Novel mutations in CRYBB1/CRYBB2 identified by targeted exome sequencing in Chinese families with congenital cataract

AIM: To summarize the phenotypes and identify the underlying genetic cause of the CRYBB1 and CRYBB2 gene responsible for congenital cataract in two Chinese families. METHODS: Detailed family histories and clinical data were collected from patients during an ophthalmologic examination. Of 523 inheritable genetic vision system-related genes were captured and sequenced by targeted next-generation sequencing, and the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The possible functional impacts of an amino acid substitution were performed with PolyPhen-2 and SIFT predictions. RESULTS: The patients in the two families were affected with congenital cataract. Sixty-five (FAMILY-1) and sixty-two (FAMILY-2) single-nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were selected by recommended filtering criteria. Segregation was then analyzed by applying Sanger sequencing with the family members. A heterozygous CRYBB1 mutation in exon 4 (c.347T>C, p.L116P) was identified in sixteen patients in FAMILY-1. A heterozygous CRYBB2 mutation in exon 5 (c.355G>A, p.G119R) was identified in three patients in FAMILY-2. Each mutation co-segregated with the affected individuals and did not exist in unaffected family members and 200 unrelated normal controls. The mutation was predicted to be highly conservative and to be deleterious by both PolyPhen-2 and SIFT. CONCLUSION: The CRYBB1 mutation (c.347T>C) and CRYBB2 mutation (c.355G>A) are novel in patients with congenital cataract. We summarize the variable phenotypes among the patients, which expanded the phenotypic spectrum of congenital cataract in a different ethnic background.     

Mutation analysis of FBN1 gene in two Chinese families with congenital ectopia lentis in northern China

AIM: To summarize the phenotypes and identify the underlying genetic cause of the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene responsible for congenital ectopia lentis (EL) in two Chinese families in northern China. METHODS: A detailed family history and clinical data from all participants were collected by clinical examination. The candidate genes were captured and sequenced by targeted next-generation sequencing, and the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Haplotyping was used to confirm the mutation sequence. Real-time PCR was used to determine the FBN1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in patients with EL and in unaffected family members. RESULTS: The probands and other patients in the two families were affected with congenital isolated EL. A heterozygous FBN1 mutation in exon 21 (c.2420_IVS20-8 delTCTGAAACAinsCGAAAG) was identified in FAMILY-1. A heterozygous FBN1 mutation in exon 14 (c.1633C>T, p.R545C) was identified in FAMILY-2. Each mutation co-segregated with the affected individuals in the family and did not exist in unaffected family members and 200 unrelated normal controls. CONCLUSION: The insertion-deletion mutation (c.2420 IVS20-8delTCTGAAACA insCGAAAG) in the FBN1 gene is first identified in isolated EL. The mutation (c.1633C>T) in the FBN1 gene was a known mutation in EL patient. The variable phenotypes among the patients expand the phenotypic spectrum of EL in a different ethnic background.     

两个先天性珊瑚状白内障家系CRYGD基因P23T突变的检测

背景先天性白内障的致病基因及临床表型具有明显的异质性,通过连锁分析进行基因定位,直接测序法筛选致病基因是目前常用的分析方法。目的对2个先天性珊瑚状白内障家系（CCl和CC2）进行致病基因研究。方法收集确诊为常染色体显性遗传的2个先天性珊瑚状白内障家系17名成员的外周静脉血各5ml,包括ll例患者、4名正常成员和2名配偶,提取基因组DNA。选取与已知常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障相关的位点进行基因组扫描,利用微卫星标记物进行PCR扩增并进行序列分析。采用两点法计算LOD值对致病基因进行连锁分析。采用直接测序法对候选致病基因以及3个单核苷酸多态性（sNP）位点（rs2305429,rs2305430,rs2242074）进行序列分析。利用SNP对2个家系的先证者进行单体型分析。结果CCl和CC2家系中的先证者裂隙灯下均可见双眼晶状体核中央混浊区呈珊瑚状,经两点法计算LOD值,家系CCl在微卫星位点D2S325获得的最大LOD值为3．28,而CC2家系在D2S325获得的最大LOD值为1．50,连锁分析结果支持2个家系均与位于2q的候选致病基因CRYGC和CRYGD连锁。基因序列分析发现2个珊瑚状白内障家系均携带CRYGD基因c．C70A．（P．P23T）突变体,而2个家系中的正常人及100名正常对照则无此基因突变。2个家系先证者携带不同类型的单体型结构。结论CRYGD基因C．C70A．（P．P23T）突变是导致2个不同祖先来源的先天性珊瑚状白内障家系CCl和CC2致病的丰要原因。     

