肝肾联合移植的临床体会（附10例分析）

目的总结肝肾联合移植的治疗体会。方法收集接受肝肾联合移植的10例患者的临床资料,对其手术时间、供肝和供肾热缺血时间、术中出血量、术后并发症,受者和移植物功能等情况进行总结分析。结果 10例患者的原发病分别为乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）后肝硬化5例,其中合并药物性肾衰竭1例、移植肾失功1例、肝肾综合征3例;原发性肝细胞癌合并肾衰竭2例;酒精性肝硬化合并尿毒症1例;先天性多囊肝和多囊肾（polycystic liver and kidney disease,PCLKD）1例;肝移植术后缺血性胆管狭窄并肾衰竭1例。肝移植采用改良背驮术式,肾移植采用常规移植方法,将移植肾置于左髂窝或右髂窝。手术均获成功,肝移植手术时间（444±175）min,肾移植手术时间（184±36）min;移植肝和移植肾热缺血时间为8min以内;术中出血量（3367±1726）ml。术前严重感染的5例,术后1周内死于多器官功能衰竭。存活的5例患者中,其中1例患者术后反复肺部感染,给予呼吸机辅助支持治疗、积极抗感染后治愈,其余4例患者无明显并发症。5例患者均存活,生存12~32个月,受者和移植物功能良好。结论肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝、肾功能同时受损的有效的不可替代的治疗手段。选择合适病例,把握适当的手术时机,术中控制手术时间、热缺血时间和出血量,术后积极处理并发症是获得良好疗效的关键。     

132例肾实质性高血压中医证型及与肾脏病理损害等相关因素分析

目的：对肾实质性高血压的中医证型分布规律及与肾脏病理和主要预后指标的相互关系进行分析,为中西医结合诊治本病提供依据。方法：采用现场调查的方法,收集了132例具有肾脏病理活检的肾实质性高血压患者的中医证候学及实验室检查资料,分析肾实质性高血压病的中医证型分布及与肾脏病理、慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）分级、高血压分级等的相关性。结果：在132例肾实质性高血压患者中,中医辨证分型以虚证最多,共105例（79.54%）,分别为脾肾两虚40例（38.09%）,肾气阴两虚38例（36.19%）,肝肾阴虚27例（25.71%）。其中虚中夹实者59例（56.2%）;纯实证者仅27例（20.45%）,主要包括水湿内停、肝阳上亢、湿浊内蕴。肾脏病理,IgA肾病中多见肝肾阴虚、水湿内停和肝阳上亢型,膜性肾病则多见于肝阳上亢和肾气阴两虚型,肥胖相关性肾小球病以湿浊内停型最多见。CKD分级与3种虚证关系密切;高血压3级以肝肾阴虚型最多见,高血压2级以肝阳上亢型多见,而高血压1级则多见于湿浊内蕴和水湿内停型。中医证型与患者性别、年龄、高血压病程、24 h尿蛋白定量无明显相关性。结论：脾肾两虚、肾气阴两虚、肝肾阴虚证是肾性高血压病的主要中医辨证分型,虚中夹实最多见;不同肾脏病理损害、肾功能分期及高血压分级均与不同中医证型有一定的相关性。     

复杂性脾切除102例回顾性分析

目的 总结复杂性脾切除的治疗经验。方法 对1998年1月至2008年1月中南大学湘雅医院收治的102例复杂性脾切除病例进行回顾性分析。结果 病人均痊愈出院,无手术死亡及胰漏和胃、结肠损伤。其中29例出现术后并发症：腹腔内出血4例;肺部并发症13例,其中8例左胸腔积液病人有7例合并左膈下脓肿;脾静脉栓塞性静脉炎6例;大量腹水6例。分别经再次手术或保守治疗后痊愈。结论 完善的术前评估,规范的手术操作,正确的脾周粘连的解剖分离及脾蒂的处理,是确保复杂性脾切除安全的关键。     

Primary pyomyositis in children: a retrospective analysis of 11 cases

This study was undertaken to review our approach to diagnosis and treatment in a series of 11 patients (mean age 8.2 years) with primary pyomyositis, who had neither an underlying disease nor a compromised immune system. Nine of the children had positive blood cultures, Staphylococcus aureus (eight) and Streptococcus group A (one). The sites of infection were iliopsoas (four), obturator (two), hip adductors (two), levator scapula (one), thoracolumbar paraspinal (one) and gastrocnemius (one) muscles. Antibiotic treatment was initially intravenous, followed by oral administration. Of five patients with evidence of abscess formation, three underwent percutaneous drainage, whereas two required open surgical drainage. The infection resolved completely without any sequela in 10 children. One patient who developed acute compartment syndrome showed late signs of osteonecrosis of the tibial shaft segment.     

