下方经鞍膈）及经蝶入路（经蝶骨平板及蝶窦前壁）联成一体。结果：全切２５例（６１％），１例术后死亡（２．４％）。结论：此入路适用于巨大型垂体腺瘤切除术。     

经蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术概况

垂体腺瘤是鞍区常见肿瘤。其外科治疗包括经蝶(窦)及经颅(腔)两种手术方式。经蝶入路一般适于鞍内限局性垂体腺瘤的切除。在垂体腺瘤早期甚至或超早期诊断水平大大提高因而其微小腺瘤检出率明显上升的今天,经蝶术式的应用日趋广泛,其适应证并有向鞍上侵袭性垂体腺瘤扩大的趋势。本文对经蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的概况作简要综述。     

肢端肥大症型垂体腺瘤MRI特点及其与血清GH水平、肿瘤GH表达水平的关系分析

目的探讨肢端肥大症型垂体腺瘤MRI特点及其与血清生长激素（GH）水平、肿瘤GH表达水平之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2008年1月~2013年6月采用经鼻蝶入路显微手术切除的84例肢端肥大症型垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料。结果 MRI显示肿瘤可突破鞍膈向鞍上生长、突破鞍底向蝶窦内生长,鞍下侵犯指数[（2.35±0.69）cm]明显高于鞍上侵犯指数[（0.66±0.25）cm;P〈0.01]。术前血清GH水平与瘤体大小、肿瘤GH表达水平之间无明显相关性（P〉0.05）。结论肢端肥大症型垂体腺瘤有明显的向蝶窦内优先侵犯生长的趋势;其术前血清GH水平、肿瘤GH表达水平及瘤体大小之间无明显相关性。     

Surgical outcome of the endoscopic endonasal approach for non-functioning giant pituitary adenoma

Pituitary adenomas with extensive suprasellar extension are a therapeutic challenge. The efficacy and safety of the endoscopic endonasal approach for non-functioning giant pituitary adenoma was evaluated retrospectively. A total of 43 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas with a suprasellar extension of >20 mm underwent tumor resection with a purely endoscopic endonasal approach, and their surgical outcomes were analyzed. At surgery, irrespective of the size and shape of the adenoma, every effort was made to perform intracapsular resection under direct visual control using an angled-lens endoscope. Gross total removal was achieved in 20 out of 43 patients. Postoperatively, 42 patients showed varying improvement of both visual field defects and impaired visual acuity. In two patients who presented with gait disturbance and cognitive dysfunction due to obstructive hydrocephalus, these symptoms were completely resolved. There were no serious operative complications. The results indicate that intracapsular resection via the endoscopic approach can be a safe and effective treatment for giant pituitary adenomas.     

Arachnoid Remodeling by Clipping Technique Facilitates Surgical Maneuverability during Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenoma

ObjectivePituitary adenomas frequently extend into the suprasellar space. After a suprasellar tumor is removed, the superiorly extended arachnoid becomes redundant and sinks down into the intrasellar space which often hiders visualization and accessibility to the hidden space behind the evaginated arachnoid. We introduced arachnoid remodeling by clipping technique, and evaluated its usefulness and safety during TSS. MethodsTotal 223 patients who underwent arachnoid remodeling with our new clipping technique were included. Redundant arachnoid was clipped along the dural edge with multiple 2.6-mm titanium clips until the redundant arachnoid membrane no longer blocked the surgical route. To check for possible deterioration of hormonal function by this technique, we assessed anterior pituitary function of 166 patients who underwent arachnoid remodeling by clipping and compared this with those of other 429 control patients. ResultsOur technique greatly enhanced the accessibility and visualization of intrasellar and parasellar spaces, both of which are generally hindered by redundant arachnoid during transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). We found no difference in anterior pituitary function between a clip-assisted arachnoid remodeling group and the control group, implying that this technique does not result in hypopituitarism. ConclusionDuring TSS for pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension, arachnoid remodeling by clipping technique is very useful and convenient for the management of the redundant arachnoid membrane to enhance visualization and surgical accessibility.     

A rare case of pituitary adenoma with calcification: a case report

Though craniopharyngioma remains the most common sellar suprasellar tumor with calcification, it can be seen very rarely in pituitary adenomas and Rathke's cleft cysts. Appreciation of the pattern of calcification in a sellar suprasellar lesion can give a clue to the nature of the lesion. The authors describe a 53-yearold male with a cystic sellar suprasellar lesion and curvilinear calcification that was managed by successful transsphenoidal surgery. The present case highlights the occurrence of calcification in a pituitary adenoma and the importance of recognizing the calcification pattern for pre-operative diagnosis of sellar suprasellar lesions that can help plan the surgical strategy and management.     