三个先天性无虹膜症家系中PAX6基因的突变分析

背景 人类配对盒基因(PAX6)编码一个转录调节子,对眼和大脑形态的形成起关键作用.PAX6突变可导致许多先天性眼部发育异常,如先天性无虹膜症,通常为常染色体显性遗传方式. 目的 对三个先天性无虹膜症家系成员进行PAX6基因分析,探索这些家系发病的遗传基础. 方法 收集三个先天性无虹膜症家系的5例患病者和正常成员13名的外周血标本提取DNA,根据PAX6基因的序列设计4～ 13外显子序列,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增引物并测序,将目标序列与已发表的PAX6基因序列进行对比分析.结果 三个家系中共有5例患病者,在家系A中2例患者发现一个杂合突变(c.718 C＞T),导致第240位氨基酸由精氨酸突变为终止密码子(p.A rg240X),而其他正常表型者未发现此突变.家系B中的患病者和正常成员均未检测到PAX6基因的突变.家系C中1例患病者发现c.331 delG(p.Val111SerfsX13)的缺失突变,此单个碱基的缺失造成了移码突变,使PAX6蛋白羧基端的299个氨基酸缺失,而此家系的其他正常表型成员未发现此突变. 结论 家系A和家系C先天性无虹膜症的致病与PAX6基因的突变有关.     

先天性无虹膜合并先天性白内障家系致病基因突变分析

目的：对先天性无虹膜合并先天性白内障家系进行PAX6基因突变位点筛查,丰富该致病基因的突变谱。

方法：选取就诊于北京同仁医院眼科门诊的1个先天性无虹膜合并先天性白内障家系和100名健康志愿者,采集外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA,采用直接测序法进行PAX6基因突变位点的筛查。

结果：该家系中先证者和其他患者均表现为无虹膜合并白内障,PAX6基因测序结果显示,该致病基因第11外显子无义突变c.991 C>T,造成PAX6基因编码的蛋白截短(R331X),从而使该蛋白失去功能,且该突变在家系内与疾病表型共分离,不存在于家系内及家系外健康样本的基因中。

结论：PAX6 R331X突变与先天性无虹膜合并先天性白内障的发生有关。     

国人常染色体显性先天性白内障家系致病基因的突变分析

目的 分析国人6个常染色体显性先天性白内障(ADCC)家系的基因突变,确定其致病基因及突变形式.设计实验性研究.研究对象6个ADCC家系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和DNA直接测序方法,对家系进行ADCC常见致病基因突变分析.主要指标基因序列.结果 对12个ADCC常见致病基因(CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBA1, CRYGS ,CRYGC, CRYGD, GJA8, GJA3, MIP, BESP2)外显子及外显子内含子连接区进行DNA直接测序,发现7种碱基序列改变,并导致相应编码氨基酸变化,分别是位于CRYBB2基因cDNA序列445位C→T(R145W),452位A→G(0147R),461位C→T(T150M)和388位G→T碱基改变(D126Y);GJA8基因cDNA序列1055位A→G碱基替代(E352G);BFSP2基因cDNA序列1295位C→A(A407D)及MIP基因cDNA序列96位T→A碱基改变(Y23N).其中前3种序列改变已报道为单核苷酸多态性(SNP),经过对相应家系其他成员的分析发现后4种序列改变也为SNP.结论 先天性白内障的临床表型与基因型均有明显的遗传异质性,本试验在12个基因外显子及外显子内含子连接区内未发现导致这6个ADCC家系疾病表型的致病基因突变,但是发现了7种SNP改变,其中4种为本研究首次发现.     