Hypertension and segmental renal infarction in children: apropos of two cases

Segmental renal infarction (SRI) is a rare condition that causes renovascular hypertension (RVH), which accounts for 8–10% of all causes of pediatric hypertension. We report the clinical course of two children with idiopathic SRI who suffered severe arterial hypertension associated with hyponatremia. Hypertension was diagnosed during the study of hematuria in the first case and due to a hypertensive emergency in the second case. The etiology was found to be renovascular in both patients, involving the occlusion of small renal arteries and causing SRI. Our first patient was treated with partial nephrectomy, and the second patient was treated with antihypertensive medication given the impossibility of removing the infarcted renal area. The occlusion of small renal arteries is a rare disease of unknown origin in which the gold standard for diagnosis is selective renal arteriography. The definitive treatment is surgical segmentectomy. If segmentectomy is not feasible because of the localization of the infarcted area, as in our second patient, medical treatment is required. In view of the importance of RVH in children and the rareness of the particular etiology here reported (SRI), a review of the literature was done.     

经腹腹腔镜肾癌根治术(附70例报告)

目的探讨经腹途径腹腔镜肾癌根治切除术的技术要点及临床价值。方法采用经腹途径腹腔镜肾癌根治术,切开侧腹膜后,首先处理肾蒂血管,然后行肾癌根治术。结果70例手术全部成功,无中转开放手术,手术时间90～230min,平均130min。术中及术后均未输血。2例切口感染,4例皮下气肿。术后住院4～8d,平均6.2d。70例随访2～78个月,平均47个月,无肿瘤复发。结论经腹途径腹腔镜肾癌根治术具有创伤小,安全有效,恢复快等优点,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

Hypertension following renal transplantation in children

The files of 334 consecutive cadaver kidney (CK) and of 27 living related (LR) transplantations (T) in children and adolescents performed from 1973 to 1984 have been reviewed. Following cadaver transplantation, 52 patients (15%) never had hypertension (HT), 41 patients (12%) had only initial HT up to 6 months after transplantation and 18 other patients (5%) exhibited transient HT episodes while on high-dose steroid therapy. Finally, 209 patients (62%) had HT for periods longer than 6 months and 16 patients (5%) until death or graft failure within the first 3 months. Chronic graft rejection was the major cause of HT, but other factors either isolated or in association were also present. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) was diagnosed in 43 cases (13%) 2–17 months post-transplantation; 10 of these were operated upon (5 successfully) and 9 underwent transluminal angioplasty with a single success. Nine cases of RAS resolved spontaneously. HT was attributed to the host kidney in 10 cases (3%) and to recurrence of primary renal disease in 9 (3%). HT observed after CKT was sometimes severe and difficult to control. Acute complications from HT were recorded in 35 cases, with 6 deaths and 2 severe neurological sequelae. Among 25 LRT, 11 cases (40%) had no HT 13 (48%) had HT for longer than 6 months. In this group, no case of RAS was observed and only one complication (without sequelae) was noted. In conclusion, HT is a frequent and sometimes severe complication post-transplantation in children and adolescents.     

外科治疗门静脉高压症术后再出血70例分析

目的 探讨门静脉高压症术后再出血外科治疗手术方式的选择和疗效。方法 回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院普通外科1987年1月至2007年12月收治的70例门静脉高压症术后再出血的临床资料。 结果 急诊手术5例,择期手术65例。行肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉人工血管架桥术（MCS） 37例,断流术26例,肠系膜下静脉-下腔静脉分流术（IMCS）7例,手术死亡6例。随访52例,随访时间6个月至7年。死亡5例,其中2例死于原发性肝癌,1例死于肝衰竭、肝性脑病,2例死于上消化道再出血。 结论 对门静脉高压症术后再出血病人应首先采用积极的非手术治疗,控制出血后择期手术。积极非手术治疗无效者,应急诊手术治疗。MCS、断流术和IMCS是较理想的术式。     

Long-Term Prognosis in Malignant or Accelerated Hypertension

In 51 consecutive patients with malignant hypertension collectedfrom 1976 to 1981 we have analysed patient and kidney survivalat 5 years and at last follow-up. The patients were 41 men,10 women, mean age 53 years, with a stage III (63%) or stageIV (27%) fundi and a diastolic blood pressure (BP) > 130mmHg. The hypertension was primary in 26, renovascular in 17and secondary to bilateral nephropathy in eight. At 5-yearsfollow-up, the patient and kidney survival rates were respectively72.5% and 47%. At last follow-up, 18 patients had died (35%)and 18 additional patients require dialysis (renal death=70%).The principal causes of death related to terminal renal failureand/or dialysis. Initial involvement of heart (27%) and brain(35%) led to a few more deaths. Blood pressure control reducedconsequences for the heart and brain but not for the kidney.Patients at higher risk are those with serum creatinine greaterthan 200 µmol/l on admission.     

Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a review of 70 cases.

Among 70 children with extrahepatic portal hypertension, more than 350 episodes of bleeding occurred. Of the 32 children who were not operated upon, six (19%) died of bleeding. Twelve children in the nonoperated group are thriving and well, although six of them have rebled 1-2 times. The operated group of 38 children had a total of 43 procedures. Central splenorenal and cavomesenteric anastomosis prevented further bleeding in 10 of 12 cases in which follow-up is available. Operative mortality was 24%, the majority of which were in emergency procedures.     

Occupational risk factors for kidney cancer: a cohort study in Sweden

Although many studies have examined the associations between occupational exposures and kidney cancer, the evidence is not consistent. To examine the risk of occupational exposures on kidney cancer, we carried out a follow-up study on the economically active Swedish population, based on the latest update of the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for different occupational groups, adjusted for age, period, and socioeconomic status. The reference group was all the economically active population. An increased risk of renal parenchymal cancer was observed for miners and quarry workers, drivers, sales agents, transport workers, and public safety and protection workers among men, and launderers and dry cleaners among women. Significantly increased SIRs of renal pelvical cancer were also observed for the food manufacture workers among men, and journalists and shoe and leather industry workers among women. Male forestry workers, smelters, and metal foundry workers had increased risk for unspecified kidney cancer. Although smoking may explain some of these results, exposure to gasoline, diesel, their exposure products, some metal and chemicals in shoe and leather works, and dry-cleaning products may be associated with kidney cancer.     

Etiologies of Acute Renal Failure in a Sample of Hospitalized Jordanian Patients

Review of literature revealed no studies about the predominant causes and risk factors of acute renal failure in Jordan. This study identifies the most common causes of acute renal failure and the possible risk factors among hospitalized Jordanian population. A total of 111 patients were admitted to both King Abdullah University Hospital and Princess Basmah Teaching Hospital from December 2005 to April 2006 with a diagnosis of acute renal failure or developed acute renal failure in hospital during their stay. A written form was filled from the patients and their files. Results showed that 31.5% of patients were diabetic, 44.1% were hypertensive, and 40.5% had preexisting chronic renal failure. On admission, creatinine blood levels were high in 97 patients (87.4%), while at discharge, they were high in 61 patients (55%). Urgent dialysis was done for 20 patients (18%). In all, 95 patients (85.6%) were discharged home, and 16 patients (14.4%) died in hospital. Causes of acute renal failure included dehydration, diuretics, sepsis, contrast media, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, stones, and others. In conclusion, one-third of the causes of acute renal failure in this sample of hospitalized Jordanian patients were due to drugs, which makes this problem preventable. Mortality was affected by the age of patients and the duration of hospitalization.     

儿童睾丸扭转103例诊治分析

目的提高儿童睾丸扭转的诊治水平。方法回顾分析1993年1月-2008年1月总计103例14岁以下睾丸扭转患儿的诊治临床资料。砖果年龄1．5d～14岁（平均4．8岁）。睾丸扭转部位：左侧64例,右侧34例,双侧5例。9例（8．74％）患儿（扭转〈6h）行手法复位成功;手术探查94例（91．26％）,保留睾丸行睾丸固定术25例（21例扭转〈6h,3例扭转12～24h,1例扭转〉24h）。睾丸坏死切除69例。右侧睾丸扭转而左侧精索明显长者19例行对侧睾丸固定术。52例（50．49％）患儿病理报告为睾丸附睾缺血性坏死。38例（36．89％）患儿随访1～6年,未发现再发睾丸扭转,5例患侧睾丸萎缩。结论儿童睾丸扭转的早诊断、及时手术治疗是睾丸成活的关键。     

Procalcitonin for the early prediction of renal parenchymal involvement in children with UTI: preliminary results

In order to establish the most reliable marker for distinguishing urinary tract infections (UTI) with and without renal parenchymal involvement (RPI), we recorded the clinical features and admission leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum procalcitonin (PCT) in 57 children (including 43 girls) aged 2–108 months admitted with a first episode of UTI. RPI was evaluated by Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy within 7 days of admission. To establish cut-off points for ESR, CRP, and PCT, we used receiver operating characteristics curves and compared the area under the curve for ESR, CRP, and PCT. Twenty-seven children were diagnosed as having RPI based on positive renal scintigraphy. A body temperature of >38°C, a history of diarrhea, and poor oral intake were more common in patients with RPI. ESR, CRP, and PCT, but not leukocyte count, were significantly higher in patients with RPI (P < 0.001). PCT was more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of upper versus lower UTI than ESR and CRP. Using a cut-off value of 0.85 ng/ml, PCT had the best performance, with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 89%, 97%, 96%, and 91% respectively. Serum PCT is a better marker than ESR, CRP, and leukocyte count for the early prediction of RPI in children with a first episode of UTI.     

