幽门螺杆菌omp11基因的克隆及序列分析

目的　对幽门螺杆菌 (Helicobacterpylori,Hp)郑州分离株MEL Hp2 7和NCTC116 37株外膜蛋白基因 (omp11)进行克隆和测序 ;确定不同Hp菌株omp11基因序列的变异性 ,并对该基因编码多肽的化学及免疫学特性进行预测 ,为幽门螺杆菌疫苗抗原的筛选提供数据。方法　提取Hp染色体DNA ,用自行设计的PCR引物 ,从染色体DNA上扩增出omp11基因 ,将其克隆到载体pNEB193中 ,用重组质粒转化大肠杆菌 (E .coliJM10 9)。对重组质粒进行酶切鉴定 ,对插入的omp11基因片段进行测序 ,应用生物信息学软件Omiga2 .0、GeneDoc2 .3和GenBank、Swiss port数据库对 4个Hp菌株 (MEL Hp2 7、NCTC116 37、2 6 6 95、J99)的omp11基因序列进行同源性分析 ,并对该基因编码多肽的主要化学特征和抗原结构域进行预测。结果　MEL Hp2 7和NCTC116 37株omp11基因的核苷酸序列长度均为5 6 1bp ,不同菌株间核苷酸序列的同源性为 96 .6 %～ 98.0 % ,与国内的MEL Hp2 7株同源性最高的菌株是NCTC116 37,二者的同源性为 97.9%。 4株Hpomp11基因编码的氨基酸序列长度均为 186aa ,不同菌株间氨基酸序列的同源性为 98.9%～ 10 0 % ,与MEL Hp2 7株同源性最高的菌株是 2 6 6 95 ,二者的同源性为 99.5 %。预测HpMEL Hp2 7omp11基因编码多肽的相对分子质量 (Mr)     

幽门螺杆菌UreB-Omp11融合蛋白的重组疫苗候选株构建和融合蛋白的表达、纯化及免疫学活性

目的:构建幽门螺杆菌(Hp)UreB-Omp11融合蛋白的重组疫苗候选株,在大肠杆菌中表达UreB-Omp11融合蛋白,并检测其免疫学活性。方法:用PCR方法扩增郑州分离Hp菌株MEL-HP27的ureB和omp11基因并用重叠延伸PCR法获得ureB-omp11融合基因,将融合基因ureB-omp11插入原核表达载体pET30a( )、pET28a( )及pMAL-c2X中,筛选出合适的表达系统并进行融合蛋白的表达,采用Western blot对表达产物进行鉴定,并用Amylose亲和层析法纯化融合蛋白,应用SDS-PAGE方法对纯化产物进行分析,纯化的融合蛋白辅以免疫佐剂皮下免疫小鼠,Western blot对免疫小鼠血清进行检测。结果:特异PCR法、酶切鉴定并经测序分析后证实融合基因ureB-omp11克隆入表达载体pET30a( )、pET28a( )与pMAL-c2X中;重组菌TB1(pMAL-ureB-omp11)经诱导获得了高效表达的MBP-UreB-Omp11融合蛋白,该融合蛋白可以被Hp免疫小鼠血清和Hp阳性患者血清中的相应抗体所识别,纯化后的融合蛋白纯度达90%以上。通过大肠杆菌抗原吸收法纯化免疫小鼠血清后,与纯化的融合蛋白进行杂交,结果显示在Mr134000处出现特异杂交带,融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和免疫反应性。结论:成功地构建并筛选出了HpMELHP27融合蛋白UreB-Omp11的重组疫苗候选株TB1(pMAL-ureB-omp11),为Hp蛋白质疫苗和核酸疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

幽门螺杆菌Mr 26 000外膜蛋白编码基因的克隆及表达

目的　构建含幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)Mr 2 6 0 0 0外膜蛋白编码基因的重组载体 ,并在E .coliBL2 1中表达。方法　用PCR从Hp染色体中 ,扩增Mr 2 6 0 0 0外膜蛋白编码基因片段。将目的基因与pET32a(+)同时经BamHI、HindⅢ双酶切、纯化、连接后 ,构建含有目的基因的重组载体。以含目的基因片段的重组载体转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE30 )并表达。表达产物经纯化后 ,用ELISA法检测其抗原性。结果　经酶切、测序分析表明 ,插入的基因片段为HpMr 2 6 0 0 0的外膜蛋白编码基因 ,与Tomb等的报道相比较 ,有 1.1%的bp发生变异 ,1.5 1%的氨基酸残基改变。经SDS PAGE分析发现 ,融合基因表达的蛋白Mr为 4 6× 10 3 ,可溶性表达产物占细菌总蛋白的 38.96 %。重组蛋白经Ni NTA琼脂糖树脂纯化后 ,其纯度达 95 %以上。ELISA法检测显示 ,该重组蛋白可被Hp阳性患者的血清所识别 ,具有良好的抗原性。结论成功地克隆并表达Mr为 2 6 0 0 0的Hp外膜蛋白编码基因 ,为Hp蛋白疫苗的研制和快速诊断试剂盒的研究打下了基础     