Genetic analysis of Chinese families reveals a novel truncation allele of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene

AIM: To make comprehensive molecular diagnosis for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients in a consanguineous Han Chinese family using next generation sequencing based Capture-NGS screen technology. METHODS: A five-generation Han Chinese family diagnosed as non-syndromic X-linked recessive RP (XLRP) was recruited, including four affected males, four obligate female carriers and eleven unaffected family members. Capture-NGS was performed using a custom designed capture panel covers 163 known retinal disease genes including 47 RP genes, followed by the validation of detected mutation using Sanger sequencing in all recruited family members. RESULTS: Capture-NGS in one affected 47-year-old male reveals a novel mutation, c.2417_2418insG:p.E806fs, in exon ORF15 of RP GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene results in a frameshift change that results in a premature stop codon and a truncated protein product. The mutation was further validated in three of four affected males and two of four female carriers but not in the other unaffected family members. CONCLUSION: We have identified a novel mutation, c.2417_2418insG:p.E806fs, in a Han Chinese family with XLRP. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum of RPGR and the phenotypic spectrum of XLRP in Han Chinese families, and confirms Capture-NGS could be an effective and economic approach for the comprehensive molecular diagnosis of RP.     

晶状体蛋白βB2基因突变导致常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障

目的定位常染色体显性遗传先天性粉尘状核性白内障一家系的致病基因。方法收集该家系资料,针对与常染色体显性遗传先天性白内障发病相关的14个热点致病基因设计引物,对此4代先天性白内障家系进行热点突变位点的分析,了解是否有相应的改变。结果此家系患者编码人类晶状体蛋白的基因βB2的第6外显子存在一个C→T突变,此突变导致终止密码子提前出现。该基因的第2外显子的第40个核苷酸存在A/T的单核苷酸多态性。结论编码人类晶状体蛋白的基因βB2是此先天性白内障家系的致病基因。     

A nonsense mutation in the glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 2 gene (GCNT2): association with autosomal recessive congenital cataracts

PURPOSE: To identify the genetic defect associated with autosomal recessive congenital cataract in four Arab families from Israel. METHODS: Genotyping was performed using microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 10 cM intervals. Two-point lod scores were calculated using MLINK of the LINKAGE program package. Mutation analysis of the glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 2 gene (GCNT2) gene was performed by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified exons. RESULTS: The cataract locus was mapped to a 13.0-cM interval between D6S470 and D6S289 on Chr. 6p24. A maximum two-point lod score of 8.75 at theta = 0.019 was obtained with marker D6S470. Sequencing exons of the GCNT2 gene, mutations of which have been associated with cataracts and the i blood group phenotype, revealed in these families a homozygous G-->A substitution in base 58 of exon-2, resulting in the formation of premature stop codons W328X, W326X, and W328X, of the GCNT2A, -B, and -C isoforms, respectively. Subsequent blood typing of affected family members confirmed the possession of the rare adult i blood group phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: A nonsense mutation in the GCNT2 gene isoforms is associated with autosomal recessive congenital cataract in four distantly related Arab families from Israel. These findings provide further insight into the dual role of the I-branching GCNT2 gene in the lens and in reticulocytes.     

Identification of R368H as a predominant CYP1B1 allele causing primary congenital glaucoma in Indian patients

PURPOSE. To investigate the predominant mutation in the CYP1B1 gene in patients in India with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods and to characterize the molecular defect in two generations of an affected family. METHODS. DNA samples from 146 patients with PCG from 138 pedigrees were analyzed for several distinct mutations in CYP1B1 by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS. PCR-RFLP screening revealed that 30.8% of patients were positive for any one of the six mutations (376insA, 528G-->A, 923C-->T, 959G-->A, 1449G-->A, and 1514C-->A), and 17.8% of the patients were found to have the rarely reported mutation R368H (1449G-->A). All mutations were confirmed by DNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS. The results suggest extensive allelic heterogeneity in the Indian patients with PCG, with the predominant allele being R368H among the 146 Indian patients tested. It appears possible to use this approach for carrier detection in pedigrees with a positive family history and in population screening. The approach also offers a method for rapid screening of potential carriers and affected individuals.     

Surgery of congenital and juvenile cataracts: a pars plicata approach with the vitrophage.

Eighteen eyes with congenital cataracts were surgically managed by pars plicata lensectomy and vitrectomy using the vitrophage. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. All eyes have maintained extremely clear media, attached retinas, and absence of pupillary block during a follow-up period ranging from 12 to 36 months.     

