Genetic Influence on ERP Slow Wave Measures of Working Memory

Individual differences in the variance of event-related potential (ERP) slow wave (SW) measures were examined. SW was recorded at prefrontal and parietal sites during memory and sensory trials of a delayed-response task in 391 adolescent twin pairs. Familial resemblance was identified and there was a strong suggestion of genetic influence. A common genetic factor influencing memory and sensory SW was identified at the prefrontal site (accounting for an estimated 35%–37% of the reliable variance) and at the parietal site (51%–52% of the reliable variance). Remaining reliable variance was influenced by unique environmental factors. Measurement error accounted for 24% to 30% of the total variance of each variable. The results show genetic independence for recording site, but not trial type, and suggest that the genetic factors identified relate more directly to brain structures, as defined by the cognitive functions they support, than to the cognitive networks that link them.     

学习困难初二学生的工作记忆容量

目的:探讨学习困难初二学生的工作记忆容量。方法:用学习困难量表筛选出初中二年级语文困难26人、数学困难29人、双困难29人和28名对照组初二学生,通过计算机个别测试,所有初二学生均完成言语和空间6项工作记忆任务。结果:四组学生的6项工作记忆任务得分差异均有统计学显著性,对照组得分均高于三类学习困难初二学生。在阅读广度上对照组初二学生得分高于三类学习困难初二学生(3.9±0.6/1.7±0.6、2.9±0.9、1.8±0.6,F=61.37,P=0.000),语文困难和双困难组初二学生得分显著低于数学困难组(P=0.000);在计算广度上对照组得分均高于三类学习困难组(4.5±1.1/3.8±0.8、1.8±0.8、1.8±0.6,F=79.38,P=0.000),语文困难组得分高于数学困难组及双困难组(P=0.000);双困难组的6项工作记忆容量任务得分均低于对照组。结论:学习困难初二学生的工作记忆容量均存在缺陷,不同学习能力组学生的工作记忆容量出现了不同程度的分化,言语工作记忆容量对学习困难初二学生的影响大于空间工作记忆容量的影响。     

Verbal Intellectual and Verbal Memory Performance of Youths with Childhood-Onset Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Tested the hypothesis that memory dysfunction mediated the declinein verbal intellectual performance (as measured by the WISC-RVocabulary test) that we detected previously in a prospectivestudy of children who developed IDDM between the ages of 8 to13 years. Three tests of verbal learning and memory were administeredto 57 diabetic youths at end-of-study who had been followedfor 8 years, on average. Memory performance at end-of-studywas predicted only by Vocabulary test score at study entry.IDDM duration, long-term metabolic control, depression/anxiety,demographic variables, or blood glucose level at the time ofassessment were not associated with memory test scores. Stepwisemultiple regression revealed that level of performance on atest of short-term or working memory was associated with magnitudeof decline in verbal intellectual performance over time, providingpartial support for our hypothesis.     

脑卒中后工作记忆损害

目的:研究脑卒中后工作记忆损害的特点。方法:于2003年4月-2003年12月对118例脑卒中患者(观察组)和118例未患脑部疾病者(对照组),采用韦氏记忆量表(Wechsler Memory Scale,WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类试验(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,WSCT)、连线测验A 和B(Trail Making Test A and B)进行了对比检测等。结果:两组比较,除语言记忆和数字顺背以外,其他差异均具有统计学显著性(P 对比<0.05)。连线测验B、连线测验A、分类错误差异较大,((?)±SE 观察组和对照组分别为200.0±15.2、133.3±7.19; 76.3±10.4、24.2±1.6;23.9±0.9、9.9±0.5)。不同卒中部位与对照组比较揭示:①额叶和顶叶卒中组WSCT 分类正确和错误差异有显著性,额叶的逆背,顶叶的语言记忆和视觉再认两组问差异有显著性(P<0.05)。②基底节卒中组,除顺背和语言记忆外差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③丘脑卒中组,WSCT 分类正确和错误、背数、视觉再认、视觉再生、连线测验A 和B 差异有显著性(P<0.05)。④顶叶-基底节联合卒中组,WSCT 分类正确和错误、语言记忆、视觉再认、视觉再生、连线测验A 和B 差异有显著性(P<0.05);脑卒中病人左右侧病灶的语言记忆和视觉再认差异有显著性(P<0.05)。语言记忆和视觉再认均数右侧较大((?)±SE 左侧分别为5.2±2.4、4.7±2.4;右侧分别为11.0±3.9、9.2±3.8)。结论:脑卒中组与对照组比较,执行功能、注意机能均出现显著异常。脑特定解剖部位的卒中有相应内容的工作记忆损害。右侧病灶组,空间记忆障碍和语言记忆障碍损害更明显。     

