没食子酸通过拮抗脂多糖诱导的TLR4/NF-κB活化抑制RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应

目的观察没食子酸对脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞Toll样受体4/核因子κB(TLR4/NF-κB)通路的影响。方法将巨噬细胞分为空白对照组、LPS组、LPS联合没食子酸组、LPS联合NF-κB抑制剂吡咯二硫代甲酸(PDTC)组和LPS联合地塞米松(DM)组。处理后的细胞培养24 h,ELISA检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1(IL-1)、IL-6水平,实时定量PCR检测TLR4、NF-κB mNRA水平,Western blot法检测p65、p-p65、TLR4、磷酸化的NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)的蛋白表达水平。结果 LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞后TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6水平升高,没食子酸可降低LPS诱导引起的TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6表达水平升高。LPS刺激后TLR4 mRNA及蛋白表达增加,NF-κB活化,没食子酸可拮抗以上作用,阻止NF-κB活化。结论没食子酸可通过TLR4/NF-κB通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应。     

三百棒通过调控TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞极化的影响

目的：探讨三百棒醇提物(TAAE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠单核-巨噬细胞RAW264.7极化趋向以及其对炎症反应的影响。方法：用LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞建立炎症模型。CCK-8法检测细胞活力;ELISA检测细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10)的水平;Griess法检测细胞培养上清液中一氧化氮(NO)的分泌情况;荧光染色双标法观察巨噬细胞的极化状态;免疫荧光染色检测NF-κB定位及表达;Transwell检测TAAE对RAW264.7细胞迁移和趋化性的影响;RT-qPCR检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、Arg-1、NF-κB和TLR4的mRNA水平;Western blot检测iNOS、COX-2、TLR4、NF-κB、p-NF-κB、IκBα和p-IκBα蛋白水平。使用TLR4通路抑制剂TAK-242进一步验证TAAE对TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响。结果：与模型组相比较,TAAE降低LPS诱导的炎症模型RAW264.7细胞中M1型促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6)及NO水平,促使M2型抑炎因子(IL-10和Arg-1)分泌...     

Fasudil通过TLR4通路抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠BV-2小胶质细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的表达

目的探讨Fasudil对脂多糖(LPS)诱导BV-2小胶质细胞系促炎细胞因子表达中的作用。方法体外培养BV-2小胶质细胞系,实验分为PBS对照组、LPS刺激组、LPS联合Fasudil干预组,ELISA检测细胞TNF-α、IL-1β的释放,Griess法检测NO释放水平,流式细胞术检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)、TLR2蛋白表达。结果 LPS刺激BV-2细胞可导致TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的释放明显增加,还可导致炎性信号通路中的受体TLR4表达明显增加。Fasudil能明显抑制炎性因子的释放和TLR4的表达。结论 Fasudil可抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞NO、TNF-α和IL-1β释放,其作用机制可能与Fasudil下调TLR4通路有关。     

姜黄素抑制肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B真菌产生炎症细胞因子的作用

目的探讨姜黄素(Cur)抑制肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B真菌产生炎症细胞因子的作用。方法黄曲霉菌(AFT)感染肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B后,用不同浓度的姜黄素(10μmol/L、25μmol/L、50μmol/L)进行抗炎抑制作用。采用ELISA法检测细胞上清液中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-Iβ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TLR4和NF-κB的表达水平;采用Western blot和Real-time PCR检测重组高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1,HMGB1)、TLR4和NF-κB蛋白和m RNA表达。结果随着姜黄素剂量的升高,细胞上清液中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-Iβ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TLR4和NF-κB的表达显著降低(P0.05);HMGB1、TLR4和NF-κB蛋白和m RNA表达明显降低(P0.05)。结论姜黄素调节TLR4/NF-κB信号通路来产生抗炎作用,可以抑制真菌刺激肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B产生炎症细胞因子。     

法舒地尔(Fasudil)抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠星形胶质细胞活化和炎性反应及其机制

