胆石性肠梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的 本文旨在提高对胆石性肠梗阻的认识，及时明确诊断和手术治疗。方法 回顾性分析15例胆石性肠梗阻的临床及影像学资料。结果 15例均经手术治愈，5例术前确诊为胆石性肠梗阻，但入院前确诊仅1例。结论 提高胆石性肠梗阻发生的警惕性，早期诊断和早期手术，取得最佳治疗效果是可能的。     

胆石性肠梗阻的诊断与治疗

回顾性分析12例胆石性肠梗阻的临床资料。术前确诊率为83.3%,有8例（66.7%）表现为突发性腹痛、呕吐,自行缓解或治疗后症状减轻及消失的交替性变化的特征,即“滚动性肠梗阻”。12例均经手术治疗,其中二期手术8例（66.7%）,1例采用一期手术解决肠道梗阻同时处理病变胆囊和内瘘。3例胆肠内引流术后患者均一期行肠管切开取石,胆肠吻合口切开取石整形术。手术并发症发生率为41.7%,均治愈,无死亡病例。提示：滚动性梗阻是胆石性肠梗阻的特征表现,及时的B超和X线检查有助于早期明确诊断,手术治疗是治疗胆石性肠梗阻最有效的方法。     

胆石性肠梗阻16例诊治体会

目的探讨胆石性肠梗阻的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析嘉善县中医院和嘉兴市第一医院2007年1月至2016年12月间诊治的16例胆石性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果 B超检查,胆囊或胆管积气6例,肠腔内异位结石2例;腹部平片,胆道积气2例,腹腔内高密度影2例;腹部CT,胆道积气10例,肠管内异位结石12例,胆囊十二指肠瘘口1例。本组保守治疗成功1例;手术治疗共15例,其中14例切开取石,挤入盲肠1例;无同期行胆囊切除及十二指肠瘘口修补术病例,术后均恢复顺利。结论腹部CT是胆石性肠梗阻最具价值的检查,特别是冠状位图像。B超可反复多次检查,可发现原有的胆囊结石消失或结石减少。腹部平片对急性肠梗阻的诊断有独特的价值,可能鉴别出梗阻的大体部位,排除结石梗阻。详细询问有无胆囊结石等病史对胆石性肠梗阻的诊断有参考价值。手术是解除胆石性肠梗阻快捷、有效的方法,原则上应实施最简单有效的损伤控制性手术。     

胆石性肠梗阻的临床诊治

目的　提高对胆石性肠梗阻的诊断及治疗水平。方法　回顾分析 12例胆石性肠梗阻的资料。其中男性 4例 ,女性 8例 ,所有患者均有腹痛 ,均先经非手术治疗 ,手术均采用对系膜缘肠壁切开取石。结果　 12例均痊愈出院 ,切口感染 4例 ,肺部感染 2例 ,并发心功能衰竭 1例。结论　重视病史询问 ,仔细分析有关检查有助术前诊断 ,手术解除梗阻是唯一的治疗手段。     

60岁以上老年急性肠梗阻的诊治体会

目的探讨老年急性肠梗阻的诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析2003年1月-2006年12月我院外科收治的60岁以上老年急性肠梗阻64例患者资料。结果粘连性肠梗阻35例（54．7％），肿瘤所致肠梗阻13例（20．3％），胆石性肠梗阻6例（9．4％），疝嵌顿引起肠梗阻4例（6．3％），肠系膜栓塞引起肠梗阻2例（3．1％），粪石性梗阻4例（6．3％）。非手术治疗35例（54．7％），急诊手术治疗29例（45．3％），手术死亡2例（3．1％），非手术死亡1例（1．6％）。结论老年急性肠梗阻以粘连性和肿瘤性多见，高龄患者合并症多，及时诊断、合理治疗、是保证治疗成功的关键。     

胆石性肠梗阻的诊治分析

胆石性肠梗阻是胆道结石一种少见的并发症,1896年首先由Bouveret报道胆石性十二指肠梗阻,故称Bouveret综合征[1]。由于其临床症状不典型,故常延误诊断和治疗。本研究总结分析了我院2006年12月至2009年8月收治的6例胆石性肠梗阻病人,初步探讨胆石性肠梗阻的诊治方法。     

肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻的CT诊断

【摘要】 目的 探讨CT对肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻诊断的价值。 资料与方法 回顾性分析8例经手术证实的肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻的CT表现。 结果 8例患者均有程度不等的肠梗阻，术前均能正确诊断肠梗阻。其中，小肠食入性异物小肠梗阻3例，粪石性小肠梗阻 3例，胆石性小肠梗阻 2例，均无肠缺血坏死、穿孔等并发症。 结论 通过典型的征象分析，CT能术前诊断肠腔内异物所致机械性小肠梗阻。     

胆石性肠梗阻4例报告

回顾性分析了4例胆石性肠梗阻病人发病的过程及其诊治情况。4例均于术中确诊，并于梗阻近段切开小肠取出结石，横向关闭小肠切口，术后无并发症，痊愈出院。笔者认为胆石性肠梗阻不易早期诊断；其自身有发病的固有规律，即具有胆囊炎胆石症特点，转变成机械性肠梗阻的临床表现。胆石性肠梗阻有其特征性表现：突发性腹痛、呕吐与症状减轻或完全消失的交替性变化的表现。掌握这些规律和特点再结合影像学检查，有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

胆石性肠梗阻的诊治(附11例临床分析)

目的探讨胆石性肠梗阻的临床特点和治疗方法. 方法我院1985年～2000年共收治胆石性肠梗阻11例,术前仅3例确诊.均经手术治疗,其中10例行肠管切开取石,1例因肠坏死切除坏死肠段.失访2例,余9例患者一期术后6～9月行胆囊切除和(或)内瘘修补术. 结果Ⅰ期手术后并发呼吸道感染2例,切口感染1例,随访结果显示Ⅱ期手术后9例患者均获治愈. 结论胆石性肠梗阻术前确诊率低,但及时的B超及X线检查有助于其早期诊断,分期手术治疗胆石性肠梗阻效果显著.     

胆石性肠梗阻的外科诊治体会

目的 总结胆石性肠梗阻的诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属上海市第五人民医院2000-2009年收治的12例胆石性肠梗阻患者临床资料.结果 10例患者有明确胆道疾病史,术前经B超、CT确诊11例,12例患者均行手术治疗.切口感染3例,肺部感染1例,无死亡病例,8例获随访无复发.结论 胆石性肠梗阻诊断主要靠病史及影像学检查.手术是目前最有效的治疗方法,应根据具体病情决定手术方式.     

The operative management of gallstone ileus

INTRODUCTION

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon entity, which accounts for 1–4% of all presentations to hospital with small bowel obstruction and for up to 25% of all cases in patients over 65 years of age. Despite medical advances over the last 350 years, gallstone ileus is still associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The management of gallstone ileus remains controversial. Whilst open surgery has been the mainstay of treatment, more recently other approaches have been employed, including laparoscopic surgery and lithotripsy. However, controversy persists primarily in relation to the extent of surgery performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature review was performed in an attempt to discover the optimal surgical treatment of gallstone ileus, particularly the timing of biliary surgery. Published articles were identified from the medical literature by electronic searches of Pubmed and Ovid Medline databases, using the search terms ‘gallstone ileus’, ‘gallstone/intestinal obstruction’ and ‘gallstone/bowel obstruction’. The related articles function of the search engines was also used to maximise the number of articles identified. Relevant articles were retrieved and additional articles were identified from the references cited in these articles.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The literature on gallstone ileus is composed entirely of retrospective analysis of small numbers of patients accumulated over many years. The question as to whether one stage or interval biliary surgery should be performed remains unanswered and it is unlikely that further case series will help decision making in the management of gallstone ileus. Whilst many authors conclude that enterolithotomy alone is the best option in most patients, a one-stage procedure should be considered for low-risk patients.     