Genetic Covariance Structure of Reading,Intelligence and Memory in Children

This study investigates the genetic relationship among reading performance, IQ, verbal and visuospatial working memory (WM) and short-term memory (STM) in a sample of 112, 9-year-old twin pairs and their older siblings. The relationship between reading performance and the other traits was explained by a common genetic factor for reading performance, IQ, WM and STM and a genetic factor that only influenced reading performance and verbal memory. Genetic variation explained 83% of the variation in reading performance; most of this genetic variance was explained by variation in IQ and memory performance. We hypothesize, based on these results, that children with reading problems possibly can be divided into three groups: (1) children low in IQ and with reading problems; (2) children with average IQ but a STM deficit and with reading problems; (3) children with low IQ and STM deficits; this group may experience more reading problems than the other two. Edited by Chandra Reynolds.     

Genetic Covariance Among Measures of Information Processing Speed, Working Memory, and IQ

The genetic relationship between lower (information processing speed), intermediate (working memory), and higher levels (complex cognitive processes as indexed by IQ) of mental ability was studied in a classical twin design comprising 166 monozygotic and 190 dizygotic twin pairs. Processing speed was measured by a choice reaction time (RT) task (2-, 4-, and 8-choice), working memory by a visual-spatial delayed response task, and IQ by the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for test-retest reliability, showed the presence of a genetic factor influencing all variables and a genetic factor influencing 4- and 8-choice RTs, working memory, and IQ. There were also genetic factors specific to 8-choice RT, working memory, and IQ. The results confirmed a strong relationship between choice RT and IQ (phenotypic correlations: –0.31 to –0.53 in females, –0.32 to –0.56 in males; genotypic correlations: –0.45 to –0.70) and a weaker but significant association between working memory and IQ (phenotypic: 0.26 in females, 0.13 in males; genotypic: 0.34). A significant part of the genetic variance (43%) in IQ was not related to either choice RT or delayed response performance, and may represent higher order cognitive processes.     

成人数字、词语和视空间工作记忆广度的发展特征及影响因素

目的:考察成人(18~49岁)数字、词语和视空间工作记忆广度发展变化的趋势及其影响因素。方法:采用多维记忆评估量表中的3个工作记忆广度分测验对280名正常成人进行测查,并收集一般资料。结果:成人的数字、词语和视空间广度成绩随年龄的增长均呈下降趋势(F=2.96~6.87,P<0.01);出现随龄衰减现象的先后顺序依次为视空间广度、词语广度和数字广度;在记忆广度总成绩和大多数分测验成绩上男女无显著差异,仅在30-34岁年龄组,男性视空间广度位置的成绩好于女性(11.02±3.17/8.67±3.18,t=2.15,P<0.05)。逐步回归分析结果显示,教育是成人数字、词语和视空间广度的保护因素(Beta值=0.546,0.445,0.423;P<0.01)。结论:成人阶段数字、词语和视空间工作记忆广度的发展变化基本上趋于一致,并且受教育程度能对不同的工作记忆广度起促进作用。     