目的探讨法舒地尔(Fasudil)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的星形胶质细胞活化和炎症反应及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的影响。方法体外培养新生C57BL/6小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞,细胞分为PBS对照组、1μg/m L LPS刺激组、1μg/m L LPS联合15μg/m L盐酸法舒地尔处理组,Griess法检测培养细胞上清液一氧化氮(NO)的水平,ELISA检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-10和IL-4的水平,免疫荧光细胞化学染色检测星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及TLR4的表达,Western blot法检测GFAP、TLR4和磷酸化的NF-κBp65(p-NF-κBp65)蛋白水平。结果与PBS组比较,LPS组NO、TNF-α和IL-6水平显著升高,IL-10和IL-4水平降低;法舒地尔能抑制LPS诱导的NO、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,增加IL-10和IL-4的分泌。法舒地尔处理组星形胶质细胞GFAP表达显著降低,同时TLR4和NF-κB蛋白的水平也降低。结论法舒地尔阻断TLR4/NF-κB信号通路抑制LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞活化及炎性反应。     

青蒿琥酯对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中TLR4介导的炎症通路的抑制作用

目的观察青蒿琥酯(artesunate,AS)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激小鼠RAW264.7细胞Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)介导炎症通路活化的影响,以探讨AS的抗炎作用机制。方法采用免疫荧光观察胞内TLR4表达和分布;免疫印迹检测TLR4及下游炎症通路关键分子的表达和活化;酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IL-6浓度。结果 AS对LPS诱导的TLR4表达及其在细胞中的聚集均有抑制作用;AS同时抑制TLR4衔接蛋白髓分化因子88和含TIR结构域干扰素诱导衔接蛋白表达,也抑制依赖于二者活化的肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6表达;对下游MAPK通路,AS抑制p38表达和磷酸化、JNK磷酸化,但对ERK1/2无显著影响;对下游NF-κB通路,AS下调抑制性-κBα(inhibitory-κBα,IκBα)的磷酸化,进而减少NF-κB亚基p50和p65活化入核的数量;最后,AS能够抑制LPS诱导的TNF-α和IL-6释放。结论 AS通过抑制LPS诱导的TLR4通路活化,减少致炎细胞因子的释放,从而发挥其抗炎作用。     

过表达SIRT1抑制脂多糖诱导的胰岛β细胞炎症因子表达及NF-κB信号通路激活

目的研究沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的胰岛β细胞炎症因子表达及核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路激活的影响。方法用LPS处理胰岛β细胞,qRT-PCR和Western blot测定细胞中SIRT1表达变化。用pcDNA3.1-SIRT1慢病毒感染胰岛β细胞,qRT-PCR检测细胞中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)mRNA和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA表达水平,流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡变化,Western blot检测细胞中Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、活化型Caspase-3(cleaved Caspase-3)、核因子-κBp65亚型(NF-κBp65)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)蛋白表达水平。结果 LPS处理后的胰岛β细胞中SIRT1表达水平降低。pcDNA3.1-SIRT1慢病毒感染可以提高LPS条件下胰岛β细胞中SIRT1表达水平。LPS处理后的胰岛β细胞中IL-6 mRNA和TNF-αmRNA表达水平升高,凋亡率升高,细胞中Bax、Cleaved Caspase-3、NF-κBp65、TLR4蛋白表达升高。过表达SIRT1可以降低LPS条件下胰岛β细胞中IL-6 mRNA和TNF-αmRNA表达水平,抑制细胞凋亡,减少细胞中Bax、cleaved Caspase-3、NF-κBp65、TLR4蛋白表达。结论 SIRT1减少LPS诱导的胰岛β细胞炎症因子表达并下调细胞中NF-κB信号激活水平。     

LXR-ABCA1/ABCG1通路对BCG感染的巨噬细胞凋亡和炎性反应的调控作用

目的 揭示LXR-ABCA1/ABCG1通路对BCG感染后巨噬细胞凋亡和炎性反应的调控作用。方法 采用T0901317预处理RAW264.7巨噬细胞2 h和BCG感染24 h,设置4个实验组：对照组、T0901317组、BCG感染组和T0901317+BCG感染组。采用Western blot方法检测凋亡相关蛋白cleaved-Caspase3、cleaved-Caspase8、cleaved-Caspase9和TLR信号通路相关蛋白TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65、IRF3、TBK1的表达,采用ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清中促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的含量。结果 与对照组比较,BCG感染组凋亡相关蛋白cleaved-Caspase3、cleaved-Caspase8、cleaved-Caspase9及依赖MyD88途径蛋白TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、p-NF-κBp65的表达均上调（P<0.01）,促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β表达水平上升（P<0.01）;与BCG感染组相比,T09013...     