The outcome of percutaneous renal biopsy in children: an analysis of 120 consecutive cases

One hundred and twenty percutaneous renal biopsies performed in 104 patients aged 1 month to 15 years were analysed. Ultrasound examination was used for localization of the kidneys. Adequate renal tissue was obtained in 103 biopsies, with an overall success rate of 85.8%. The most frequent complication was gross haematuria, which occurred in 32 biopsies, but only 5 children required blood transfusion. Nineteen patients developed perirenal haematoma; 2 of these were symptomatic. Arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed in 2 patients. One patient died secondary to intestinal perforation. Serious complications were noted in patients with chronic renal failure. The success and complication rates in 10 patients less then 1 year of age were comparable with the rest of the group. The frequency of serious complications on renal biopsy in the present study was slightly higher than in the more developed countries.     

少儿脊柱结核的临床特点分析

目的:总结少儿脊柱结核的临床特点,为其诊断和治疗提供参考。方法:对2006年1月~2012年12月我院收治的112例少年儿童脊柱结核患者归纳分析其首诊原因、病程、受累节段、受累椎体数、后凸Cobb角、瘫痪情况,并分析病程、受累椎体数和后凸Cobb角之间的相关性,同时根据年龄将患者分成婴幼儿(0~3岁)、学龄前儿童(4~6岁)、学龄儿童(7~12岁)、少年(13~17岁)四组并进行比较。将脊柱分为脊柱上段(颈段、颈胸段、胸段)和脊柱下段(胸腰段、腰段、腰骶段和骶段)并对其所占的比例进行比较。根据脊髓神经功能将患者分为瘫痪组和非瘫痪组,比较两组的病程、受累椎体数和后凸Cobb角。根据后凸Cobb角,以30°为界分为两组,比较其瘫痪发生率。结果:少儿脊柱结核最常见首诊原因为疼痛,病程平均5.3±10.9个月(1.5~72个月),受累椎体数平均2.9±1.0个(1~6个),累及胸椎最为常见。后凸Cobb角平均15.7°±17.0°(0~90.5°),后凸Cobb角、受累椎体数、病程之间有相关性(r为0.384~0.666,P0.05)。瘫痪组的Cobb角角度、受累椎体数和病程均显著大于非瘫痪组(P0.05);Cobb角≥30°组发生瘫痪的比率(11/18,61.1%)明显高于Cobb角30°组(12/70,17.1%)。比较四个年龄组的患者,疼痛和瘫痪在首诊原因中所占的比率具有显著性差异(X~2=32.695,P0.05);瘫痪发生率具有显著性差异,婴幼儿组(8/19,42.1%)和学龄前儿童组(8/31,25.8%)发生瘫痪的比率明显高于学龄儿童组(4/39,10.3%)和少年组(3/23,13.0%)。四个年龄组患者的病程、脊柱上段和脊柱下段的发病率、受累椎体数、后凸Cobb角无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:少儿脊柱结核以疼痛首诊和病变累及胸椎最为常见,其后凸Cobb角、受累椎体数和病程之间具有相关性。少儿脊柱结核中瘫痪患者的后凸Cobb角、受累椎体数和病程均显著大于非瘫痪患者。幼儿和学龄前儿童以及后凸Cobb角≥30°者发生瘫痪的几率较高。     

Urolithiasis in Jordanian children. A report of 52 cases

Fifty-two children with urinary calculi seen between 1975 and 1986 were reviewed. Males dominated the series. The age distribution ranged from 10 months to 14 years (mean 7.2 years); 71% presented after school age. Most patients had upper tract stones. The main presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, infection and haematuria. The causative factors or co-factors were infection, malformations and urodynamic abnormalities. Metabolic disorders were rare. Calcium oxalate and uric acid stones were found most often. Surgical management was required in 88% of patients and only 3.8% had a recurrence. Presenting symptoms are variable and so a high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis.     

Renal abscess in healthy children: report of three cases

We report three cases of renal abscess in otherwise healthy boys. One had a history of blunt trauma and two of antecedent skin infection. All presented with flank pain and fever. Urine and blood cultures were sterile. The diagnosis was made using ultrasound and computerized axial tomography. The first patient had recurrent renal abscess, following surgery and a short course of antibiotics. Eventually all responded well to long-term antibiotics only.