Heritability of Selective Attention and Working Memory in Preschoolers

In this study aspects of selective attention and working memory were tested in a large sample of nearly 6-year old monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, using a computerized test battery (Amsterdam Neuropsychological tasks). In the selective attention task the presence of a foil signal (target signal at an irrelevant location) resulted in more false alarms than a non-target signal. In the working memory task an increase in memory load lead to an increase in response times and errors. We analyzed variations in absolute performance parameters (overall speed and accuracy) and relative performance parameters (increase in errors and/or reaction time). The results showed clear familial resemblances on performance. It proved difficult to ascribe these effects to shared genes or to shared environment. An exception was memory search rate, which was clearly heritable.     

Specific cognitive abilities in 5- to 12-year-old twins

Eleven tests of specific cognitive abilities were administered to 108 pairs of young twins (average age of 7.6 years). Internal consistencies are high for all measures except Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and Delayed Picture Memory. Two-month, test-retest reliabilities are also reported. The twin sample is representative in terms of both means and variances when compared to normative data from standardization samples, and twin correlations for height and weight are similar to those obtained in six other twin studies. Because all measures were highly correlated with age (average correlation with age was 0.64), scores were age adjusted. Previous twin studies of specific cognitive abilities in adolescents and adults found genetic variance for nearly all tests. In contrast, our study of young twins yielded significant genetic influence for only 1 of the 11 measures, PIAT Reading Recognition, and suggested the possibility of genetic influence on 2 others (vocabulary and WISC-R mazes). Environmental influences seem to dominate, particularly for nonverbal measures, as children begin their education. In accord with other studies, we found that between-family environmental factors have an important influence on the development of nearly all of the measures of specific cognitive abilities. However, we found that our tests of perceptual speed and memory were substantially influenced by within-family environmental factors independent of error.This work was supported by a grant from the Spencer Foundation.     

铅暴露对大鼠学习和记忆的影响

目的:研究低水平铅暴露对大鼠学习和记忆的影响。方法:0.05%水平醋酸铅污染大鼠饮用水28天,用Morris水迷宫试验测定大鼠的学习记忆功能。结果:在定位导航任务两组之间没有差异(P>0.05);在探索试验和工作记忆任务中,铅暴露组和正常对照组大鼠成绩显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:铅暴露对大鼠空间参考记忆和工作记忆有明显损害作用,对空间学习未见明显影响。     

Verbal Learning and Memory in Children with Myelomeningocele

Examined verbal learning and memory in children with myelomeningoceleusing the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Participantsincluded 41 children with myelomeningocele, 8 to 15 years ofage, 33 of whom had a history of shunted hydrocephalus, and41 matched, unaffected controls. Children with myelomeningoceleand shunted hydrocephalus performed worse than controls on theCVLT. They recalled as many words as controls on the first learningtrial, but acquired words more slowly across trials, so thattheir overall recall was lower. Their learning was characterizedby a pronounced recency effect. Their delayed recall of theoriginal list was worse than controls, but not their recognition.Performance of children with myelomeningocele but without shuntswas generally not significantly different from that of the othertwo groups, although they did demonstrate better long-delayfree recall than children with shunts. Myelomeningocele is associatedwith significant retrieval problems when accompanied by shuntedhydrocephalus     

工作记忆及其评估

工作记忆概念主要用来捕述暂时性的储存与加工，它在解决复杂的认知活动中起重要作用。本文根据Baddeley等人最近提出的工作记忆四成分模型介绍了近年来国内外关于工作记忆的测量和评估方法，为国内相关研究领域同行提供参考。     