脂多糖通过NF-κB途径调节大鼠星形胶质细胞Toll样受体表达

目的 研究脂多糖（LPS）对大鼠星形胶质细胞Toll样受体表达的影响及其机制。方法 在原代培养的第3代星形胶质细胞中加入不同浓度的LPS作用24h,通过免疫荧光、western blot观察星形胶质细胞 Toll样受体的表达和NF-κB p65的表达,同时研究NF-κB通路抑制剂对其的影响。结果 在正常状况下,星形胶质细胞胞浆和胞膜表达大量的TLR3受体,很少的TLR4受体。在LPS的刺激下,星形胶质细胞的TLR3表达保持不变,TLR4受体的表达随予以LPS的量增加而增高。LPS可刺激星形胶质细胞NF-κB的表达升高,抑制NF-κB通路活化抑制TLR4受体的上调。 结论 星形胶质细胞Toll样受体的表达是不同源的,TLR4受体随环境的变化而改变,其分子机制可能与NF-κB信号途径有关。     

莫西沙星对脂多糖诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎性反应的影响

目的探讨莫西沙星(MXF)能否调节脂多糖(LPS)诱导的体外巨噬细胞的炎性反应。方法 Real-time PCR和Western blot检测巨噬细胞TLR4、SPHK1、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白的表达。ELISA检测各组细胞上清液TNF-α和IL-1的分泌。结果低及中等浓度(8,16 mg/L)的MXF可抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TLR4、SPHK1和NF-κB p65 mRNA及蛋白的表达,TNF-α和IL-1分泌量的升高,而高浓度(64 mg/L)则起促进炎性反应的作用。结论低中浓度MXF可抑制LPS诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的炎性反应,而高浓度则相反。     

天抗(TK)对脂多糖诱导小鼠炎症模型的抗炎作用及其机制

目的研究天抗(TK)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠炎症模型的抗炎作用及机制研究。方法将42只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组、模型对照(LPS)组、地塞米松(DXM)组、天抗低(TK-L)、中(TK-M)和高(TK-H)剂量组(0.2,0.8和3.2 g/kg)。各组分别灌胃给药7 d后,腹腔注射30 mg/kg的LPS诱导小鼠急性炎性模型,6 h后处死小鼠,检测小鼠脾脏指数,ELISA测定小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平;生化法检测小鼠血清中SOD和MDA的表达;qRT-PCR检测小鼠脾脏TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、p65、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-αmRNA的表达水平;Western blot检测小鼠脾脏TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、p-p65和p65蛋白表达水平。结果与LPS组相比,TK组小鼠的脾脏指数明显降低,血清和脾脏组织中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和MDA水平显著下降,SOD水平明显升高,小鼠脾脏组织的TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和p-p65等蛋白及mRNA表达水平均明显降低。结论天抗对LPS诱导的小鼠急性炎症模型具有抗炎作用,其作用机制可能是通过TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB(p-65)信号通路抑制炎症因子的释放。     

黄芪总皂苷对脂多糖诱导的BV2小胶质细胞的抗炎机制

目的:探讨黄芪总皂苷(TAS)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎症损伤的抗炎作用机制.方法:用CCK-8法筛选出对细胞活力无抑制的药物浓度;用浓度为1 mg/L的LPS刺激BV2细胞24 h,建立细胞炎症模型;实验分为正常组、LPS组、高剂量(75 mg/L)TAS组和低剂量(50 mg/L)TAS组;应用流式...     