胆囊内瘘的诊治探讨

目的 探讨胆囊内瘘形成的临床特征及诊治手段。方法 回顾总结我院近5年收治的10例胆囊内瘘的诊治经验，分析其临床表现和处理得失。结果 10例均经手术明确诊断，9例痊愈出院，1例因复发胆石性肠梗阻而再次手术，术后死于多器官功能衰竭。结论 胆囊内瘘是胆囊炎胆囊结石产生的危害较严重的并发症。熟悉其发病规律，选择合适的手术时机和正确的处理方法，有利于提高胆囊内瘘的治疗水平。     

A case of gallstone ileus displaying spontaneous closure of cholecystoduodenal fistula after enterolithotomy

INTRODUCTIONGallstone ileus, a rare complication of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, is a relatively rare cause of alimentary tract obstruction. It is usually associated with a cholecystoenteric fistula through which a gallstone has passed into the gastrointestinal tract. Cholecystoenteric fistula uncommonly closes spontaneously, the period between formation and closure having rarely been reported. In addition, endoscopic detection of cholecystoenteric fistulous closure has seldom been reported.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe report a 51-year-old Japanese man with gallstone ileus in whom spontaneous closure of a cholecystoduodenal fistula was observed by endoscopy 2 weeks after laparoscopy-assisted enterolithotomy.DISCUSSIONLaparoscopy-assisted enterolithotomy for gallstone ileus allows direct diagnosis of gallstone ileus and assessment of the status of adhesions affecting the biliary tract.CONCLUSIONEndoscopic confirmation of fistulous closure after laparoscopy-assisted enterolithotomy is a minimally invasive approach that may avert the need for biliary surgery.     

Laparoscopic management of gallstone ileus.

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon entity that was first described by Bartholin in 1654. Despite advances in perioperative care, morbidity and mortality remain high in patients with gallstone ileus because: 1) they are geriatric patients; 2) they often have multiple comorbidities; 3) presentation to the hospital is delayed; 4) many are volume depleted with electrolyte abnormalities; and 5) the diagnosis of gallstone ileus is difficult to make. Traditional management has entailed open laparotomy with relief of intestinal obstruction by enterotomy and stone extraction. Cholecystectomy and takedown of the cholecystoenteric fistula can be performed. We propose an alternative method of management in an attempt to limit operative trauma and improve morbidity and mortality. We review the literature and describe two patients with gallstone ileus who were managed laparoscopically. One patient underwent laparoscopic assisted enterolithotomy, and the other patient underwent diagnostic laparoscopy with disimpaction of the gallstone into the large bowel. They were discharged after their ileus had resolved on the fourth and sixth postoperative day, respectively. Laparoscopy is a powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tool that can be effectively used to treat gallstone ileus.     

Laparoscopic Enterolithotomy Is a Valid Option to Treat Gallstone Ileus

Gallstone ileus is a well-recognized clinical entity. It usually affects elderly female patients, and very often diagnosis can be delayed resulting in high morbidity and mortality. An abdominal x-ray and computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen may show classical radiological features of small bowel obstruction, pneumobilia, and an ectopic gallstone. Laparotomy and enterlithotomy with or without definite biliary surgery is an established treatment. Since 1992, many cases of laparoscopic-assisted enterolithotomy have been reported. Only a few cases of a totally laparoscopic approach have been documented. We present the case of a 75-year-old lady who presented with features of intestinal obstruction. A plain x-ray of the abdomen and a CT scan confirmed the classical features of gallstone ileus. A totally laparoscopic enterolithotomy was performed using 6 ports. A 6-cm gallstone was retrieved through a longitudinal enterotomy. The transverse closure of the enterotomy was performed with intracorporeal suturing, resulting in an uneventful postoperative recovery. We suggest that a CT scan helps in the early diagnosis of the cause of intestinal obstruction, and totally laparoscopic enterolithomy with intracorporeal enterotomy repair is a valid, safe option.     