工作记忆测验练习效应的个案研究

睡眠剥夺是现代战争中普遍存在的现象 ,它的直接后果就是导致军事人员的脑力疲劳 ,进而引起工作效率下降 ,产生错、忘、漏动作 ,精神状态恶化 ,甚至造成严重事故。特别是对那些操纵昂贵、高精尖、威力巨大装备的军事人员 ,若出现事故 ,后果更是不堪设想。因此 ,国外军方极为重视睡眠剥夺对军事人员认知能力的不良影响及其对抗措施的研究 ,而我国这方面的研究还较少。大量研究表明脑力疲劳对人体认知功能的影响是全方位的 ,而工作记忆是受到损害最严重的心理功能之一。 1974年 ,Ｂａｄｄｅｌｅｙ和Ｈｉｔｃｈ在模拟短时记忆障碍的实验基础上…     

Genetic and environmental influences on the development of intelligence

Measures of intelligence were collected in 209 twin pairs at 5, 7, 10, and 12 years of age, as part of a longitudinal project on intelligence, brain function, and behavioral problems. Intelligence was measured at 5, 7, and 10 years of age with the RAKIT, a well-known Dutch intelligence test, consisting of 6 subscales. At 12 years of age, the complete WISC-R was administered (12 subscales). Both intelligence tests resulted in a measure of full-scale IQ (FSIQ). Participation rate is around 93% at age 12. Correlation coefficients over time are high: (r(5–7) = .65; r(5–10) = .65; r(5–12) = .64; r(7–10) = .72; r(7–12) = .69 and r(10–12) = .78). Genetic analyses show significant heritabilities at all ages, with the expected increase of genetic influences and decrease of shared environmental influences over the years. Genetic influences seem to be the main driving force behind continuity in general cognitive ability, represented by a common factor influencing FSIQ at all ages. Shared environmental influences are responsible for stability as well as change in the development of cognitive abilities, represented by a common factor influencing FSIQ at all ages and age-specific influences, respectively.     

改进的N-back范式工作记忆认知实验研究

目的 通过改进的n-back认知实验探究两种工作记忆负荷下健康被试的行为学特点、辨识力水平及激活脑区的差异.方法 利用SPSS 12.0将实验数据分别从统计学及心理学两个方面进行方差分析和比较,结合SPM的脑区激活图分析脑区负载效应.结果 数字组工作记忆负荷比图片组小.各任务间准确率无统计学差异（F=6.317,P＞0.05）,记忆负荷的增加对反应时间有显著影响（P＜0.05）,辨识力受任务难度和任务类型影响的交互作用显著（F =4.739,P＜0.05）,发现两组实验激活脑区有显著差异.结论 健康被试行为学表现和辨识力均受刺激材料影响,且与记忆负荷呈负相关.在两组实验中,相关脑区激活范围随记忆负荷的增加并不明显,但部分脑区激活程度增强.     

不同亚型学习障碍儿童的言语及视空间工作记忆

目的:探讨不同亚型学习障碍儿童的言语及视空间工作记忆特点。方法:对163对不同亚型学习障碍儿童和正常对照组儿童进行比较,采用数字排序和计数广度测验反映言语工作记忆,采用视觉空间、视觉图形和视觉面孔工作记忆反映视空间工作记忆。结果:①MD、RD及RD/MD儿童的各项言语工作记忆指标值均低于对照组;MD儿童的计数广度高于RD和RD/MD组。②不同亚型学习障碍儿童的视觉空间、视觉图形工作记忆指标值均低于对照组;在视觉面孔测试中,RD组和RD/MD组低于对照组。结论:学习障碍儿童普遍存在言语及视空间工作记忆缺陷,但不同亚型学习障碍儿童具体缺陷领域和缺陷程度略有差别。     