GEF-H1-RhoA signaling pathway mediates LPS-induced NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis in endothelial cells

Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by LPS activated endothelial cells contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of sepsis. However, the mechanism involved in this process is not well understood. In the present study, we determined the roles of GEF-H1 (guanine-nucleotide exchange factor-H1)-RhoA signaling in LPS-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) production in endothelial cells. First, we observed that GEF-H1 expression was upregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner as consistent with TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) expression after LPS stimulation. Afterwards, Clostridium difficile toxin B-10463 (TcdB-10463), an inhibitor of Rho activities, reduced LPS-induced NF-κB phosphorylation. Inhibition of GEF-H1 and RhoA expression reduced LPS-induced NF-κB and p38 phosphorylation. TLR4 knockout blocked LPS-induced activity of RhoA, however, MyD88 knockout did not impair the LPS-induced activity of RhoA. Nevertheless, TLR4 and MyD88 knockout both significantly inhibited transactivation of NF-κB. GEF-H1-RhoA and MyD88 both induced significant changes in NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis. Co-inhibition of GEF-H1-RhoA and p38 expression produced similar inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis as inhibition of p38 expression alone, thus confirming that activation of p38 was essential for the GEF-H1-RhoA signaling pathway to induce NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LPS-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8 synthesis in endothelial cells are regulated by the MyD88 pathway and GEF-H1-RhoA pathway.     

Potential autocrine regulation of interleukin-33/ST2 signaling of dendritic cells in allergic inflammation

This study identified a novel phenomenon that dendritic cells (DCs) produced interleukin (IL)-33 via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate pathway. Mouse bone marrow–derived DCs were treated with or without microbial pathogens or recombinant murine IL-33. IL-33 mRNA and protein were found to be expressed by DCs and largely induced by several microbial pathogens, highly by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin. Using two mouse models of topical challenge by LPS and flagellin and experimental allergic conjunctivitis, IL-33-producing DCs were observed in ocular mucosal surface and the draining cervical lymph nodes in vivo. The increased expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor (NF)-κB1, NF-κB2, and RelA accompanied by NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation were observed in DCs exposed to flagellin. IL-33 induction by flagellin was significantly blocked by TLR5 antibody or NF-κB inhibitor quinazoline and diminished in DCs from MyD88 knockout mice. IL-33 stimulated the expression of DC maturation markers, CD40 and CD80, and proallergic cytokines and chemokines, OX40L, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, CCL17 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 17), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IL-1β. This stimulatory effect of IL-33 in DCs was significantly blocked by ST2 antibody or soluble ST2. Our findings demonstrate that DCs produce IL-33 via TLR/NF-κB signaling pathways, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which local allergic inflammatory response may be amplified by DC-produced IL-33 through potential autocrine regulation.     

Toll样受体4信号转导研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll-like-receptors,TLRs）是一个主要分布于炎症细胞的识别病源分子的受体超家族,其中TLR4主要识别革兰阴性细菌细胞壁成分脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）。LPS与TLR4结合后活化髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)依赖性和非依赖性两条信号途径;前者活化丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）和核因子-κB（nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB）信号通路,后者活化NF-κB和干扰素调节因子-3(IFN-regulated factor-3,IRF3)信号通路。通过这些信号途径TLR4诱导炎症细胞释放炎症因子介导炎症反应;同时TLR4通过活化树突状细胞促进抗原递呈,介导先天性免疫向获得性免疫的转化。此外,TLR4能诱导磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶-蛋白激酶B（PI3K-AKT）的信号转导,LPS介导的细胞存活和增殖与TLR4活化 PI3K-AKT途径有关。     

Effect of chlorogenic acid on LPS-induced proinflammatory signaling in hepatic stellate cells

Objective and design

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory signaling in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).

Methods

An immortalized rat HSC line was cultured in vitro and treated with LPS in the absence or presence of CGA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the HSCs was monitored by flow cytometer using DCFH-DA. The protein expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and p-IκB-α were determined by Western blot. The mRNA expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were detected by RT-PCR. The levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 in the culture supernatant of HSCs were measured by ELISA.