特异性抗原幽门螺杆菌尿素酶B的体外表达

目的：建立自患者体内分离的幽门螺杆菌菌株及其抗原尿素酶B(ureB)体外表达的方法。方法：分离培养胃病患者感染的幽门螺杆菌，采用基因体外重组技术分离ureB基因，并经测序鉴定，所表达的抗原蛋白用Western blot进行鉴定。结果：测序结果证实克隆的基因与GeneBank中的序列相符，经Weslern blot证实获得ureB的重组蛋白。结论：获得了高表达的重组抗原蛋白，为ureB检测及Hp感染的诊断提供了物质基础。     

幽门螺杆菌napA基因的克隆、表达及免疫反应性分析

目的构建高效表达幽门螺杆菌(Hp)中性粒细胞激活蛋白(NAP)的原核表达系统,为Hp候选疫苗研制打下基础。方法从Hp标准株NCTC11639染色体DNA中扩增napA基因片段,T-A克隆后测序,与GenBank公布的其他Hp菌株的napA基因序列进行比较。目的基因片段酶切后,与表达载体连接,转化至宿主菌,构建napA基因原核表达系统pGEX-4T-1-napA-E.coliTop10。优化诱导表达条件,采用SDS-PAGE鉴定表达产物,GST亲和层析纯化收集重组NAP蛋白,Western blot法鉴定重组NAP的免疫性;采用ELASA法检测胃癌患者Hp阳性血清中抗NAP抗体效价,通过间接ELASA法从29株小鼠抗Hp全菌单克隆抗体(mAb)中筛选抗Hp-NAPmAb。结果所克隆的napA基因全长为435bp,在GenBank上登录(No.DQ341279),与GenBank公布的其他Hp菌株的核苷酸同源性为94%~98%,与国际测序模式株Hp26695、HpJ99同源性达97%,表达的NAP融合蛋白的相对分子质量(Mr)为44000,1mmol/L浓度IPTG诱导4h表达产物量较高,表达产物可被Hp感染患者的血清及兔抗Hp全菌抗体特异性结合,胃癌患者血清中抗NAP抗体效价高于正常人群血清,29株小鼠抗Hp全菌mAb中有3株mAb能与NAP发生强免疫反应。结论成功构建napA基因高效可溶性原核表达系统,重组NAP具有良好的免疫反应性,NAP在胃癌患者血清中高表达可能与胃癌的发病有关,NAP是具有良好前景的抗原。     

幽门螺杆菌基因hp0231和hp0410的克隆表达及生物信息学分析

目的获取幽门螺杆菌hp0231和hp0410基因的序列,预测其编码蛋白HP0231和HP0410作为候选疫苗的可行性,在大肠杆菌表达系统中表达hp0231和hp0410。方法提取幽门螺杆菌标准株NCTC11639的基因组DNA,按照GenBank中幽门螺杆菌标准株22695的序列设计引物PCR,扩增hp0231和hp0410基因,克隆入pMD18-T载体中测序,进行生物信息学分析。将hp0231和hp0410克隆入表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定。结果生物信息学分析表明HP0231和HP0410均为外膜蛋白,具良好的抗原性,并且与其他生物的同源性较低,其作为Hp疫苗不易产生交叉反应以及自身免疫性反应,构建的重组菌可高水平表达可溶性重组蛋白。结论HP0231和HP0410是有良好应用前景的Hp候选疫苗。     