120例垂体生长激素腺瘤及多激素腺瘤的临床和病理学特点分析

目的分析120例垂体生长激素（GH）腺瘤及多激素腺瘤患者的临床及病理学特征。方法回顾性分析120例免疫组化证实的垂体GH腺瘤及多激素腺瘤患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、生化改变、病理分型及侵袭性等。结果垂体腺瘤的好发年龄为20~50岁,男女发病比约为1：2,主要的临床表现为肢端肥大、头痛头晕、视力下降、视野缺损,女性患者表现有闭经、泌乳或月经紊乱。本组各种类型的垂体腺瘤的侵袭性比例：GH（＋）腺瘤为59.57%（28/47）、GH（＋）及PRL（＋）二种激素混合性瘤为35.48%（11/31）、GH（＋）和ACTH（＋）为33.33%（1/3）、GH（＋）和TSH（＋）为0（0/4）、GH（＋）和LH（＋）为33.33%（1/3）,以及GH（＋）及其它二种以上激素（＋）的多激素腺瘤34.38%（11/32）。单纯GH垂体腺瘤的侵袭性明显高于GH（＋）伴其它激素（＋）的垂体腺瘤的侵袭性（P0.05）。结论本组病例女性多于男性,单纯GH垂体腺瘤侵袭性明显高于其他类型的垂体腺瘤;病理免疫组化提示GH腺瘤除GH（＋）外,常常伴随其他激素（＋）。     

生长激素(GH)水平在垂体GH腺瘤缓解及预后判断中的意义

目的 探讨生长激素(GH)水平的测定在垂体GH腺瘤手术缓解及预后判断中的意义.方法 回顾性分析91例经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术的GH腺瘤的病例.分别测定术前、术后1d及1 w空腹垂体激素水平.结果 手术缓解率为67.0％,微腺瘤与大腺瘤缓解率(P＜0.001)、侵袭性与非侵袭性腺瘤缓解率(P＜0.001)、术前各浓度的术后缓解率(P＜0.05)、术中GH下降大于50％组与GH下降不足30％组缓解率(P＜0.01)均有明显差异.鞍内局限组与鞍外扩展组缓解率无明显差异(P＞0.05).术后1d、1 w、1个月激素缓解率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 术前、术后早期(术后1w、1个月)GH水平和术中GH下降程度对预后有重要预测价值;手术疗效与肿瘤大小、是否侵袭性生长和术前激素水平显著相关.     

垂体腺瘤中血管形成与肿瘤大小的相关性研究

目的探讨垂体腺瘤中微血管密度（MVD）与肿瘤大小的关系。方法通过检测血管内皮标记因子CD31、CD34及Ⅷ因子,比较正常垂体（7例）和垂体腺瘤（63例）组织中的MVD差异。结果正常垂体MVD较垂体腺瘤高（P〈0.05）。与PRL微腺瘤和ACTH腺瘤比较,PRL大腺瘤中含有较多微血管（P〈0.01）。与正常垂体和其他类型垂体腺瘤比较,ACTH腺瘤MVD较低。结论垂体腺瘤大小与血管密度具有相关性,肿瘤大小可能会影响与血管形成相关的内源性抑制信息的表达、肿瘤血管形成的表型和肿瘤的生物学行为。     

The empty sella and pituitary adenomas

In 44 consecutive patients with sellar volume larger than 1100 mm³, computer tomography showed that 20 had an empty or partly empty sella. None had radiological evidence of a suprasellar tumor. 10 of the 20 patients had experienced episodes with acute neurological symptoms presumably reflecting a pituitary apoplexy. It is suggested that an unknown proportion of intrasellar adenomas may disappear as a result of an infarction, which may comprise the entire adenoma or part of it - leaving an empty or partly empty sella as diagnosed by computer tomography. Air encephalography will demonstrate the empty sella only if the diaphragmatic aperture is large enough to allow cisternal herniation. The infarction may present clinically with no, slight or severe acute neurological symptoms. Late consequences of a pituitary adenoma infarction may be rhinorrhea or hydrocephalus.     

Clinicopathological correlation in pituitary gland metastasis presenting as anterior visual pathway compression

Pituitary gland metastases, albeit rare, remain an important differential in sellar and suprasellar tumours. Clinical and radiological features of pituitary metastases may be indistinguishable from benign suprasellar lesions such as a pituitary adenoma. Histopathology with immunohistochemical assay remains the key to the diagnosis of pituitary metastasis. We describe four patients with sellar lesions presenting with anterior visual pathway compression initially diagnosed as pituitary adenomas who on immunohistochemistry were found to have metastases to the pituitary. Classification of the cell histology determined the primary site of origin in some patients. This series demonstrates the importance of combining histopathology and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of suprasellar lesions.