Results

CGA had no effect on expression of TLR4 and MyD88. However, the treatment of CGA can inhibit LPS-induced production of ROS in HSCs. Meanwhile, CGA can inhibit LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and IκB-α phosphorylation in HSCs, as well as NAC (a ROS scavenger). The mRNA expression and the levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 in the culture supernatant of the HSCs in this study were elevated by LPS stimulation and inhibited by CGA treatment, as well as NAC and PDTC (a NF-κB inhibitor).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that CGA can efficiently inhibit LPS-induced proinflammatory responses in HSCs and the anti-inflammatory effect may be due to the inhibition of LPS/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway.     

Resveratrol protects BV2 mouse microglial cells against LPS-induced inflammatory injury by altering the miR-146a-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB axis

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the role of miR-146a-5p in the effects of resveratrol (RSV) on inflammatory response in BV2 mouse microglial cells.

Materials and methods: BV2 cells were pretreated by RSV and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell Viability was checked using a MTT assay. Real-Time PCR was performed to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosisfactor-α－TNF-α, interleukin-1β－IL-1β and interleukin-6 － IL-6) and miR-146a-5p expression. Western blot was used to analyze the protein expression of TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (pNF-κB). Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analysis of miR-146a-5p was performed using transfection of miR-146a-5p mimic and miR-146a-5p inhibitor, respectively.

Results: Pretreatment with RSV significantly and dose dependently inhibited LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in BV2 cells. MiR-146a-5p was significantly upregulated after LPS treatment, and further increased in RSV and LPS-co-treated cells. MiR-146a-5p overexpression via miR-146a-5p mimic transfection downregulated the mRNA level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as abrogated the protein expression of TRAF6 and pNF-κB in BV2 cells exposed to LPS. More importantly, the reducion of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 level by RSV were reversed by miR-146a-5p silence via miR-146a-5p inhibitor transfection. Furthermore, silencing miR-146a-5p attenuated the inhibitory effect of RSV on the TRAF6/NF-κB pathway which was activated after induction with LPS. Conclusions: RSV can suppress LPS-induced inflammatory injury via modulating the miR-146a-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB axis in BV2 mouse microglial cells.     

TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1 Complex-Mediated NF-κB Activation Contribute to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of V8 in LPS-Induced Human Cervical Cancer SiHa Cells

The synthetic compound 7-4-[Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-butoxy-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one (V8) is a novel flavonoid-derived compound. In this study, we investigated the effects of V8 on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory reaction in human cervical cancer SiHa cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 activity in cervical cancer SiHa (HPV16+) cells, but not in HeLa (HPV18+) and C33A (HPV?) cells. In addition, V8 inhibited LPS-induced expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and phosphorylation of TAK1, and their interaction with TLR4 in SiHa cells, resulting in an inhibition of TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1 complex. Moreover, V8 blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB and IKK, resulting in inhibition of the nuclear translocation of P65-NF-κB in SiHa cells. We also found that V8 reduced the expression of NF-κB target genes, such as those for COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated SiHa cells. These results suggested that V8 exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on SiHa cells by inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1 complex-mediated NF-κB activation.     

MD-2 regulates LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1beta secretion by a MyD88/NF-κB-dependent pathway in alveolar macrophages cell line

Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) is required in the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and participates in LPS-induced alveolar macrophage (AM) inflammation during acute lung injury (ALI). Activation of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome aggravates inflammation in LPS-induced ALI. However, there is currently little known about the relationship between MD-2 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome. This study showed that NLRP3 expression, IL-1beta (IL-1β) secretion, and pyroptosis were up-regulated after LPS stimulation in the NR8383 AM cell-line. MD-2 gene knock-down reduced LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β secretion in NR8383 cells, and inhibited the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conversely, over-expression of MD-2 not only heightened NLRP3, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 protein expression, it also aggravated the LPS-induced inflammatory response. Furthermore, the NF-κB inhibitor SN50 had a beneficial role in decreasing NLRP3 and caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression. The observations suggest that MD-2 helps to regulate LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the inflammatory response in NR8383 cells, and likely does so by affecting MyD88/NF-κB signaling.