工作记忆测量脑力疲劳的实验研究

目的 :①介绍一种采用工作记忆评定脑力疲劳的方法 ;②用该方法对连续 6 3h完全睡眠剥夺 (sleepdepri vation ,SD)所诱发的脑力疲劳程度进行全时程测评。方法 :8名 2 1～ 2 6岁的健康男性青年 ,在完全SD下 ,采用此方法每隔 6h进行 1次脑力疲劳评定。该测验包括两类任务 :字母内容匹配任务和字母位置匹配任务 ,每类任务又根据工作记忆负荷的大小分别设定低、中、高三种难度。结果 :两类任务三种难度水平上 ,脑力疲劳的测验得分随SD时间延长有着相同的变化趋势。在SD16h以内 ,6项测验的成绩同基础值相比均未达显著性水平 ;但在 2 0h以后测验成绩显著下降 (P <0 .0 1) ;其后稍有恢复 ,4 8h后继续下降 ;最后 1次测验 (SD6 3h) ,成绩又有所恢复 ,但成绩依然显著低于基础值 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :①本测验是一种敏感的脑力疲劳评定方法 ;②在 6 3h的完全SD过程中 ,脑力疲劳的发生不是一个纯粹被动的过程 ,大脑皮层的高级中枢依然具有重要的调节作用。     

慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆和海马一氧化氮的影响

目的 :探讨慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆和海马NO的影响。方法 :采用电击足底结合噪声建立慢性应激大鼠模型 ,Morris水迷宫观察动物的学习和记忆能力 ,同时检测海马NO含量和NOS活性。结果 :慢性应激大鼠在Morris水迷宫的空间学习和记忆能力明显下降 ,海马NO含量和NOS活性 (3 87± 0 47nmol/mgpro和 10 2 64± 13 33pmol/mgpro/min)显著高于对照组大鼠 (2 76± 0 43nmol/mgpro和 78 2 5± 10 67pmol/mgpro/min)。结论 :慢性应激损害大鼠空间学习和记忆能力 ,可能与其海马内NO增多有关     

工作记忆成套测验的编制及在小学生中的初步效度分析

目的：编制一种工作记忆的成套评估工具，并在小学生中初步检验其使用效度。方法：工作记忆成套测验（the Working Memory Battery，WMB）南数字排序、数字倒背、空间排序、空间后退、Stroop数字计数、数字划销、阅读速度和计算速度8个分测验组成，归纳为听觉工作记忆，视觉工作记忆、执行功能、加工速度四个维度。96名小学4-6年级学生接受了工作记忆成套测验及龚氏非文字智力测验的图案接龙、图形分类、填数型分测验．中国修订韦氏儿童智力测验（C-WISC）的分类和心算分测验，以及范小玲、龚耀先编制的4～6年级多重成就测验的阅读分测验的测量。结果：工作记忆成套测验各分测验与其所属维度呈高度相关（r=0．767～0．919），与其他维度呈中、低相关（r=0．107～0．760）。探索性因素分析提取出两个因子，两因子累计可解释方差变异的62．069％。除非文字智力测验的罔形分类测验与听觉工作记忆和执行功能维度无明显相关外，工作记忆四个维度与非文字图形分类、填数型、图案接龙、韦氏分类、韦氏算术以及阅读测验均有显著相关。结论：工作记忆成套测验具有较好的结构效度和效标效度，可进一步扩大样本，建立全国或区域常模。     

不同学业成绩类型学生的工作记忆研究

目的 考察不同学业成绩类型学生的工作记忆广度发展情况.方法 从小学三年级、五年级、初中二年级、高中二年级中分别挑选被试各80人,进行工作记忆广度测量.结果 ①工作记忆广度与学业成绩有高相关,即双优生2种工作记忆广度测试成绩最好;相反双差生2种工作记忆广度测试成绩最差,二者差异非常显著.②2种偏科的学生工作记忆广度测试成绩处于中等,二者差异不显著,但偏数学科的学生比偏语文科的学生工作记忆广度测试成绩稍好.③双优学生与2种偏科生相比,2种工作记忆广度测试成绩差异十分显著,而2种偏科的学生与双差生相比有差异,但表现在2种工作记忆广度上程度不一样.结论 工作记忆广度与学生的学业成绩关系密切,即工作记忆是有效学习的前提.