Clinical features of strabismus and nystagmus in bilateral congenital cataracts

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence, clinical features, and the factors affecting onset of strabismus and nystagmus in patients with bilateral congenital cataracts. METHODS: This study evaluated 116 eyes of 58 patients who underwent lens removal for the treatment of bilateral congenital cataracts between January 1999 and January 2011. The presence and type of strabismus and nystagmus were determined before and after surgery. Type of strabismus and final visual acuity were compared in patients with and without nystagmus. Patients were divided into three groups (orthotropia/orthotropia, orthotropia/strabismus, and strabismus/strabismus) according to their preoperative and postoperative ocular alignment. Age at cataract surgery and associations of nystagmus and primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with strabismus were analyzed. RESULTS: Six patients (10.3%) had strabismus preoperatively and an additional 11 (19.0%) developed postoperative strabismus. Exotropia was more common than esotropia both preoperatively and postoperatively. Eighteen patients (31.0%) had postoperative nystagmus, with sensory nystagmus being the most common type. Of the 18 patients with nystagmus, 10 had strabismus, with exotropia being more common than esotropia. Postoperative visual acuity was poor in patients with nystagmus. Age at cataract surgery and rate of primary IOL implantation were significantly lower, and postoperative nystagmus was more common, in the orthotropia/strabismus group than in the other two groups. CONCLUSION: Exotropia and sensory nystagmus are common in patients with bilateral congenital cataracts. Age at cataract surgery and rate of IOL implantation are lower and nystagmus more common in patients with postoperative onset of strabismus. Nystagmus is associated with poor visual prognosis.     

我国睑裂狭小综合征患者FOXL2基因突变研究

目的 明确我国睑裂狭小综合征(BPES)患者Forkhead box L2 (FOXL2)基因突变位点及突变类型,分析突变引起的蛋白质结构变化,以提高疾病的诊断准确率.方法 实验研究.2008年1月至2009年12月在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院眼科中心收集到5例我国BPES患者,采集患者外周静脉血,提取基因组脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),应用聚合酶链反应和DNA测序技术检测FOXL2基因编码序列,并与患者家属及110名正常人相应序列进行比对.结果 两个家系中BPES患者均检测到c.672_701dup30(p.Ala224_Ala234dup)杂合突变,3例散发患者分别检测到c.655C＞T(p.Q219X)、c.370 A＞G(p.K124E)和c.858_874dup17(p.P292fs)杂合突变.结论 在BPES患者中发现FOXL2基因c.370A＞G(p.K124E)和c.858_874dup17(p.P292fs)两种新的杂合突变,扩展了国内外FOXL2基因突变谱,在两个家系中均发现c.672_701dup30(p.Ala224 _Ala234dup)杂合突变,再次证明这一位点为国内BPES患者FOXL2基因突变热点.     

先天性无虹膜患者Pax6基因突变筛查

背景 先天性无虹膜是一种罕见的先天性常染色体显性遗传疾病,表现为双眼无虹膜,目前已知配对盒基因6(Pax6)突变与先天性无虹膜相关. 目的 对先天性无虹膜患者进行Pax6基因突变筛查.方法 纳入2012年8月至2015年10月在天津市眼科医院就诊的先天性无虹膜患者11例,包括来自3个先天性无虹膜家系的6例患者及5例散发病例,所有患者均接受常规眼科检查.采集所有患者的外周静脉血各3 ml,按照DNA分离试剂盒说明书描述的标准流程提取DNA,对Pax6和Elp4基因全部外显子、外显子5'和3'端与内含子拼接部序列、SIMO序列进行PCR扩增,采用Sanger直接测序法以及多重连接探针扩增技术(MLPA)对患者的Pax6基因进行序列分析,并与500例无眼前节异常的眼外伤患者的测序结果进行比对.结果 所有患者均虹膜缺如,视力为手动/眼前,1例患者存在晶状体脱位.直接测序结果发现,AN-01家系中的3例患者均携带Pax6基因c.688g＞t(p.E230X)突变,5例散发病例中3例携有Pax6基因突变,分别为c.468g＞a(p.W156X)、c.613c＞t(p.Q205X)和c.141+2t＞c突变,其中c.688g＞t (pE230X)为新发现的突变.AN-02家系的1例患者、AN-03家系的2例患者及另2例散发病例经直接测序和MLPA验证,均未发现Pax6、Elp4基因以及SIMO片段的突变.500名正常个体均未发现上述突变.结论 先天性无虹膜可由Pax6基因突变引起,c.688g＞t(p.E230X)为新发现的Pax6突变体,扩大了Pax6基因突变谱.