幽门螺杆菌Catalase基因的克隆、表达及其抗原性鉴定

目的：构建含人幽门螺杆菌（Hpylori，Hp）过氧化氢酶（catalase，KatA）编码基因的重组质粒，测定、分析其核酸序列，并在E.coli中表达，研究其抗原性。方法：应用PCR技术从HpDNA染色体中扩增KatA编码基因片段，将其T-A克隆和测序，并与GenBank公布的其他Hp菌株的基因序列比较，再将目的基因插入至融合表达载体pGEX-4T-1中进行表达，用GST亲和层析对其进行纯化。纯化产物用于对29株小鼠抗Hp-全菌单克隆抗体（mAb）的鉴定及与Hp啊感染患者血清进行Western blot。结果：KatA基因全长为1 515 bp，并在GenBank上登录（No．DQ333889），与GenBank公布的其他Hp菌株的核酸的同源性为96％～97％，表达的KatA融合蛋白的相对分子质量（Mr）为85 000，29株小鼠抗Hp全菌mAb中有4株mAb是针对KatA的，表达产物可被Hp感染患者的血清特异性识别。结论：重组KatA具有较好的抗原性，为坳检测试剂和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

人幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白18000 DNA疫苗的构建及表达

目的：构建含人幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori，H-pylori)18000外膜蛋白编码基因的真核重组载体，并在COS-7细胞中表达，为核酸疫苗的开发奠定基础。方法：从原核表达质粒pET32a( )／528中，酶切H-pylori 18000外膜蛋白编码基因片段，将目的基因与同样进行酶切、纯化的载体pcDNA3．1进行连接，而后转化并筛选含有目的基因的重组载体pcDNA3．1／528，并在COS-7细胞中表达，以RT-PCR，Western法检测其表达产物。结果：经单、双酶切证实插入的基因片段为H-pylori 18000外膜蛋白编码基因；采用RT-PCR方法，能够从转染的COS-7细胞中扩增出一条与目的基因大小一致的DNA片段，Western法等检测显示，该重组质粒能够在COS-7细胞中表达目的蛋白，而且具有生物活性。结论：成功地构建了核酸疫苗pcDNA3．1／528，并在COS-7细胞中表达，为H-pylori核酸疫苗的研制奠定了良好的基础。     

标准菌株和临床菌株oipA基因的检测及其核苷酸序列比对

目的：检测幽门螺杆菌标准菌株NCTC11637及临床分离菌株Hp1和Hp2的oipA基因,分析其核苷酸序列,比对其与国际标准菌株Hp 26695的同源性.方法：常规方法培养幽门螺杆菌,提取DNA,PCR法扩增oipA基因,检测其核苷酸序列,并比较其与Hp 26695的同源性.结果：NCTC11637及Hp1、Hp2均表达oipA基因.其核苷酸序列与Hp 26695比对,NCTC11637有48个突变位点、Hp1有48个突变位点、Hp2有50个突变位点,同源性均为94%.NCTC11637与Hp1的同源性为100%、与Hp2的同源性为97%.结论：NCTC11637、Hp1、Hp2均表达oipA基因,但不同菌株oipA基因的核苷酸序列有所不同.     

幽门螺杆菌UreB-Omp11融合蛋白的重组疫苗候选株构建和融合蛋白的表达、纯化及免疫学活性

目的：构建幽门螺杆菌（Hp）UreB-Ompll融合蛋白的重组疫苗候选株，在大肠杆菌中表达UreB-Ompll融合蛋白，并检测其免疫学活性。方法：用PCR方法扩增郑州分离坳菌株MEL-HP27的ureB和ompll基因并用重叠延伸PCR法获得ureB-ompl1融合基因，将融合基因ureB-ompl1插入原核表达载体pET30a（＋）、pET28a（＋）及pMAL-c2X中，筛选出合适的表达系统并进行融合蛋白的表达，采用Westernblot对表达产物进行鉴定，并用Amylose亲和层析法纯化融合蛋白，应用SDS-PAGE方法对纯化产物进行分析，纯化的融合蛋白辅以免疫佐剂皮下免疫小鼠，Westernblot对免疫小鼠血清进行检测。结果：特异PCR法、酶切鉴定并经测序分析后证实融合基因ureB—ompll克隆人表达载体pE330a（＋）、pET28a（＋）与pMAL—c2X中；重组菌TBl（pMAL-ureB—ompl1）经诱导获得了高效表达的MBP-UreB—Ompll融合蛋白，该融合蛋白可以被却免疫小鼠血清和却阳性患者血清中的相应抗体所识别，纯化后的融合蛋白纯度达90％以上。通过大肠杆菌抗原吸收法纯化免疫小鼠血清后，与纯化的融合蛋白进行杂交，结果显示在M，134000处出现特异杂交带，融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和免疫反应性。结论：成功地构建并筛选出了却MELHP27融合蛋白UreB-Ompl1的重组疫苗候选株TBl（pMAL-ureB—ompll），为坳蛋白质疫苗和核酸疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.