Bowel obstruction and perforation due to a large gallstone. A case report

IntroductionGallstone bowel obstruction is a rare form of mechanical ileus usually presenting in elderly patients, and is associated with chronic or acute cholecystitis episodes.Case presentationWe present the case of an 80 year old female with abdominal pain, inability to defecate and recurrent episodes of diarrhea for the past 8 months. CT examination uncovered a cholecystoduodenal fistula along with gas in the gall bladder and the presence of a ≥2 cm gallstone inside the small bowel lumen causing obstruction. Patient was admitted to the operating room, where a 3.2 cm gallstone was located in the terminal ileus. A rupture was found in the antimesenteric part of a discolored small bowel segment, approximately 60 cm from the ileocaecal valve, through which the gallstone was recovered. The bowel regained its peristalsis, and the rupture was debrided and sutured. Patient was discharged uneventfully on the 6th postoperative day.DiscussionGallstone ileus is caused due to the impaction of a gallstone inside the bowel lumen. It usually passes through a fistula connecting the gallstone with the gastrointestinal tract. It can present with nonspecific or acute abdominal symptoms. CT usually confirms the diagnosis, while there are a number of treatment options; conservative, minimal invasive and surgical. Our patient was successfully relieved of the obstruction through recovery of the gallstone using open surgery, with no repair of the fistula.ConclussionAlthough rare, gallstones must be suspected as a possible cause of bowel obstruction, especially in elderly patients reporting biliary symptoms.     

Gallstone ileus presenting as intussusception: A case report

BackgroundGallstone ileus is a complication of acute cholecystitis that accounts for 25% of bowel obstruction cases in the elderly. To our knowledge, only one other case of gallstone ileus presenting as intussusception has been reported in the literature, and involved non-operative management with an unfavorable outcome.Case presentationHere we report the case of 69 year old woman presenting with symptoms of acute small bowel obstruction with a surgical history significant for cholecystectomy 30 years prior. Computed tomographic imaging showed a target sign in the small bowel consistent with intussusception, but intraoperative diagnosis revealed this to be a gallstone. A simple enterolithotomy was conducted and the patient has since been symptom free.DiscussionGallstone ileus has a high mortality rate (12–17%) and is an important differential diagnosis to consider, especially as the elderly population throughout the world continues to grow.ConclusionAs radiographic features of gallstones are variable we suggest maintaining a high index of suspicion for gallstone ileus in any elderly patient presenting with SBO, even with a seemingly contradictory surgical history.     

Jejunal Gallstone Ileus: An Unusual Site of Gallstone Impaction

Introduction  Gallstone ileus is a life-threatening surgical emergency where characteristic imaging can be diagnostic. Jejunum is the one of the rare sites of gallstone impaction. Materials and Methods  We hereby emphasize the role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) by describing a case of jejunal gallstone ileus with cholecystoduodenal fistula in a 59-year-old lady who presented with symptoms and signs of proximal small bowel obstruction. Conclusion  MDCT of the abdomen established the diagnosis, and the patient managed surgically.     

Der Gallensteinileus —ein diagnostisches und indikatorisches Problem —Bericht über 35 Patienten

Zusammenfassung Die Analyse der Krankheitsverläufe und Untersuchungsbefunde von 35 Patienten, die von 1970–1984 in der Abteilung Allgemeinchirurgie der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik Freiburg operiert wurden, zeigt, daß die klassischen Symptome dieser Erkrankung — zweizeitiges Ereignis, Dünndarmileus bei Aerobilie — nur in 20% der Fälle nachweisbar sind. Ein Dünndarmileus bei älteren, nicht voroperierten Patientinnen mit einem Krankheitsverlauf von 3 und mehr Tagen sollte auch bei wenig eindrucksvollem klinischen Befund an einen Gallensteinileus denken lassen. Die alleinige Durchführung der Enterolithotomie hat sich als Standardverfahren mit geringer postoperativer Letalität bewährt.

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Gallstone ileus — A problem of diagnosis and indication — Report of 35 cases

Summary The clinical data of 35 patients with gallstone ileus treated between 1970 and 1984 at the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital of Freiburg were retrospectively analysed with respect to duration of symptoms prior to surgery, preoperative diagnostic, operative procedure and outcome. No reliable test could be found that will lead the clinician to the correct diagnosis in most cases. The classical sign of gallstone ileus — small bowel obstruction combined with pneumobilia in the plain abdominal X-ray — was apparent only in 20%. So, a high index of suspicion, especially in old female patients with small bowel obstruction and prompt surgical intervention will decrease mortality. Enterotomy with removal of the stone without simultaneous cholecystectomy can be recommended as a safe procedure even in very old patients.